Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) in Germany was reported at 3.1324 % in 2022, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Germany - Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.

In 2022, approximately **** percent of GDP was spent on research and development. The expenditure on R&D as a share of GDP has increased steadily in the past two decades. This statistic displays the share of GDP spent on research and development in Germany from 2000 to 2022.

In 2024, total private consumer spending in Germany amounted to around **** billion euros, which was an increase of around *** percent compared to the year before. The results are based on the revision of the national accounts for 2024. According to the source, the national accounts record the economic activity of all economic units that have their permanent place of business or residence in the economic territory (domestic concept).

Government expenditure on education, total (% of government expenditure) in Germany was reported at 9.1907 % in 2022, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Germany - Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.

Germany DE: Military Expenditure: % of GDP data was reported at 1.520 % in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 1.377 % for 2022. Germany DE: Military Expenditure: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 1.929 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 64 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.899 % in 1963 and a record low of 1.066 % in 2005. Germany DE: Military Expenditure: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.World Bank.WDI: Defense and Official Development Assistance. Military expenditures data from SIPRI are derived from the NATO definition, which includes all current and capital expenditures on the armed forces, including peacekeeping forces; defense ministries and other government agencies engaged in defense projects; paramilitary forces, if these are judged to be trained and equipped for military operations; and military space activities. Such expenditures include military and civil personnel, including retirement pensions of military personnel and social services for personnel; operation and maintenance; procurement; military research and development; and military aid (in the military expenditures of the donor country). Excluded are civil defense and current expenditures for previous military activities, such as for veterans' benefits, demobilization, conversion, and destruction of weapons. This definition cannot be applied for all countries, however, since that would require much more detailed information than is available about what is included in military budgets and off-budget military expenditure items. (For example, military budgets might or might not cover civil defense, reserves and auxiliary forces, police and paramilitary forces, dual-purpose forces such as military and civilian police, military grants in kind, pensions for military personnel, and social security contributions paid by one part of government to another.);Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security.;Weighted average;Data for some countries are based on partial or uncertain data or rough estimates.

Forecast: Total Government Research and Development Expenditure in Germany 2024 - 2028 Discover more data with ReportLinker!

Germany DE: GERD: % of GDP data was reported at 3.132 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.129 % for 2021. Germany DE: GERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 2.530 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.167 % in 2019 and a record low of 2.126 % in 1994. Germany DE: GERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

The data in this publication for Germany cover unified Germany from 1991 and western Germany only until 1990.

Between 1991 and 2021, the data for the PNP sector were included in the Government sector. In 2016, the method for calculating R&D coefficients was revised, introducing a break in series in the Higher Education sector. In particular, coefficients are thereafter based on time-use surveys.

From reference year 2014, the distribution of R&D personnel by occupation is requested in the government survey whereas it was previously estimated from data by qualification.

The method for calculating public-financed R&D in the business enterprise sector was reviewed, resulting in the revision of business enterprise R&D and the national total back to 1991.

In 1992 the methodology of the survey on resources devoted to R&D in the Government sector was changed.

For 1997, the methodology for allocating GBARD by socio-economic objective changed. For 1997 and from 2001 to 2015, the global budget reduction was not distributed proportionally across SEO by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Therefore, the sum of the breakdown for those years does not add to the total. From 2016 onwards the global reduction is distributed across SEO proportionally.

In 2023, Boehringer Sohn was the pharmaceutical company that put the most money into research and development, at around *** billion euros. Bayer spent roughly *** billion euros.

Germany DE: Defence Budget R&D: % of Total GBARD data was reported at 4.219 % in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 5.303 % for 2022. Germany DE: Defence Budget R&D: % of Total GBARD data is updated yearly, averaging 6.524 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2023, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 13.473 % in 1990 and a record low of 2.680 % in 2016. Germany DE: Defence Budget R&D: % of Total GBARD data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.OECD.MSTI: Government Budgets for Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

The data in this publication for Germany cover unified Germany from 1991 and western Germany only until 1990.

Between 1991 and 2021, the data for the PNP sector were included in the Government sector. In 2016, the method for calculating R&D coefficients was revised, introducing a break in series in the Higher Education sector. In particular, coefficients are thereafter based on time-use surveys.

From reference year 2014, the distribution of R&D personnel by occupation is requested in the government survey whereas it was previously estimated from data by qualification.

The method for calculating public-financed R&D in the business enterprise sector was reviewed, resulting in the revision of business enterprise R&D and the national total back to 1991.

In 1992 the methodology of the survey on resources devoted to R&D in the Government sector was changed.

For 1997, the methodology for allocating GBARD by socio-economic objective changed. For 1997 and from 2001 to 2015, the global budget reduction was not distributed proportionally across SEO by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Therefore, the sum of the breakdown for those years does not add to the total. From 2016 onwards the global reduction is distributed across SEO proportionally.

Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP) in Germany was reported at 4.5439 % in 2022, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Germany - Public spending on education, total (% of GDP) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.

Germany DE: Business-Financed GERD: % of GDP data was reported at 1.933 % in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.935 % for 2020. Germany DE: Business-Financed GERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 1.635 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 41 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.014 % in 2018 and a record low of 1.274 % in 1996. Germany DE: Business-Financed GERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

The data in this publication for Germany cover unified Germany from 1991 and western Germany only until 1990.

Between 1991 and 2021, the data for the PNP sector were included in the Government sector. In 2016, the method for calculating R&D coefficients was revised, introducing a break in series in the Higher Education sector. In particular, coefficients are thereafter based on time-use surveys.

From reference year 2014, the distribution of R&D personnel by occupation is requested in the government survey whereas it was previously estimated from data by qualification.

The method for calculating public-financed R&D in the business enterprise sector was reviewed, resulting in the revision of business enterprise R&D and the national total back to 1991.

In 1992 the methodology of the survey on resources devoted to R&D in the Government sector was changed.

For 1997, the methodology for allocating GBARD by socio-economic objective changed. For 1997 and from 2001 to 2015, the global budget reduction was not distributed proportionally across SEO by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Therefore, the sum of the breakdown for those years does not add to the total. From 2016 onwards the global reduction is distributed across SEO proportionally.

This statistic shows the expenditure for research and development in listed and private biotechnology companies in Germany from 2009 to 2023. In 2023, around *** million euros were spent on research and development in listed biotechnology companies.

Forecast: Total Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development in Germany 2024 - 2028 Discover more data with ReportLinker!

Graph and download economic data for National Accounts: GDP by Expenditure: Constant Prices: Private Final Consumption Expenditure for Germany (NAEXKP02DEQ661S) from Q1 1970 to Q3 2023 about Germany, consumption expenditures, consumption, private, real, and GDP.

For this study, data-tables of the following authors were compiled:Walter G. Hoffmann, Jörg Beutenmüller, Lutz Koellner,Carol Bielefeld, and Klaus Detlef Tiepelmann future. The sources, as well as the summary table, provide information about the subject area the respective author was in charge with. (A detailed description is as WORD or PDF file available) Hoffman determined a correlation between GNP and military expenditures of countries with different economic and social systems. The author Beutemueller found in his analysis a comparatively high proportion of military expenditure in the social product, because he summarized military expenditures an a portion of war costs, and he related both to the lower reference of the net gross national product (at factor cost). Factual classification of the corresponding data tables in search- and downloadsystem HISTAT(Historical Statistics (www.histat.gesis.org): A. Expenditures on Defence according to Walter G. HoffmannA.1 The structure of public consumption per type of spending according to Hoffmann (1850-1959)A.2 The structure of public spending (public consumption plus public investments) per type of spending according to Hoffmann (1850-1959)A.3 Public consumption in current prices according to Hoffmann (1925-1938)A.4 Public consumption in current prices according to Hoffmann (1850-1959)A.5 Public consumption in million marks (in prices of 1913) according to Hoffmann (1850-1959) B. Military expenditure according to Jörg BeutenmüllerB.1 Military expenditure and their proportion of public spending according to Beutenmüller (1872-1968)B.2 Military expenditure and their proportion of the public spending of the FRG according to Beutenmüller (1951-1968)B.3 Military expenditure and their proportion of the net national product with regard to factor costs according to Beutenmüller (1872-1968) C. Military expenditure in Germany according to the study by Lutz KöllnerC.1 Long series referring to the military expenditure in Germany (1900 - 1980)C.1.1 Proportion of military expenditure of the total public spending in selected years in percent (1872-1962)C.1.2 Military expenditure per capita and per employed person in Germany (1900-1980)C.1.3 Proportion of the military expenditure of the net national product at factor prices in million marks (1900-1978)C.1.4 Education spending of the military (1900-1977)C.1.5 Military expenditure per capita of all soldiers and per capita of the officers in billion marks/ reichsmarks/ deutschmarks (1900-1976)C.1.6 Defence density and intensity (1900-1976)C.1.7 Military expenditure in Germany in billion marks/ reichsmarks/ deutschmarks in current prices (1900-1976)C.1.8 Military expenditure in Germany in percent in current prices (1900-1976) C.2 Other tables for the period before 1945 (von Lutz Köllner)C.2.1 Budget and debts of the German Reich in billion reichsmarks (1933-1945)C.2.2 Germany`s arms expenditure in billion reichsmarks (1932-1939)C.2.3 Public spending and arms expenditure of the German Reich in billion reichsmarks (1932-1939)C.2.4 Increase in national debt in selected states (1914-1950)C.2.5 Public spending in Prussia (1640-1862)C.2.6 Arms expenditure and national income in million reichsmarks according to Blaich (1932-1938) C.3 Military and finances in the Federal Republic of Germany, the NATO states, and the world (by Lutz Köllner)C.3.1 Defence expenditure of the NATO states (1949-1980)C.3.2 Social burdens resulting from the war in the Federal Republic of Germany in million deutschmarks (1949-1956)C.3.3 Public spending per capita in deutschmarks (1952-1976)C.3.4 Overall expenditure and defence spending by the Federal Republic of Germany in billion deutschmarks (1956-1981)C.3.5 Distribution of worldwide military expenditure in percent (1955-1980)C.3.6 The long-term development of the defence budget of the Federal Republic of Germany in billion deutschmarks (1956-1984) D. Arms expenditure in the FRG according to Carola BielfeldtD.1 Defence spending according to different sources in million deutschmarks (1950-1972)D.2 Defence spending in accordance with the NATO criteria in million deutschmarks (1950-1971)D.3 Development of defence spending structure (1950-1971)D.4 Acquisition data for the national economy (1950-1972)D.5 Proportion of defence spending (1950-1971) E. Defence spending in the FRG according to Klaus Tiepelmann and Detlef ZukunftE.1 Development of defence spending in the Federal Republic of Germany according to Tiepelmann and Zukunft (1955-1992). Timeseries are downloadable via the online system HISTAT (www.histat.gesis.org).

Germany BDF Forecast: Federal Expenditure: GS: Economic Development data was reported at 9,389.000 EUR mn in 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 8,501.000 EUR mn for 2017. Germany BDF Forecast: Federal Expenditure: GS: Economic Development data is updated yearly, averaging 8,501.000 EUR mn from Dec 2016 (Median) to 2018, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 9,389.000 EUR mn in 2018 and a record low of 7,732.000 EUR mn in 2016. Germany BDF Forecast: Federal Expenditure: GS: Economic Development data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Ministry of Finance. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.F018: Federal Government Revenue, Expenditure and Budget Balance: Forecast: Bundesministerium der Finanzen.

Germany DE: Environmentally Related Government R&D Budget: % of Total Government R&D data was reported at 3.220 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 2.700 % for 2020. Germany DE: Environmentally Related Government R&D Budget: % of Total Government R&D data is updated yearly, averaging 3.135 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2021, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.760 % in 1993 and a record low of 2.690 % in 2018. Germany DE: Environmentally Related Government R&D Budget: % of Total Government R&D data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.OECD.GGI: Governance: Research and Development Expenditure: OECD Member: Annual.

The researcher made in this study an attempt to give a recapitulatory description of the financing of both World Wars. Therefore according to a given definition of war expenditures only those expenditures were taken into account which arose during the war and which were accounted for in the national budget of the German Empire (Reichshaushalt). The so called post-war burdens, which arose after the respective ceasefire, were not taken into account. By comparing the financing methods of both wars, an insight into the background and the respective characteristics (caused by the different economic systems and economic conditions) shall be enabled.

List of data tables (time series data) in the search and download system HISTAT (www.histat.gesis.org):

A. The development of military spending in Germany

A.1 Total and military expenditure of the German Reich in million marks (1910-1919) A.2 The monthly war expenditure in million marks (1914-1919) A.3 Total expenditure and military expenditure of the German Empire (1933-1945) A.4 Expenditure in the national budget in billions of RM (ordinary and special accounts) (1937/38-1944/45) A.5 total expenditure and expenditure on debt servicing (1914-1919, 1938-45)

B. The funding in both wars through tax policies

B.1 The most important tax revenue in million marks (1913-1918) B.2 The development of the customs revenue in Germany, England and France in millions of currency units of each country (1913-1918) B.3 The main groups of ordinary income (1913-1918) B.4 The total expenditure, the ordinary revenues, the need for extraordinary covering funds and the borrowing in million marks (1914-1918) B.5 actual revenue of the empire from taxes and customs duties in million RM (1933/34-1943/44) B.6 total expenditure, total revenue and revenue from taxes and customs duties (1938-1945) B.7 national budget in billions of RM (ordinary and extraordinary income) (1938/39-1944/45) B.8 Floating debt of the German Empire from discounted treasury bills, compared with the proceeds of war bonds (1914-1919)

C. The funding in both wars by credit policy

C.1 Results of the nine German war bonds in million marks (1914-1918) C.2 National debt in million marks (1900-1920) C.3 The bank deposits in billion RM in Germany (1940-1944) C.4 Public and private indebtedness in Germany (1932-1944) C.5A Total outstanding volume of debt securities in million RM (1933-1940) C.5B Total outstanding volume of debt securities in million RM (1933-1940) C.6 National debt in billions of RM (1933/34, 1937/38-1944/45) C.7 The internal debt of various countries (1939-1944) C.8 Development of public debt in various countries in millions of currency units of the country (1913/1920, 1939/45)

D. Financing in both wars by monetary policy

D.1 The Reichsbank, billion marks (1913-1918) D.2 Coverage of circulation of the Reichsbank and of the foreign funds as annual average in percent (1914-1919) D.3 Circulation in million RM (1928-1945) D.4 The sight liabilities of the Reichsbank in million RM (1940-1945)

E. Financing in the two wars by the pricing policies and economic measures

E.1 International wholesale index numbers as annual averages (1913-1922) E.2 General index of prices as an annual average (1928-1944) E.3 The wholesale price index as an annual average (1928-1944) E.4 Index numbers of commodity prices as an annual average (1928-1944) E.5 Import and export values in billions of German marks (1913-1917)

F. The financing of both was from different point of view

F.1 consumer goods production (1939-1944) F.2 The monthly Germany´s armaments production in the First and Second World War (1918, 1944/45) F.3 Empire index numbers for the cost of living as an annual average (1928-1944) F.4 Index number of earnings over the year (1928-1944)

G. G. Further comparison tables other authors

G.1 Defense spending and national income by Blaich (1932-1938) G.2 Share of defense production as a percentage of industrial production in the German Empire (Deutsches Reich) after Rolf Wagenfuhr (1939-1944).

Timeseries are downloadable via the online system HISTAT (www.histat.gesis.org).

Germany DE: Renewable Energy Public RD&D Budget: % of Total Energy Public RD&D data was reported at 16.510 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 20.490 % for 2021. Germany DE: Renewable Energy Public RD&D Budget: % of Total Energy Public RD&D data is updated yearly, averaging 24.100 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2022, with 33 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 37.230 % in 1999 and a record low of 15.340 % in 2004. Germany DE: Renewable Energy Public RD&D Budget: % of Total Energy Public RD&D data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.OECD.GGI: Governance: Research and Development Expenditure: OECD Member: Annual.

Germany DE: Energy Public RD&D Budget: % of GDP data was reported at 0.050 % in 2022. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.050 % for 2021. Germany DE: Energy Public RD&D Budget: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 0.030 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2022, with 33 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.050 % in 2022 and a record low of 0.010 % in 1999. Germany DE: Energy Public RD&D Budget: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.OECD.GGI: Governance: Research and Development Expenditure: OECD Member: Annual.