United States US: GERD: % of GDP data was reported at 3.586 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.483 % for 2021. United States US: GERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 2.612 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.586 % in 2022 and a record low of 2.268 % in 1981. United States US: GERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

For the United States, from 2021 onwards, changes to the US BERD survey questionnaire allowed for more exhaustive identification of acquisition costs for ‘identifiable intangible assets’ used for R&D. This has resulted in a substantial increase in reported R&D capital expenditure within BERD. In the business sector, the funds from the rest of the world previously included in the business-financed BERD, are available separately from 2008. From 2006 onwards, GOVERD includes state government intramural performance (most of which being financed by the federal government and state government own funds). From 2016 onwards, PNPERD data are based on a new R&D performer survey. In the higher education sector all fields of SSH are included from 2003 onwards.

Following a survey of federally-funded research and development centers (FFRDCs) in 2005, it was concluded that FFRDC R&D belongs in the government sector - rather than the sector of the FFRDC administrator, as had been reported in the past. R&D expenditures by FFRDCs were reclassified from the other three R&D performing sectors to the Government sector; previously published data were revised accordingly. Between 2003 and 2004, the method used to classify data by industry has been revised. This particularly affects the ISIC category “wholesale trade” and consequently the BERD for total services.

U.S. R&D data are generally comparable, but there are some areas of underestimation:

1. i) Up to 2008, Government sector R&D performance covers only federal government activities. That by State and local government establishments is excluded;
2. ii) Except for the Government and the Business Enterprise sectors, the R&D data exclude most capital expenditures. For the Business Enterprise sector, depreciation is reported in place of gross capital expenditures up to 2014. Higher education (and national total) data were revised back to 1998 due to an improved methodology that corrects for double-counting of R&D funds passed between institutions.

Breakdown by type of R&D (basic research, applied research, etc.) was also revised back to 1998 in the business enterprise and higher education sectors due to improved estimation procedures.

The methodology for estimating researchers was changed as of 1985. In the Government, Higher Education and PNP sectors the data since then refer to employed doctoral scientists and engineers who report their primary work activity as research, development or the management of R&D, plus, for the Higher Education sector, the number of full-time equivalent graduate students with research assistantships averaging an estimated 50 % of their time engaged in R&D activities. As of 1985 researchers in the Government sector exclude military personnel. As of 1987, Higher education R&D personnel also include those who report their primary work activity as design.

Due to lack of official data for the different employment sectors, the total researchers figure is an OECD estimate up to 2019. Comprehensive reporting of R&D personnel statistics by the United States has resumed with records available since 2020, reflecting the addition of official figures for the number of researchers and total R&D personnel for the higher education sector and the Private non-profit sector; as well as the number of researchers for the government sector. The new data revise downwards previous OECD estimates as the OECD extrapolation methods drawing on historical US data, required to produce a consistent OECD aggregate, appear to have previously overestimated the growth in the number of researchers in the higher education sector.

Pre-production development is excluded from Defence GBARD (in accordance with the Frascati Manual) as of 2000. 2009 GBARD data also includes the one time incremental R&D funding legislated in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Beginning with the 2000 GBARD data, budgets for capital expenditure – “R&D plant” in national terminology - are included. GBARD data for earlier years relate to budgets for current costs only.

This collection provides users with data about R&D expenditure and R&D personnel broken down by the following institutional sectors: business enterprise (BES); government (GOV); higher education (HES); private non-profit (PNP), total of all sectors.

The R&D expenditure is broken down by source of funds; sector of performance; type of costs; type of R&D; fields of research and development (FORD); https://circabc.europa.eu/ui/group/c1b49c83-24a7-4ff2-951c-621ac0a89fd8/library/b4b841e5-d200-41bc-8f23-d0b1e034f689?p=1&n=10&sort=modified_DESC">socio-economic objectives (NABS 2007) and by regions (https://showvoc.op.europa.eu/#/datasets/ESTAT_Nomenclature_of_Territorial_Units_for_Statistics/data">NUTS 2 level). The business enterprise sector is further broken down by economic activity (https://showvoc.op.europa.eu/#/datasets/ESTAT_Statistical_Classification_of_Economic_Activities_in_the_European_Community_Rev._2/data">NACE Rev.2); size class; industry orientation.

R&D personnel data are broken down by professional position; sector of performance; educational attainment level; sex; field of research and development (https://www.oecd.org/innovation/frascati-manual-2015-9789264239012-en.htm">FORD); regions (https://showvoc.op.europa.eu/#/datasets/ESTAT_Nomenclature_of_Territorial_Units_for_Statistics/data">NUTS 2 level); for the business enterprise sector is further broken down in size class and economic activity (NACE Rev.2). Researchers are further broken down by age class and citizenship.

The periodicity of R&D data are every two years, except for the key R&D indicators (R&D expenditure, R&D personnel (in Full Time Equivalent - FTE) and Researchers (in FTE) by sectors of performance) which are transmitted annually by the EU Member States (from 2003 onwards based on a legal obligation). Some other breakdowns of the data may appear on an annual basis based on voluntary data provisions.

The data are collected through sample or census surveys, from administrative registers or through a combination of sources.

R&D data are available for following countries and country groups:

• All EU Member States; Candidate Countries; EFTA Countries; The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is data provider for the United States of America, Japan, South Korea and China.
• Country groups: EU Member States, Euro Area States.

R&D data are compiled in accordance to the guidelines laid down in OECD (2015), https://www.oecd.org/publications/frascati-manual-2015-9789264239012-en.htm">Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development, The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities and the European business statistics methodological manual for R&D statistics – 2023 edition - Manuals and guidelines - Eurostat

This dataset provides a comprehensive overview of key research and development indicators across various countries from 2016 to 2022. The indicators included are:

1. Researchers per Million Inhabitants (Full-Time Equivalent - FTE): This metric offers a snapshot of the number of full-time equivalent researchers per million inhabitants in each country. It is an essential indicator for understanding the density of research professionals within a nation.

2. Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) as a Percentage of GDP: This metric reflects the total expenditure on research and development as a proportion of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It is a crucial indicator of a country's investment in R&D relative to its economic size.

The dataset encompasses a diverse set of countries, highlighting variations in research infrastructure and investment levels globally. Each entry includes the country name, the year of the data, the value of the indicator, and any relevant flags or notes on the data (e.g., national estimates).

Columns: - Indicator: The type of R&D indicator (e.g., Researchers per million inhabitants or GERD as a percentage of GDP). - Country Code: The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code representing the country. - Country: The name of the country. - Year: The year the data was recorded. - Value: The value of the respective R&D indicator. - Flag Codes: Any additional codes indicating special notes about the data. - Flags: Descriptions of the flag codes, such as national estimates or other relevant annotations.

This dataset is ideal for researchers, policymakers, and analysts interested in understanding and comparing the R&D landscape across different nations. It can also be used to identify trends, gaps, and opportunities in global research and development efforts.

Annual estimates of national research and development (R&D) spending in the UK from the public and private sectors: business enterprise, government, higher education and private non-profit organisations.

In 2022, ******* is expected to have the highest gross expenditure on research and development (GERD) among European countries, at ***** billion U.S. dollars. France and the UK also had high expenditure amounts, at **** billion dollars, and **** billion dollars respectively.

Turkey TR: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) data was reported at 198,669.744 TRY mn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 101,737.888 TRY mn for 2021. Turkey TR: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) data is updated yearly, averaging 4,399.881 TRY mn from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2022, with 33 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 198,669.744 TRY mn in 2022 and a record low of 1.276 TRY mn in 1990. Turkey TR: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

Before 2016, total R&D personnel data for Türkiye are underestimated because personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. From 2008, universities’ own R&D funds are included in funding from the Higher education whereas they were previously distributed into the other funding categories.

Brazil's gross expenditure on research and development (GERD) was **** billion U.S. dollars in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms in 2021. This number was forecast to increase to ** billion U.S. dollars in PPP in 2022.

South Africa had Africa's highest gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) as a share of GDP. In 2022, the country's GERD reached **** percent of the GDP. Kenya, Egypt, and Morocco followed, with **** percent, **** percent, and **** percent, respectively. Africa was the region with the lowest domestic spending on GERD worldwide. In absolute terms, Egypt topped the continent's ranking in R&D spending value.

The gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) in Denmark increased by 0.1 percent of GDP (+3.62 percent) in 2022. In total, the gross domestic expenditure amounted to 2.89 percent of GDP in 2022. Find more key insights for the gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) in countries like Finland and Norway.

Brazil ranked not only as the South American economy with the largest forecast gross expenditure on research & development (GERD) in 2022, but also as the country where GERD reseprented the largest share of the national GDP in the region. In Chile, were gross expenditure on R&D was expected to reach **** billion U.S. dollars in PP terms, the spending represented merely **** percent of the GDP.

Luxembourg LU: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) data was reported at 757.091 EUR mn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 753.422 EUR mn for 2021. Luxembourg LU: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) data is updated yearly, averaging 620.280 EUR mn from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2022, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 757.091 EUR mn in 2022 and a record low of 363.900 EUR mn in 2000. Luxembourg LU: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Luxembourg – Table LU.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In Luxembourg, a better identification of R&D in software-related activities resulted in a break in series in 2012 for BERD (and GERD). From 2009, some budgetary items of the Ministry of Research and other ministries are no longer included in the government’s own R&D funds. The impact on GOVERD is a drop of less than 7 million.

This statistic shows the gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) as a percentage of GDP in Austria from 2000 to 2017. Over the period, the GERD share rose by a total of 1.27 percentage points. The GERD peaked at 3.16 percent of Austria's GDP in 2017. In 2015, Austria had the highest GERD to GDP ration in the reported countries in the European Union (EU) followed by Denmark and Germany.

The UK Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development (GERD) publication includes estimates for R&D carried out by the following four sectors of the economy, as defined in the Frascati manual2, business enterprise (BERD), higher education (HERD), Government (GovERD) which includes Research Councils, and Private Non-Profit (PNP). These four assets are listed separately.

Annual estimates of research and development in the UK by country and region by business enterprise, higher education, government, UK Research and Innovation, and private non-profit organisations.

New Zealand NZ: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) data was reported at 5,256.000 NZD mn in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 4,549.000 NZD mn for 2019. New Zealand NZ: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) data is updated yearly, averaging 1,416.200 NZD mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5,256.000 NZD mn in 2021 and a record low of 282.000 NZD mn in 1981. New Zealand NZ: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

New Zealand revised the methods of collection and estimation of R&D data respectively in 1984 (for the Higher Education sector), 1992 (for GUF), and 2001 (BERD and national total and HE personnel).

In 2016, part of R&D budgets previously reported in the “R&D financed from other sources than GUF” objective was reallocated to “economic development programmes” (more precisely to the “industrial production and technology” objective). GBARD figures have been revised back to 2007 resulting in a break in series. From 2006 onwards, GBARD data are collected from all government agencies, together with analysis of selected budgetary information. Prior to that year, data were derived from the budget estimate of the pool for science funding, together with figures on government departments’ operational research.

This statistic shows the gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) as a percentage of GDP in Belgium from 2000 to 2021. Over this period, the GERD rose from under 2 percent to over 3.2 percent of Belgium's GDP.

The Egyptian gross domestic spending on research and development (GERD) amounted to **** billion U.S. dollars in 2022. This was slightly lower than the *** billion U.S. dollars spent the prior year. Egypt was the country with the largest absolute GERD on the African continent. In contrast, South Africa ranked first in terms of GERD as a share of GDP.

Research and experimental development (R) comprise creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications (Frascati Manual, 2002 edition, § 63 ). R intensity (R expenditures as a percentage of GDP) is an indicator of high political importance at the EU, national and regional levels.

Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) in all sectors of performance (business, government, higher education, private non profit), by NUTS 2 region, expressed as a percentage of the gross domestic product (GDP).

The indicator measures gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) as a percentage of the gross domestic product (GDP) — also called R&D intensity. The OECD’s Frascati Manual on collecting R&D data defines research and experimental development as creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge — including knowledge of humankind, culture and society — and to devise new applications of available knowledge.