Data files for "Eccles KM, Karmaus AL, Kleinstreuer NC, Parham F, Rider CV, Wambaugh JF, Messier KP. A geospatial modeling approach to quantifying the risk of exposure to environmental chemical mixtures via a common molecular target. Sci Total Environ. 2023 Jan 10;855:158905. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158905. Epub 2022 Sep 21. PMID: 36152849"

Geospatial Data Pack for Visualization 🗺️

Learn Geographic Mapping with Altair, Vega-Lite and Vega using Curated Datasets

Complete geographic and geophysical data collection for mapping and visualization. This consolidation includes 18 complementary datasets used by 31+ Vega, Vega-Lite, and Altair examples 📊. Perfect for learning geographic visualization techniques including projections, choropleths, point maps, vector fields, and interactive displays.

Source data lives on GitHub and can also be accessed via CDN. The vega-datasets project serves as a common repository for example datasets used across these visualization libraries and related projects.

Why Use This Dataset? 🤔

• Comprehensive Geospatial Types: Explore a variety of core geospatial data models:
  • Vector Data: Includes points (like airports.csv), lines (like londonTubeLines.json), and polygons (like us-10m.json).
  • Raster-like Data: Work with gridded datasets (like windvectors.csv, annual-precip.json).
• Diverse Formats: Gain experience with standard and efficient geospatial formats like GeoJSON (see Table 1, 2, 4), compressed TopoJSON (see Table 1), and plain CSV/TSV (see Table 2, 3, 4) for point data and attribute tables ready for joining.
• Multi-Scale Coverage: Practice visualization across different geographic scales, from global and national (Table 1, 4) down to the city level (Table 1).
• Rich Thematic Mapping: Includes multiple datasets (Table 3) specifically designed for joining attributes to geographic boundaries (like states or counties from Table 1) to create insightful choropleth maps.
• Ready-to-Use & Example-Driven: Cleaned datasets tightly integrated with 31+ official examples (see Appendix) from Altair, Vega-Lite, and Vega, allowing you to immediately practice techniques like projections, point maps, network maps, and interactive displays.
• Python Friendly: Works seamlessly with essential Python libraries like Altair (which can directly read TopoJSON/GeoJSON), Pandas, and GeoPandas, fitting perfectly into the Kaggle notebook environment.

Table of Contents

• Why Use This Dataset?
• Dataset Inventory
• Usage Guide
• Appendix: Geospatial Examples by Technique
• Licenses
• Sources
• Learning Resources

Dataset Inventory 🗂️

This pack includes 18 datasets covering base maps, reference points, statistical data for choropleths, and geophysical data.

1. BASE MAP BOUNDARIES (Topological Data)

2. GEOGRAPHIC REFERENCE POINTS (Point Data) 📍

Well-established conservation planning principles and techniques framed by geodesign were used to assess the restorability of areas that historically supported coastal wetlands along the U.S. shore of Saginaw Bay. The resulting analysis supported planning efforts to identify, prioritize, and track wetland restoration opportunity and investment in the region. To accomplish this, publicly available data, criteria derived from the regional managers and local stakeholders, and geospatial analysis were used to form an ecological model for spatial prioritization.

Accurate mapping and disaggregation of key health and demographic risk factors have become increasingly important for disease surveillance, which can reveal geographical social inequalities for improved health interventions and for monitoring progress on relevant Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Household surveys like the Demographic and Health Surveys have been widely used as a proxy for mapping SDG-related household characteristics. However, there is no consensus on the workflow to be used, and different methods have been implemented with varying complexities. This study aims to compare multiple modelling frameworks to model indicators of human vulnerability to malaria (SDG Target 3.3) in Senegal. These indicators were categorised into socioeconomic (e.g., stunting prevalence, wealth index) and malaria prevention indicators (e.g., indoor residual spraying, insecticide-treated net ownership). We compared three categories of the commonly used methods: (1) spatial interpolation methods (i.e., inverse distance weighting, thin plate splines, kriging), (2) ensemble methods (i.e., random forest), and (3) Bayesian geostatistical models. Most indicators could be modelled with medium to high predictive accuracy, with R2 values ranging from 0.40 to 0.86. No method or method category emerged as the best, but performance varied widely. Overall, socioeconomic indicators were generally better predicted by covariate-based models (e.g., random forest and Bayesian models), while methods using spatial autocorrelation alone (e.g., thin plate splines) performed better for variables with heterogeneous spatial structure, such as ethnicity and malaria prevention indicators. Increasing the complexity of the models did not always improve predictive performance, e.g., thin plate splines sometimes outperformed random forest or Bayesian geostatistical models. Beyond performance, we compared the different methods using other criteria (e.g., the ability to constrain the prediction range or to quantify prediction uncertainty) and discussed their implications for selecting a modelling approach tailored to the needs of the end user.

ArcGIS Map Packages and GIS Data for Gillreath-Brown, Nagaoka, and Wolverton (2019)

**When using the GIS data included in these map packages, please cite all of the following:

Gillreath-Brown, Andrew, Lisa Nagaoka, and Steve Wolverton. A Geospatial Method for Estimating Soil Moisture Variability in Prehistoric Agricultural Landscapes, 2019. PLoSONE 14(8):e0220457. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220457

Gillreath-Brown, Andrew, Lisa Nagaoka, and Steve Wolverton. ArcGIS Map Packages for: A Geospatial Method for Estimating Soil Moisture Variability in Prehistoric Agricultural Landscapes, Gillreath-Brown et al., 2019. Version 1. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2572018

OVERVIEW OF CONTENTS

This repository contains map packages for Gillreath-Brown, Nagaoka, and Wolverton (2019), as well as the raw digital elevation model (DEM) and soils data, of which the analyses was based on. The map packages contain all GIS data associated with the analyses described and presented in the publication. The map packages were created in ArcGIS 10.2.2; however, the packages will work in recent versions of ArcGIS. (Note: I was able to open the packages in ArcGIS 10.6.1, when tested on February 17, 2019). The primary files contained in this repository are:

• Raw DEM and Soils data
  • Digital Elevation Model Data (Map services and data available from U.S. Geological Survey, National Geospatial Program, and can be downloaded from the National Elevation Dataset)
    • DEM_Individual_Tiles: Individual DEM tiles prior to being merged (1/3 arc second) from USGS National Elevation Dataset.
    • DEMs_Merged: DEMs were combined into one layer. Individual watersheds (i.e., Goodman, Coffey, and Crow Canyon) were clipped from this combined DEM.
  • Soils Data (Map services and data available from Natural Resources Conservation Service Web Soil Survey, U.S. Department of Agriculture)
    • Animas-Dolores_Area_Soils: Small portion of the soil mapunits cover the northeastern corner of the Coffey Watershed (CW).
    • Cortez_Area_Soils: Soils for Montezuma County, encompasses all of Goodman (GW) and Crow Canyon (CCW) watersheds, and a large portion of the Coffey watershed (CW).
• ArcGIS Map Packages
  • Goodman_Watershed_Full_SMPM_Analysis: Map Package contains the necessary files to rerun the SMPM analysis on the full Goodman Watershed (GW).
  • Goodman_Watershed_Mesa-Only_SMPM_Analysis: Map Package contains the necessary files to rerun the SMPM analysis on the mesa-only Goodman Watershed.
  • Crow_Canyon_Watershed_SMPM_Analysis: Map Package contains the necessary files to rerun the SMPM analysis on the Crow Canyon Watershed (CCW).
  • Coffey_Watershed_SMPM_Analysis: Map Package contains the necessary files to rerun the SMPM analysis on the Coffey Watershed (CW).

For additional information on contents of the map packages, please see see "Map Packages Descriptions" or open a map package in ArcGIS and go to "properties" or "map document properties."

LICENSES

Code: MIT year: 2019
Copyright holders: Andrew Gillreath-Brown, Lisa Nagaoka, and Steve Wolverton

CONTACT

Andrew Gillreath-Brown, PhD Candidate, RPA
Department of Anthropology, Washington State University
andrew.brown1234@gmail.com – Email
andrewgillreathbrown.wordpress.com – Web

This seminar is an applied study of deep learning methods for extracting information from geospatial data, such as aerial imagery, multispectral imagery, digital terrain data, and other digital cartographic representations. We first provide an introduction and conceptualization of artificial neural networks (ANNs). Next, we explore appropriate loss and assessment metrics for different use cases followed by the tensor data model, which is central to applying deep learning methods. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are then conceptualized with scene classification use cases. Lastly, we explore semantic segmentation, object detection, and instance segmentation. The primary focus of this course is semantic segmenation for pixel-level classification. The associated GitHub repo provides a series of applied examples. We hope to continue to add examples as methods and technologies further develop. These examples make use of a vareity of datasets (e.g., SAT-6, topoDL, Inria, LandCover.ai, vfillDL, and wvlcDL). Please see the repo for links to the data and associated papers. All examples have associated videos that walk through the process, which are also linked to the repo. A variety of deep learning architectures are explored including UNet, UNet++, DeepLabv3+, and Mask R-CNN. Currenlty, two examples use ArcGIS Pro and require no coding. The remaining five examples require coding and make use of PyTorch, Python, and R within the RStudio IDE. It is assumed that you have prior knowledge of coding in the Python and R enviroinments. If you do not have experience coding, please take a look at our Open-Source GIScience and Open-Source Spatial Analytics (R) courses, which explore coding in Python and R, respectively. After completing this seminar you will be able to: explain how ANNs work including weights, bias, activation, and optimization. describe and explain different loss and assessment metrics and determine appropriate use cases. use the tensor data model to represent data as input for deep learning. explain how CNNs work including convolutional operations/layers, kernel size, stride, padding, max pooling, activation, and batch normalization. use PyTorch, Python, and R to prepare data, produce and assess scene classification models, and infer to new data. explain common semantic segmentation architectures and how these methods allow for pixel-level classification and how they are different from traditional CNNs. use PyTorch, Python, and R (or ArcGIS Pro) to prepare data, produce and assess semantic segmentation models, and infer to new data.

Additional file 3: Table S2. Number of districts by region in Nigeria where vaccination coverage for DTP3 and MVC1 is > 100%. Numerator: DTP3 and MCV1 vaccination doses from DHMISs, as reported to the WHO [38]. Denominators: official population projection from the last census as reported to WHO [38]; WorldPop modelled top-down population estimate [23]; and GRID3 modelled bottom-up population estimate [39, 40].

Refined DataCo Smart Supply Chain Geospatial Dataset

Optimized for Geospatial and Big Data Analysis

This dataset is a refined and enhanced version of the original DataCo SMART SUPPLY CHAIN FOR BIG DATA ANALYSIS dataset, specifically designed for advanced geospatial and big data analysis. It incorporates geocoded information, language translations, and cleaned data to enable applications in logistics optimization, supply chain visualization, and performance analytics.

Key Features

1. Geocoded Source and Destination Data

• Accurate latitude and longitude coordinates for both source and destination locations.
• Facilitates geospatial mapping, route analysis, and distance calculations.

2. Supplementary GeoJSON Files

• src_points.geojson: Source point geometries.
• dest_points.geojson: Destination point geometries.
• routes.geojson: Line geometries representing source-destination routes.
• These files are compatible with GIS software and geospatial libraries such as GeoPandas, Folium, and QGIS.

3. Language Translation

• Key location fields (countries, states, and cities) are translated into English for consistency and global accessibility.

4. Cleaned and Consolidated Data

• Addressed missing values, removed duplicates, and corrected erroneous entries.
• Ready-to-use dataset for analysis without additional preprocessing.

5. Routes and Points Geometry

• Enables the creation of spatial visualizations, hotspot identification, and route efficiency analyses.

Applications

1. Logistics Optimization

• Analyze transportation routes and delivery performance to improve efficiency and reduce costs.

2. Supply Chain Visualization

• Create detailed maps to visualize the global flow of goods.

3. Geospatial Modeling

• Perform proximity analysis, clustering, and geospatial regression to uncover patterns in supply chain operations.

4. Business Intelligence

• Use the dataset for KPI tracking, decision-making, and operational insights.

Dataset Content

Files Included

1. DataCoSupplyChainDatasetRefined.csv

   • The main dataset containing cleaned fields, geospatial coordinates, and English translations.

2. src_points.geojson

   • GeoJSON file containing the source points for easy visualization and analysis.

3. dest_points.geojson

   • GeoJSON file containing the destination points.

4. routes.geojson

   • GeoJSON file with LineStrings representing routes between source and destination points.

Attribution

This dataset is based on the original dataset published by Fabian Constante, Fernando Silva, and António Pereira:
Constante, Fabian; Silva, Fernando; Pereira, António (2019), “DataCo SMART SUPPLY CHAIN FOR BIG DATA ANALYSIS”, Mendeley Data, V5, doi: 10.17632/8gx2fvg2k6.5.

Refinements include geospatial processing, translation, and additional cleaning by the uploader to enhance usability and analytical potential.

Tips for Using the Dataset

• For geospatial analysis, leverage tools like GeoPandas, QGIS, or Folium to visualize routes and points.
• Use the GeoJSON files for interactive mapping and spatial queries.
• Combine this dataset with external datasets (e.g., road networks) for enriched analytics.

This dataset is designed to empower data scientists, researchers, and business professionals to explore the intersection of geospatial intelligence and supply chain optimization.

Well-established conservation planning principles and techniques framed by geodesign were used to assess the restorability of areas that historically supported coastal wetlands along the U.S. shore of the connecting rivers (Detroit River and St. Clair River). The resulting analysis supported planning efforts to identify, prioritize, and track wetland restoration opportunity and investment in the region. To accomplish this, publicly available data, criteria derived from the regional managers and local stakeholders, and geospatial analysis were used to form an ecological model for spatial prioritization.

The United States geospatial analytics market is experiencing robust growth, projected to reach a significant size within the forecast period (2025-2033). The market's Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 10.04% from 2019-2033 indicates a consistently expanding demand for geospatial data analysis across diverse sectors. Key drivers include the increasing availability of high-resolution satellite imagery, advancements in data processing capabilities (cloud computing, AI), and the growing need for data-driven decision-making in various industries. Specific sectors like agriculture, utilizing geospatial analytics for precision farming, and the defense and intelligence sectors, leveraging it for surveillance and strategic planning, are major contributors to market growth. Further fueling expansion are trends like the rising adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) devices generating location-based data, and the increasing sophistication of geospatial analytics software, incorporating advanced visualization and predictive modeling techniques. While data security concerns and the high cost of implementation pose some restraints, the overall market outlook remains positive, driven by the substantial benefits offered by geospatial analytics in improving efficiency, optimizing resource allocation, and enhancing situational awareness across a wide spectrum of applications. The market segmentation reveals significant opportunities across different types of geospatial analytics (surface analysis, network analysis, and geovisualization) and end-user verticals. While the provided data indicates a significant presence of companies like Harris Corporation, Bentley Systems Inc., and ESRI Inc., the market's competitive landscape is dynamic, with both established players and emerging technology companies vying for market share. The United States' dominance in geospatial technology and data infrastructure further supports the market's projected growth trajectory. The substantial investments in R&D and the prevalence of skilled professionals in the country further contribute to the market's expansion. Looking ahead, the integration of geospatial analytics with other technologies like blockchain and big data is expected to unlock new possibilities, further driving market growth and innovation in the coming years. Recent developments include: May 2023 : CAPE Analytics, a player in AI-powered geospatial property intelligence, has extended its partnership with The Hanover Insurance Group, which provides independent agents with the best insurance coverage and prices. Integrating geospatial analytics and inspection and rating models into Hanover's underwriting procedure is the central component of the partnership expansion. The company's rating plans will benefit from this strategic move, which will improve workflows, new and renewal underwriting outcomes, and pricing segmentation., March 2023 : Carahsoft Technology Corp., The Trusted Government IT Solutions Provider, and Orbital Insight, a player in geospatial intelligence, announced a partnership. By the terms of the agreement, Carahsoft will act as Orbital Insight's Master Government Aggregator, making the leading AI-powered geospatial data analytics available to the public sector through Carahsoft's reseller partners and contracts for Information Technology Enterprise Solutions - Software 2 (ITES-SW2), NASA Solutions for Enterprise-Wide Procurement (SEWP) V, National Association of State Procurement Officials (NASPO) ValuePoint, National Cooperative Purchasing.. Key drivers for this market are: Increasing in Demand for Location Intelligence, Advancements of Big Data Analytics. Potential restraints include: Increasing in Demand for Location Intelligence, Advancements of Big Data Analytics. Notable trends are: Network Analysis is Expected to Hold Significant Share of the Market.

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global geospatial analytics artificial intelligence market size is USD 100.5 million in 2024 and will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 28.60% from 2024 to 2031.

North America held the major market of more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 40.20 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 26.8% from 2024 to 2031.
Europe accounted for a share of over 30% of the global market size of USD 30.15 million.
Asia Pacific held the market of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 23.12 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 30.6% from 2024 to 2031.
Latin America market of more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 5.03 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 28.0% from 2024 to 2031.
Middle East and Africa held the major market of around 2% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 2.01 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 28.3% from 2024 to 2031.
The remote sensing held the highest geospatial analytics artificial intelligence market revenue share in 2024.

Market Dynamics of Geospatial analytics artificial intelligence Market

Key Drivers for Geospatial analytics artificial intelligence Market

Advancements in AI and Machine Learning to Increase the Demand Globally

The global demand for geospatial analytics is significantly driven by advancements in AI and machine learning, technologies that are revolutionizing how spatial data is analyzed and interpreted. As AI models become more sophisticated, they enhance the capability to automate complex geospatial data processing tasks, leading to more accurate and insightful analyses. Machine learning, particularly, enables systems to improve their accuracy over time by learning from vast datasets of geospatial information, including satellite imagery and sensor data. This leads to more precise predictions and better decision-making across multiple sectors such as environmental management, urban planning, and disaster response. The integration of AI with geospatial technologies not only improves efficiency but also opens up new possibilities for innovation, making it a critical driver for increased global demand in the geospatial analytics market.

Government Initiatives and Support for Smart Cities to Propel Market Growth

Government initiatives supporting the development of smart cities are propelling the growth of the geospatial analytics market. As urban areas around the world transform into smart cities, there is a significant increase in demand for advanced technologies that can analyze and interpret geospatial data to enhance urban planning, infrastructure management, and public safety. Geospatial analytics, powered by AI, plays a crucial role in these projects by enabling real-time data processing and insights for traffic control, utility management, and emergency services coordination. These technologies ensure more efficient resource allocation and improved quality of urban life. Government funding and policy support not only validate the importance of geospatial analytics but also stimulate innovation, attract investments, and foster public-private partnerships, thus driving the market forward and enhancing the capabilities of smart city initiatives globally.

Restraint Factor for the Geospatial analytics artificial intelligence Market

Complexity of Data Integration to Limit the Sales

The complexity of data integration poses a significant barrier to the adoption and effectiveness of geospatial analytics AI systems, potentially limiting sales in this market. Geospatial data, inherently diverse and sourced from various collection methods like satellites, UAVs, and ground sensors, comes in multiple formats and resolutions. Integrating such disparate data into a cohesive, usable format for AI analysis is a challenging process that requires advanced data processing tools and expertise. This complexity not only increases the time and costs associated with project implementation but also raises the risk of errors and inefficiencies in data analysis. Furthermore, the difficulty in achieving seamless integration can deter organizations, particularly those with limited IT capabilities, from investing in geospatial analytics solutions. Overcoming these integration challenges is crucial for enabl...

This model archive component contains shapefiles of (1) coarse (NHGFv1.1 / NHM) stream network polylines for the Delaware River Basin and (2) fine (NHDPlusV2.1) stream network polylines for six watersheds within the Delaware River Basin.

The parent model archive (Fan et al. 2025a) provides all data, code, and model outputs used in the corresponding manuscript (Fan et al. 2025b) to test machine learning (ML) methods for downscaling and multi-scale modeling of stream temperature to combine an ML model and/or input data at coarse spatial resolution with an ML model and/or input data at fine spatial resolution to predict stream temperatures at fine spatial resolution in a watershed.

The data are organized into these child items: