The data labeling market is experiencing robust growth, projected to reach $3.84 billion in 2025 and maintain a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 28.13% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled by the increasing demand for high-quality training data across various sectors, including healthcare, automotive, and finance, which heavily rely on machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI). The surge in AI adoption, particularly in areas like autonomous vehicles, medical image analysis, and fraud detection, necessitates vast quantities of accurately labeled data. The market is segmented by sourcing type (in-house vs. outsourced), data type (text, image, audio), labeling method (manual, automatic, semi-supervised), and end-user industry. Outsourcing is expected to dominate the sourcing segment due to cost-effectiveness and access to specialized expertise. Similarly, image data labeling is likely to hold a significant share, given the visual nature of many AI applications. The shift towards automation and semi-supervised techniques aims to improve efficiency and reduce labeling costs, though manual labeling will remain crucial for tasks requiring high accuracy and nuanced understanding. Geographical distribution shows strong potential across North America and Europe, with Asia-Pacific emerging as a key growth region driven by increasing technological advancements and digital transformation. Competition in the data labeling market is intense, with a mix of established players like Amazon Mechanical Turk and Appen, alongside emerging specialized companies. The market's future trajectory will likely be shaped by advancements in automation technologies, the development of more efficient labeling techniques, and the increasing need for specialized data labeling services catering to niche applications. Companies are focusing on improving the accuracy and speed of data labeling through innovations in AI-powered tools and techniques. Furthermore, the rise of synthetic data generation offers a promising avenue for supplementing real-world data, potentially addressing data scarcity challenges and reducing labeling costs in certain applications. This will, however, require careful attention to ensure that the synthetic data generated is representative of real-world data to maintain model accuracy. This comprehensive report provides an in-depth analysis of the global data labeling market, offering invaluable insights for businesses, investors, and researchers. The study period covers 2019-2033, with 2025 as the base and estimated year, and a forecast period of 2025-2033. We delve into market size, segmentation, growth drivers, challenges, and emerging trends, examining the impact of technological advancements and regulatory changes on this rapidly evolving sector. The market is projected to reach multi-billion dollar valuations by 2033, fueled by the increasing demand for high-quality data to train sophisticated machine learning models. Recent developments include: September 2024: The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) is poised to invest heavily in artificial intelligence, earmarking up to USD 700 million for data labeling services over the next five years. This initiative aims to enhance NGA's machine-learning capabilities, particularly in analyzing satellite imagery and other geospatial data. The agency has opted for a multi-vendor indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity (IDIQ) contract, emphasizing the importance of annotating raw data be it images or videos—to render it understandable for machine learning models. For instance, when dealing with satellite imagery, the focus could be on labeling distinct entities such as buildings, roads, or patches of vegetation.October 2023: Refuel.ai unveiled a new platform, Refuel Cloud, and a specialized large language model (LLM) for data labeling. Refuel Cloud harnesses advanced LLMs, including its proprietary model, to automate data cleaning, labeling, and enrichment at scale, catering to diverse industry use cases. Recognizing that clean data underpins modern AI and data-centric software, Refuel Cloud addresses the historical challenge of human labor bottlenecks in data production. With Refuel Cloud, enterprises can swiftly generate the expansive, precise datasets they require in mere minutes, a task that traditionally spanned weeks.. Key drivers for this market are: Rising Penetration of Connected Cars and Advances in Autonomous Driving Technology, Advances in Big Data Analytics based on AI and ML. Potential restraints include: Rising Penetration of Connected Cars and Advances in Autonomous Driving Technology, Advances in Big Data Analytics based on AI and ML. Notable trends are: Healthcare is Expected to Witness Remarkable Growth.

Today, deep neural networks are widely used in many computer vision problems, also for geographic information systems (GIS) data. This type of data is commonly used for urban analyzes and spatial planning. We used orthophotographic images of two residential districts from Kielce, Poland for research including urban sprawl automatic analysis with Transformer-based neural network application.Orthophotomaps were obtained from Kielce GIS portal. Then, the map was manually masked into building and building surroundings classes. Finally, the ortophotomap and corresponding classification mask were simultaneously divided into small tiles. This approach is common in image data preprocessing for machine learning algorithms learning phase. Data contains two original orthophotomaps from Wietrznia and Pod Telegrafem residential districts with corresponding masks and also their tiled version, ready to provide as a training data for machine learning models.Transformed-based neural network has undergone a training process on the Wietrznia dataset, targeted for semantic segmentation of the tiles into buildings and surroundings classes. After that, inference of the models was used to test model's generalization ability on the Pod Telegrafem dataset. The efficiency of the model was satisfying, so it can be used in automatic semantic building segmentation. Then, the process of dividing the images can be reversed and complete classification mask retrieved. This mask can be used for area of the buildings calculations and urban sprawl monitoring, if the research would be repeated for GIS data from wider time horizon.Since the dataset was collected from Kielce GIS portal, as the part of the Polish Main Office of Geodesy and Cartography data resource, it may be used only for non-profit and non-commertial purposes, in private or scientific applications, under the law "Ustawa z dnia 4 lutego 1994 r. o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych (Dz.U. z 2006 r. nr 90 poz 631 z późn. zm.)". There are no other legal or ethical considerations in reuse potential.Data information is presented below.wietrznia_2019.jpg - orthophotomap of Wietrznia districtmodel's - used for training, as an explanatory imagewietrznia_2019.png - classification mask of Wietrznia district - used for model's training, as a target imagewietrznia_2019_validation.jpg - one image from Wietrznia district - used for model's validation during training phasepod_telegrafem_2019.jpg - orthophotomap of Pod Telegrafem district - used for model's evaluation after training phasewietrznia_2019 - folder with wietrznia_2019.jpg (image) and wietrznia_2019.png (annotation) images, divided into 810 tiles (512 x 512 pixels each), tiles with no information were manually removed, so the training data would contain only informative tilestiles presented - used for the model during training (images and annotations for fitting the model to the data)wietrznia_2019_vaidation - folder with wietrznia_2019_validation.jpg image divided into 16 tiles (256 x 256 pixels each) - tiles were presented to the model during training (images for validation model's efficiency); it was not the part of the training datapod_telegrafem_2019 - folder with pod_telegrafem.jpg image divided into 196 tiles (256 x 265 pixels each) - tiles were presented to the model during inference (images for evaluation model's robustness)Dataset was created as described below.Firstly, the orthophotomaps were collected from Kielce Geoportal (https://gis.kielce.eu). Kielce Geoportal offers a .pst recent map from April 2019. It is an orthophotomap with a resolution of 5 x 5 pixels, constructed from a plane flight at 700 meters over ground height, taken with a camera for vertical photos. Downloading was done by WMS in open-source QGIS software (https://www.qgis.org), as a 1:500 scale map, then converted to a 1200 dpi PNG image.Secondly, the map from Wietrznia residential district was manually labelled, also in QGIS, in the same scope, as the orthophotomap. Annotation based on land cover map information was also obtained from Kielce Geoportal. There are two classes - residential building and surrounding. Second map, from Pod Telegrafem district was not annotated, since it was used in the testing phase and imitates situation, where there is no annotation for the new data presented to the model.Next, the images was converted to an RGB JPG images, and the annotation map was converted to 8-bit GRAY PNG image.Finally, Wietrznia data files were tiled to 512 x 512 pixels tiles, in Python PIL library. Tiles with no information or a relatively small amount of information (only white background or mostly white background) were manually removed. So, from the 29113 x 15938 pixels orthophotomap, only 810 tiles with corresponding annotations were left, ready to train the machine learning model for the semantic segmentation task. Pod Telegrafem orthophotomap was tiled with no manual removing, so from the 7168 x 7168 pixels ortophotomap were created 197 tiles with 256 x 256 pixels resolution. There was also image of one residential building, used for model's validation during training phase, it was not the part of the training data, but was a part of Wietrznia residential area. It was 2048 x 2048 pixel ortophotomap, tiled to 16 tiles 256 x 265 pixels each.

Annotation for the Assessor's GIS data. This service is used in the OpenWeb and Opendoor application's.

This dataset contains annotations (i.e. polygons) for solar photovoltaic (PV) objects in the previously published dataset "Classification Training Dataset for Crop Types in Rwanda" published by RTI International (DOI: 10.34911/rdnt.r4p1fr [1]). These polygons are intended to enable the use of this dataset as a machine learning training dataset for solar PV identification in drone imagery. Note that this dataset contains ONLY the solar panel polygon labels and needs to be used with the original RGB UAV imagery “Drone Imagery Classification Training Dataset for Crop Types in Rwanda” (https://mlhub.earth/data/rti_rwanda_crop_type). The original dataset contains UAV imagery (RGB) in .tiff format in six provinces in Rwanda, each with three phases imaged and our solar PV annotation dataset follows the same data structure with province and phase label in each subfolder.Data processing:Please refer to this Github repository for further details: https://github.com/BensonRen/Drone_based_solar_PV_detection. The original dataset is divided into 8000x8000 pixel image tiles and manually labeled with polygons (mainly rectangles) to indicate the presence of solar PV. These polygons are converted into pixel-wise, binary class annotations.Other information:1. The six provinces that UAV imagery came from are: (1) Cyampirita (2) Kabarama (3) Kaberege (4) Kinyaga (5) Ngarama (6) Rwakigarati. These original data collections were staged across 18 phases, each collected a set of imagery from a given Province (each provinces had 3 phases of collection). We have annotated 15 out of 18 phases, with the missing ones being: Kabarama-Phase2, Kaberege-Phase3, and Kinyaga-Phase3 due to data compatibility issues of the unused phases.2. The annotated polygons are transformed into binary maps the size of the image tiles but where each pixel is either 0 or 1. In this case, 0 represents background and 1 represents solar PV pixels. These binary maps are in .png format and each Province/phase set has between 9 and 49 annotation patches. Using the code provided in the above repository, the same image patches can be cropped from the original RGB imagery.3. Solar PV densities vary across the image patches. In total, there were 214 solar PV instances labeled in the 15 phase.Associated publications:“Utilizing geospatial data for assessing energy security: Mapping small solar home systems using unmanned aerial vehicles and deep learning” [https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.05548]This dataset is published under CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0 license. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

This dataset contains orthomosaics and individual Regions of Interest (ROIs) of forage grasses in crop fields from experimental trials of CIAT’s tropical forages breeding program; and annotations in Common Objects in Context (COCO) format derived from that data. The ROIs were manually annotated on UAV imagery and exported in common objects in context (COCO) format compatible with different machine learning models and architectures. 9,554 ROIs in the geospatial data and 12,365 annotations of forage grasses in COCO format. Methodology: The dataset was generated through a multi-step process beginning with data acquisition of forages crop fields via UAV flights (DJI Phantom 4 Multispectral drone) with RTK determining the geolocation. These images were processed in Agisoft Metashape to generate georeferenced orthomosaics as raster files. Manual annotation of forage grasses ROIs was performed in QGIS and the geospatial data for 8 different orthomosaics was later converted to COCO format using custom python scripting. To ensure compatibility witch COCO standards and optimize training efficiency, the large orthomosaics where clipped to the annotations’ extents with additional 1% spatial buffer and split into tiles with a maximum dimension close to 1024 pixels for the larger side and 25% overlap.

Coast Train is a library of images of coastal environments, annotations, and corresponding thematic label masks (or ‘label images’) collated for the purposes of training and evaluating machine learning (ML), deep learning, and other models for image segmentation. It includes image sets from both geospatial satellite, aerial, and UAV imagery and orthomosaics, as well as non-geospatial oblique and nadir imagery. Images include a diverse range of coastal environments from the U.S. Pacific, Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic, and Great Lakes coastlines, consisting of time-series of high-resolution (≤1m) orthomosaics and satellite image tiles (10–30m). Each image, image annotation, and labelled image is available as a single NPZ zipped file. NPZ files follow the following naming convention: {datasource}_{numberofclasses}_{threedigitdatasetversion}.zip, where {datasource} is the source of the original images (for example, NAIP, Landsat 8, Sentinel 2), {numberofclasses} is the number of classes us ...

This compressed file geodatabase contains the following layers: Legal Subdivisions - Line Legal Subdivisions - Polygon Legal Annotation Cadastral Control Points

This dataset is updated on a weekly basis.

This deposit offers a comprehensive collection of geospatial and metadata files that constitute the Seatizen Atlas dataset, facilitating the management and analysis of spatial information. To navigate through the data, you can use an interface available at seatizenmonitoring.ifremer.re, which provides a condensed CSV file tailored to your choice of metadata and the selected area.To retrieve the associated images, you will need to use a script that extracts the relevant frames. A brief tutorial is available here: Tutorial.All the scripts for processing sessions, creating the geopackage, and generating files can be found here: SeatizenDOI github repository.The repository includes:

seatizen_atlas_db.gpkg: geopackage file that stores extensive geospatial data, allowing for efficient management and analysis of spatial information.
session_doi.csv: a CSV file listing all sessions published on Zenodo. This file contains the following columns:

session_name: identifies the session.
session_doi: indicates the URL of the session.
place: indicates the location of the session.
date: indicates the date of the session.
raw_data: indicates whether the session contains raw data or not.
processed_data: indicates whether the session contains processed data.
metadata_images.csv: a CSV file describing all metadata for each image published in open access. This file contains the following columns:

OriginalFileName: indicates the original name of the photo.
FileName: indicates the name of the photo adapted to the naming convention adopted by the Seatizen team (i.e., YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number_originalimagename).
relative_file_path: indicates the path of the image in the deposit.
frames_doi: indicates the DOI of the version where the image is located.
GPSLatitude: indicates the latitude of the image (if available).
GPSLongitude: indicates the longitude of the image (if available).
GPSAltitude: indicates the depth of the frame (if available).
GPSRoll: indicates the roll of the image (if available).
GPSPitch: indicates the pitch of the image (if available).
GPSTrack: indicates the track of the image (if available).
GPSDatetime: indicates when frames was take (if available).
GPSFix: indicates GNSS quality levels (if available).
metadata_multilabel_predictions.csv: a CSV file describing all predictions from last multilabel model with georeferenced data.

FileName: indicates the name of the photo adapted to the naming convention adopted by the Seatizen team (i.e., YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number_originalimagename).
frames_doi: indicates the DOI of the version where the image is located.
GPSLatitude: indicates the latitude of the image (if available).
GPSLongitude: indicates the longitude of the image (if available).
GPSAltitude: indicates the depth of the frame (if available).
GPSRoll: indicates the roll of the image (if available).
GPSPitch: indicates the pitch of the image (if available).
GPSTrack: indicates the track of the image (if available).
GPSFix: indicates GNSS quality levels (if available).
prediction_doi: refers to a specific AI model prediction on the current image (if available).
A column for each class predicted by the AI model.
metadata_multilabel_annotation.csv: a CSV file listing the subset of all the images that are annotated, along with their annotations. This file contains the following columns:

FileName: indicates the name of the photo.
frame_doi: indicates the DOI of the version where the image is located.
relative_file_path: indicates the path of the image in the deposit.
annotation_date: indicates the date when the image was annotated.
A column for each class with values:

1: if the class is present.
0: if the class is absent.
-1: if the class was not annotated.
seatizen_atlas.qgz: a qgis project which formats and highlights the geopackage file to facilitate data visualization.
darwincore_multilabel_annotations.zip: a Darwin Core Archive (DwC-A) file listing the subset of all the images that are annotated, along with their annotations.

Annotation feature class of the Parcel data within Miami-Dade County.Updated: Weekly-Sat

Размер и доля сегментированы по Image Data Labeling (2D Image Annotation, 3D Image Annotation, Image Segmentation, Image Classification, Image Tagging) and Text Data Labeling (Sentiment Analysis, Named Entity Recognition, Text Classification, Content Moderation, Transcription Services) and Audio Data Labeling (Speech Recognition, Transcription Services, Audio Classification, Speaker Identification, Sound Event Detection) and Video Data Labeling (Object Detection, Action Recognition, Video Segmentation, Scene Classification, Annotation for Surveillance) and Sensor Data Labeling (Lidar Data Annotation, Radar Data Annotation, IoT Device Data Labeling, Geospatial Data Annotation, Time Series Data Labeling) and регионам (Северная Америка, Европа, Азиатско-Тихоокеанский регион, Южная Америка, Ближний Восток и Африка)

O tamanho e a participação do mercado são categorizados com base em Image Annotation (Bounding Box Annotation, Polygon Annotation, Semantic Segmentation, 3D Cuboid Annotation, Image Classification) and Text Annotation (Named Entity Recognition, Sentiment Analysis, Text Categorization, Part-of-Speech Tagging, Text Summarization) and Video Annotation (Object Tracking, Action Recognition, Event Detection, Video Classification, Frame-by-Frame Annotation) and Audio Annotation (Speech Recognition, Speaker Identification, Emotion Recognition, Transcription Services, Audio Classification) and Sensor Data Annotation (Lidar Data Annotation, Radar Data Annotation, Depth Data Annotation, Time-Series Data Annotation, Geospatial Data Annotation) and regiões geográficas (América do Norte, Europa, Ásia-Pacífico, América do Sul, Oriente Médio e África)

BD-Sat provides a high-resolution dataset that includes pixel-by-pixel LULC annotations for Dhaka metropolitan city and the rural/urban area surrounding it. With the strict and standard procedure, the ground truth is made using Bing-satellite imagery at a ground spatial distance of 2.22 meters/pixel. Three stages well-defined annotation process has been followed with the support from geographic information system (GIS) experts to ensure the reliability of the annotations. We perform several experiments to establish the benchmark results. Results show that the annotated BD-Sat is sufficient to train large deep-learning models with adequate accuracy with five major LULC classes: forest, farmland, built-up, water, and meadow.

Spatial prepositions have been studied in some detail from multiple disciplinary perspectives. However, neither the semantic similarity of these prepositions, nor the relationships between the multiple senses of different spatial prepositions, are well understood. In an empirical study of 24 spatial prepositions, we identify the degree and nature of semantic similarity and extract senses for three semantically similar groups of prepositions using t-SNE, DBSCAN clustering, and Venn diagrams. We validate the work by manual annotation with another data set. We find nuances in meaning among proximity and adjacency prepositions, such as the use of close to instead of near for pairs of lines, and the importance of proximity over contact for the next to preposition, in contrast to other adjacency prepositions.

The 3D Point Cloud Annotation Services market has emerged as a pivotal segment within the realms of computer vision, artificial intelligence, and geospatial technologies, addressing the increasing demand for accurate data interpretation across various industries. As enterprises strive to leverage 3D data for enhance

“Mobile mapping data” or “geospatial videos”, as a technology that combines GPS data with videos, were collected from the windshield of vehicles with Android Smartphones. Almost 7,000 videos with an average length of 70 seconds were recorded in 2019. The smartphones collected sensor data (longitude and latitude, accuracy, speed and bearing) approximately every second during the video recording. Based on the geospatial videos, we manually identified and labeled about 10,000 parking violations in data with the help of an annotation tool. For this purpose, we defined six categorical variables (see PDF). Besides parking violations, we included street features like street category, type of bicycle infrastructure, and direction of parking spaces. An example for a street category is the collector street, which is an access street with primary residential use as well as individual shops and community facilities. Obviously, the labeling is a step that can (partly) be done automatically with image recognition in the future if the labeled data is used as a training dataset for a machine learning model. https://www.bmvi.de/SharedDocs/DE/Artikel/DG/mfund-projekte/parkright.html https://parkright.bliq.ai

This tile cache service shows the locations of both in service and out of service submarine telecommunication cables from the North American Submarine Cable Association (NASCA) in coastal and offshore waters within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Submarine cable data were originally received from NASCA as Route Position Lists (RPLs), and geospatial products were later received from Pacific Marine Systems, which had contracted with NASCA to produce datasets using the same RPLs. The geospatial data from Pacific Marine Systems were compared against the RPLs and subsequently used in tile cache creation. Submarine cable locations were screened out within 100 meters of landfall, in addition to cable segments that extend beyond the EEZ and do not reenter U.S. maritime waters. Cables which exit and reenter U.S. waters remained intact. Cables are visible from a scale range of 1:18,489,298 to 1:36,112. Each cable contains annotation which references cable name, segment (if applicable), and ownership. Annotation is available at scales from 1:577,791 to 1:72,224. Visual representation of cables and annotation used published NASCA charts on NASCA's website (http://www.n-a-s-c-a.org/cable-maps) as a guide.

The Hydrology Feature Dataset contains photogrammetrically compiled water drainage features and structures including rivers, streams, drainage canals, locks, dams, lakes, ponds, reservoirs and mooring cells. Rivers, Lakes, Ponds, Reservoirs, Hidden Lakes, Reservoirs or Ponds: If greater than 25 feet and less than 30 feet wide, is captured as a double line stream. If greater than 30 feet wide it is captured as a river. Lakes are large standing bodies of water greater than 5 acres in size. Ponds are large standing bodies of water greater than 1 acre and less than 5 acres in size. Polygons are created from Stream edges and River Edges. The Ohio River, Monongahela River and Allegheny River are coded as Major Rivers. All other River and Stream polygons are coded as River. If a stream is less than 25 feet wide it is placed as a single line and coded as a Stream. Both sides of the stream are digitized and coded as a Stream for Streams whose width is greater than 25 feet. River edges are digitized and coded as River. A Drainage Canal is a manmade or channelized hydrographic feature. Drainage Canals are differentiated from streams in that drainage canals have had the sides and/or bottom stabilized to prevent erosion for the predominant length of the feature. Streams may have had some stabilization done, but are primarily in a natural state. Lakes are large standing bodies of water greater than five acres in size. Ponds are large standing bodies of water greater than one acre in size and less than five acres in size. Reservoirs are manmade embankments of water. Included in this definition are both covered and uncovered water tanks. Reservoirs that are greater than one acre in size are digitized. Hidden Streams, Hidden Rivers and Hidden Drainage Canal or Culverts are those areas of drainage where the water flows through a manmade facility such as a culvert. Hydrology Annotation is not being updated but will be preserved. If a drainage feature has been removed, as apparent on the aerial photography, the associated drainage name annotation will be removed. A Mooring Cell is a structure to which tows can tie off while awaiting lockage. They are normally constructed of concrete and steel and are anchored to the river bottom by means of gravity or sheet piling. Mooring Cells do not currently exist in the Allegheny County dataset but will be added. Locks are devices that are used to control flow or access to a hydrologic feature. The edges of the Lock are captured. Dams are devices that are used to hold or delay the natural flow of water. The edges of the Dam are shown. If viewing this description on the Western Pennsylvania Regional Data Center’s open data portal (http://www.wprdc.org), this dataset is harvested on a weekly basis from Allegheny County’s GIS data portal (http://openac.alcogis.opendata.arcgis.com/). The full metadata record for this dataset can also be found on Allegheny County’s GIS portal. You can access the metadata record and other resources on the GIS portal by clicking on the “Explore” button (and choosing the “Go to resource” option) to the right of the “ArcGIS Open Dataset” text below. Category: Environment Organization: Allegheny County Department: Geographic Information Systems Group; Department of Administrative Services Temporal Coverage: 2006 Data Notes: Coordinate System: Pennsylvania State Plane South Zone 3702; U.S. Survey Foot Development Notes: Original Lakes and Drainage datasets combined to create this layer. Data was updated as a result of a flyover in the spring of 2004. A database field has been defined for all map features named "Update Year". This database field will define which dataset provided each map feature. Map features from the current map will be set to "2004". The earlier dataset map features the earlier dataset map features used to supplement the area near the county boundary will be set to "1993". All new or modified map data will have the value for "Update Year" set to "2004". Other: none Related Document(s): Data Dictionary (https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16BWrRkoPtq2ANRkrbG7CrfQk2dUsWRiaS2Ee1mTn7l0/edit?usp=sharing) Frequency - Data Change: As needed Frequency - Publishing: As needed Data Steward Name: Eli Thomas Data Steward Email: gishelp@alleghenycounty.us

This dataset contains unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery (a.k.a. drone imagery) and annotations of solar panel locations captured from controlled flights at various altitudes and speeds across two sites at Duke Forest (Couch field and Blackwood field). In total there are 423 stationary images and corresponding annotations of solar panels within sight, along with 60 videos taken from flying the UAV roughly at either 8 m/s or 14 m/s. In total there are 2,019 solar panel instances annotated.Associated publication:“Utilizing geospatial data for assessing energy security: Mapping small solar home systems using unmanned aerial vehicles and deep learning” [https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.05548]Data processing:Please refer to this Github repository for further details on data management and preprocessing: https://github.com/BensonRen/Drone_based_solar_PV_detection. The two scripts included enable the user to reproduce the experiments in the paper above.Contents:After unzipping the package, there will be 3 directories:1. Train_val_set: Stationary UAV images (.JPG) taken at various altitudes in the Couch field of Duke Forest for training and validation purposes, along with their solar PV annotations (.png)2. Test_set: Stationary UAV images (.JPG) taken at various altitudes in the Blackwood field of Duke Forest for test purposes, along with their solar PV annotations (.png)3. Moving_labeled: Images (img/*.png) capture from videos moving with two speed modes (Sport: 14m/s, Norma: 8m/s) at various altitudes and their solar PV annotations (labels/*.png)For additional details of this dataset, please refer to REAMDE.docx enclosed.Acknowledgments: This dataset was created at the Duke University Energy Initiative in collaboration with the Energy Access Project at Duke and RTI International. We thank the Duke University Energy Data Analytics Ph.D. Student Fellowship Program for their support. We also thank Duke Forest for use of the flight zones for data collection.

Dr. Kevin Bronson provides a unique nitrogen and water management in cotton agricultural research dataset for compute, including notation of field events and operations, an intermediate analysis mega-table of correlated and calculated parameters, and laboratory analysis results generated during the experimentation, plus high-resolution plot level intermediate data analysis tables of SAS process output, as well as the complete raw data sensor recorded logger outputs. This data was collected using a Hamby rig as a high-throughput proximal plant phenotyping platform. The Hamby 6000 rig Ellis W. Chenault, & Allen F. Wiese. (1989). Construction of a High-Clearance Plot Sprayer. Weed Technology, 3(4), 659–662. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3987560 Dr. Bronson modified an old high-clearance Hamby 6000 rig, adding a tank and pump with a rear boom, to perform precision liquid N applications. A Raven control unit with GPS supplied variable rate delivery options. The 12 volt Holland Scientific GeoScoutX data recorder and associated CropCircle ACS-470 sensors with GPS signal, was easy to mount and run on the vehicle as an attached rugged data acquisition module, and allowed the measuring of plants using custom proximal active optical reflectance sensing. The HS data logger was positioned near the operator, and sensors were positioned in front of the rig, on forward protruding armature attached to a hydraulic front boom assembly, facing downward in nadir view 1 m above the average canopy height. A 34-size class AGM battery sat under the operator and provided the data system electrical power supply. Data suffered reduced input from Conley. Although every effort was afforded to capture adequate quality across all metrics, experiment exterior considerations were such that canopy temperature data is absent, and canopy height is weak due to technical underperformance. Thankfully, reflectance data quality was maintained or improved through the implementation of new hardware by Bronson. See included README file for operational details and further description of the measured data signals. Summary: Active optical proximal cotton canopy sensing spatial data and including few additional related metrics and weak low-frequency ultrasonic derived height are presented. Agronomic nitrogen and irrigation management related field operations are listed. Unique research experimentation intermediate analysis table is made available, along with raw data. The raw data recordings, and annotated table outputs with calculated VIs are made available. Plot polygon coordinate designations allow a re-intersection spatial analysis. Data was collected in the 2014 season at Maricopa Agricultural Center, Arizona, USA. High throughput proximal plant phenotyping via electronic sampling and data processing method approach is exampled using a modified high-clearance Hamby spray-rig. Acquired data conforms to location standard methodologies of the plant phenotyping. SAS and GIS compute processing output tables, including Excel formatted examples are presented, where data tabulation and analysis is available. Additional ultrasonic data signal explanation is offered as annotated time-series charts. The weekly proximal sensing data collected include the primary canopy reflectance at six wavelengths. Lint and seed yields, first open boll biomass, and nitrogen uptake were also determined. Soil profile nitrate to 1.8 m depth was determined in 30-cm increments, before planting and after harvest. Nitrous oxide emissions were determined with 1-L vented chambers (samples taken at 0, 12, and 24 minutes). Nitrous oxide was determined by gas chromatography (electron detection detector).