In 1800, the region of Germany was not a single, unified nation, but a collection of decentralized, independent states, bound together as part of the Holy Roman Empire. This empire was dissolved, however, in 1806, during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras in Europe, and the German Confederation was established in 1815. Napoleonic reforms led to the abolition of serfdom, extension of voting rights to property-owners, and an overall increase in living standards. The population grew throughout the remainder of the century, as improvements in sanitation and medicine (namely, mandatory vaccination policies) saw child mortality rates fall in later decades. As Germany industrialized and the economy grew, so too did the argument for nationhood; calls for pan-Germanism (the unification of all German-speaking lands) grew more popular among the lower classes in the mid-1800s, especially following the revolutions of 1948-49. In contrast, industrialization and poor harvests also saw high unemployment in rural regions, which led to waves of mass migration, particularly to the U.S.. In 1886, the Austro-Prussian War united northern Germany under a new Confederation, while the remaining German states (excluding Austria and Switzerland) joined following the Franco-Prussian War in 1871; this established the German Empire, under the Prussian leadership of Emperor Wilhelm I and Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. 1871 to 1945 - Unification to the Second World War The first decades of unification saw Germany rise to become one of Europe's strongest and most advanced nations, and challenge other world powers on an international scale, establishing colonies in Africa and the Pacific. These endeavors were cut short, however, when the Austro-Hungarian heir apparent was assassinated in Sarajevo; Germany promised a "blank check" of support for Austria's retaliation, who subsequently declared war on Serbia and set the First World War in motion. Viewed as the strongest of the Central Powers, Germany mobilized over 11 million men throughout the war, and its army fought in all theaters. As the war progressed, both the military and civilian populations grew increasingly weakened due to malnutrition, as Germany's resources became stretched. By the war's end in 1918, Germany suffered over 2 million civilian and military deaths due to conflict, and several hundred thousand more during the accompanying influenza pandemic. Mass displacement and the restructuring of Europe's borders through the Treaty of Versailles saw the population drop by several million more.

Reparations and economic mismanagement also financially crippled Germany and led to bitter indignation among many Germans in the interwar period; something that was exploited by Adolf Hitler on his rise to power. Reckless printing of money caused hyperinflation in 1923, when the currency became so worthless that basic items were priced at trillions of Marks; the introduction of the Rentenmark then stabilized the economy before the Great Depression of 1929 sent it back into dramatic decline. When Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933, the Nazi government disregarded the Treaty of Versailles' restrictions and Germany rose once more to become an emerging superpower. Hitler's desire for territorial expansion into eastern Europe and the creation of an ethnically-homogenous German empire then led to the invasion of Poland in 1939, which is considered the beginning of the Second World War in Europe. Again, almost every aspect of German life contributed to the war effort, and more than 13 million men were mobilized. After six years of war, and over seven million German deaths, the Axis powers were defeated and Germany was divided into four zones administered by France, the Soviet Union, the UK, and the U.S.. Mass displacement, shifting borders, and the relocation of peoples based on ethnicity also greatly affected the population during this time. 1945 to 2020 - Partition and Reunification In the late 1940s, cold war tensions led to two distinct states emerging in Germany; the Soviet-controlled east became the communist German Democratic Republic (DDR), and the three western zones merged to form the democratic Federal Republic of Germany. Additionally, Berlin was split in a similar fashion, although its location deep inside DDR territory created series of problems and opportunities for the those on either side. Life quickly changed depending on which side of the border one lived. Within a decade, rapid economic recovery saw West Germany become western Europe's strongest economy and a key international player. In the east, living standards were much lower, although unemployment was almost non-existent; internationally, East Germany was the strongest economy in the Eastern Bloc (after the USSR), though it eventually fell behind the West by the 1970s. The restriction of movement between the two states also led to labor shortages in t...

In 1938, the year before the outbreak of the Second world War, the countries with the largest populations were China, the Soviet Union, and the United States, although the United Kingdom had the largest overall population when it's colonies, dominions, and metropole are combined. Alongside France, these were the five Allied "Great Powers" that emerged victorious from the Second World War. The Axis Powers in the war were led by Germany and Japan in their respective theaters, and their smaller populations were decisive factors in their defeat. Manpower as a resource In the context of the Second World War, a country or territory's population played a vital role in its ability to wage war on such a large scale. Not only were armies able to call upon their people to fight in the war and replenish their forces, but war economies were also dependent on their workforce being able to meet the agricultural, manufacturing, and logistical demands of the war. For the Axis powers, invasions and the annexation of territories were often motivated by the fact that it granted access to valuable resources that would further their own war effort - millions of people living in occupied territories were then forced to gather these resources, or forcibly transported to work in manufacturing in other Axis territories. Similarly, colonial powers were able to use resources taken from their territories to supply their armies, however this often had devastating consequences for the regions from which food was redirected, contributing to numerous food shortages and famines across Africa, Asia, and Europe. Men from annexed or colonized territories were also used in the armies of the war's Great Powers, and in the Axis armies especially. This meant that soldiers often fought alongside their former-enemies. Aftermath The Second World War was the costliest in human history, resulting in the deaths of between 70 and 85 million people. Due to the turmoil and destruction of the war, accurate records for death tolls generally do not exist, therefore pre-war populations (in combination with other statistics), are used to estimate death tolls. The Soviet Union is believed to have lost the largest amount of people during the war, suffering approximately 24 million fatalities by 1945, followed by China at around 20 million people. The Soviet death toll is equal to approximately 14 percent of its pre-war population - the countries with the highest relative death tolls in the war are found in Eastern Europe, due to the intensity of the conflict and the systematic genocide committed in the region during the war.

The Holocaust was the systematic extermination of Europe's Jewish population in the Second World War, during which time, up to six million Jews were murdered as part of Nazi Germany's "Final Solution to the Jewish Question". In the context of the Second World War, the term "Holocaust" is traditionally used to reference the genocide of Europe's Jews, although this coincided with the Nazi regime's genocide and ethnic cleansing of an additional eleven million people deemed "undesirable" due to their ethnicity, beliefs, disability or sexuality (among others). During the Holocaust, Poland's Jewish population suffered the largest number of fatalities, with approximately three million deaths. Additionally, at least one million Jews were murdered in the Soviet Union, while Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands and Yugoslavia also lost the majority of their respective pre-war Jewish populations. The Holocaust in Poland In the interwar period, Europe's Jewish population was concentrated in the east, with roughly one third living in Poland; this can be traced back to the Middle Ages, when thousands of Jews flocked to Eastern Europe to escape persecution. At the outbreak of the Second World War, it is estimated that there were 3.4 million Jews living in Poland, which was approximately ten percent of the total population. Following the German invasion of Poland, Nazi authorities then segregated Jews in ghettos across most large towns and cities, and expanded their network of concentration camps throughout the country. In the ghettos, civilians were deprived of food, and hundreds of thousands died due to disease and starvation; while prison labor was implemented under extreme conditions in concentration camps to fuel the German war effort. In Poland, six extermination camps were also operational between December 1941 and January 1945, which saw the mass extermination of approximately 2.7 million people over the next three years (including many non-Poles, imported from other regions of Europe). While concentration camps housed prisoners of all backgrounds, extermination camps were purpose-built for the elimination of the Jewish race, and over 90% of their victims were Jewish. The majority of the victims in these extermination camps were executed by poison gas, although disease, starvation and overworking were also common causes of death. In addition to the camps and ghettos, SS death squads (Einsatzgruppen) and local collaborators also committed widespread atrocities across Eastern Europe. While the majority of these atrocities took place in the Balkan, Baltic and Soviet regions, they were still prevalent in Poland (particularly during the liquidation of the ghettos), and the Einsatzgruppen alone are estimated to have killed up to 1.3 million Jews throughout the Holocaust. By early 1945, Soviet forces had largely expelled the German armies from Poland and liberated the concentration and extermination camps; by this time, Poland had lost roughly ninety percent of its pre-war Jewish population, and suffered approximately three million further civilian and military deaths. By 1991, Poland's Jewish population was estimated to be just 15 thousand people, while there were fewer than two thousand Jews recorded as living in Poland in 2018.

The total population in Germany was estimated at 83.6 million people in 2024, according to the latest census figures and projections from Trading Economics. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Germany Population - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Sources: Scientific Publications; official Statistics:

Max Broesike (1904), Rückblick auf die Entwicklung der preußischen Bevölkerung von 1875 bis 1900, Preußische Statistik 188, S. 12-14.

Elsner/Lehmann (1988): Ausländische Arbeiter unter dem deutschen Imperialismus, 1900 bis 1985. Berlin: Dietz Verlag.

Hubert, Michel (1998): Deutschland im Wandel. Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerung seit 1815. Stuttgart: Steiner.

Köbler, Gerhard (2007): Historisches Lexikon der deutschen Länder. Die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart. München: Beck.

Königlich Preußisches Statistisches Landesamt: Statistisches Jahrbuch für den Preußischen Staat, 13. Jahrgang, Berlin 1916 und 16. Jahrgang, Berlin 1920.

Königlich Statistisches Bureau in Berlin: Preußische Statistik (Amtliches Quellenwerk), Heft 139. Die Sterblichkeit nach Todesursachen und Altersklassen der Gestorbenen sowie die Selbstmorde und die tödlichen Verunglückungen im preußischen Staate während des Jahres 1894. Berlin, 1896.

Königlich Statistisches Bureau in Berlin: Preußische Statistik, Heft 188: Rückblick auf die Entwicklung der preußischen Bevölkerung von 1875 bis 1900. Berlin, 1904, S. 105.

Oltmer, Jochen (2005): Migration und Politik in der Weimarer Republik. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck&Ruprecht.

Preußisches Statistisches Landesamt: Statistisches Jahrbuch für den Freistaat Preußen, Statistisches Jahrbuch für den Freistaat Preußen, 17. Band, 1921 und 29. Band, 1933.

Stat. Bundesamt (Hrsg.): Bevölkerung und Erwerbstätigkeit. Fachserie 1, Reihe 2. Ausländische Bevölkerung. Ausgabe 2013, S. 26, Tabelle 1.

Stat. Reichsamt (Hrsg.): Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich, verschiedene Jahrgänge: Jg. 1880 bis Jg. 1941/42.

Stat. Reichsamt (Hrsg.): Statistik des Deutschen Reichs: Band 360, Band 393, Band 441.

Trevisiol, O.: Die Einbürgerungspraxis im Deutschen Reich 1871-1945. Diss. 2004. Tab. 1, S. 20 und Tab. 4, S. 24. KOPS – Das institutionelle Repositorium der Universität Konstanz, Suche im Bestand ‘Geschichte und Soziologie‘, WEB: http://d-nb.info/974206237/34

Further literature

Bade, Klaus J. (2002): Europa in Bewegung. Migration vom späten 18. Jahrhundert bis zur Gegenwart. München: Beck.

Gosewinkel, Dieter (2001): Einbürgern und Ausschließen. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Oltmer, Jochen (2012): Globale Migration. Geschichte und Gegenwart. München: Beck.

Oltmer, Jochen (2013): Migration im 19. Und 20. Jahrhundert. München: Oldenbourg.

wikipedia.org

Subject of the datacompilation is the description of the natural and geographical population movement in modern german history. Topics Time Series Data in the downloadsystem HISTAT: Population and Population StructureA.1 Size of Population and Population GrowthA.2 Population Development in international comparisonA.3 Population by age-groupsA.4 Population by sexA.5 Population by municipal sizeA.6 Population by social characteristics (Family Status, Religious Denomination)A.7 Population by State/region (German States of FRG, GDR) B. Population movementB.1 Marriages and DevorcesB.2 Birth Statistics and Fertility StatisticsB.3 MortalityB.4 Infant Mortality Statistics C. Migration Statistics D. Household Size and Family Structure

Graph and download economic data for Population, Total for Germany (POPTOTDEA647NWDB) from 1960 to 2024 about Germany and population.

On November 10, 1938, just two days after the Kristallnacht pogroms, the German government introduced the Judenvermögensabgabe; the Jewish capital levy. Jews with more than 5,000 Reichsmarks (RM) in assets were required to pay a 20 percent tax on all assets in order to meet a collective target of one billion RM. Despite inflated claims of Jewish wealth, the events of the preceding five years had financially crippled many of Germany's Jewish population, and it quickly became clear that the target sum would not be met, therefore the tax was increased to 25 percent in 1939. Jewish property This levy was introduced by Herman Göring, as a punishment for Jews and their so-called "hostile attitude" towards the German people. In reality, funds from the levy were to be used to repair the businesses damaged in the pogroms (the cost of which was estimated to be 225 million RM), which were then seized by the government and sold on to non-Jewish buyers. Many of these properties were confiscated through two additional decrees in 1938, which also saw authorities force Jewish businesses to sell selected assets at severely reduced prices. Deportation A clause of the Nuremberg Laws of 1936 stripped overseas German Jews of their citizenship and property; this rule was then applied to the thousands of German Jews who were deported to concentration and extermination camps in Eastern Europe after 1941. The remaining Jewish assets were seized by the Nazi regime and put towards the war effort, which ultimately included the systematic murder of many German Jews.

The file contains the annual population on average in Germany (shown in millions) from 1871 onwards. Area status: From 1871 to 1937 German Reich (both territorial status), 1938 to 1944 territorial status as at 31.12.1937, 1946 to 1989 former federal territory and territory of the former GDR as a whole, from 1990 Germany.
Data source is the Federal Statistical Office.

Subject of the study is the interrelationship between population-development and economic cycles. Lösch ask the question, how changes of the population development have an impact on economic development and vice versa: how changes in economic development have an impact on population development.

The tables, included in the Database HISTAT, are an assortment of tables, which refer to primary sources. Computed tables of the study are not included in HISTAT.

Tables in the ZA-Online-Database HISTAT:

1. Increase of employable Persons (1816-1895)
2. German cycles of employment (1846-1913)
3. Emigration and economic condition (1843-1913) 04a. Age structure of the population of the German Reich by sex in thousand (1871-1910) 04b. Age structure of female population of the German Reich in thousand, as of December, 31st (1871-1910) 04c. Age structure of the population of the German Reich by sex in thousand, by special age groups, as of December, 31st (1871-1910) 05a. Age structure of population willing to work of the German Reich by sex in thousand, as of December, 31st (1871-1910) 05b. Age structure of female population willing to work by family status in thousand, as of December, 31st (1871-1910) 05c. Age structure of population willing to work by sex and women’s family status of women in thousand, as of December, 31st (1895-1910) 06a. Age structure of the population of the German Reich by sex and women’s family status in percent, as of December, 31st (1871-1894) 06b. Age structure of the population of the German Reich by sex and women’s family status in percent, as of December, 31st (1895-1910)
4. Stock and absolute growth of persons willing to work by sex, women’s family status, and by age groups in the German Reich in thousand (1872-1910)
5. Total population and employable population in Prussia (1816-1971)
6. Migration and population growth in Germany (1871-1910)

Crime and socioeconomic data for the German Reich and mortality statistics for Prussia at county level for 1871 to 1912.

Topics: A: variables for the entire German Reich (1047 counties)

1. crime data: a) totals of all convicted for crimes and offences per 100000 b) number convicted due to dangerous bodily injury per 100000 c) number convicted due to simple theft per 100000

2. demographic information: a) totals of population of the age of criminal responsibility in the counties for 1885, 1905 and 1910 b) male German-speaking population in 1900 c) female German-speaking population in 1900 d) male, non-German-speaking population in 1900 e) female, non-German-speaking population in 1900 f) primary ethnic groups in 1900

3. data on urbanization: a) total population of the municipalities with more than 2000 residents per county in 1900 b) population in medium-sized cities per county in 1900 c) population in large cities per county in 1900 d) total population per county in 1900 e) typing the counties in city counties (=1) and districts (=2) in 1900

4. Geographic data a) short designation of all counties (1881 to 1912) b) identification number of all counties listed under 4a) c) surface area of the county in square kilometers in 1900

B: variables for Prussia (583 counties) mortality data for 1885, 1886, 1904, 1905 and 1906:

a) totals of deaths (according to sex) for the respective year b) number of deaths due to Tuberculosis (according to sex) for the respective year c) number of deaths due to suicide (according to sex) for the respective year d) number of deaths due to murder and manslaughter (according to sex) for the respective year

The variables for the Prussian counties can be compared with the corresponding counties of the German Reich.

Graph and download economic data for Infra-Annual Labor Statistics: Working-Age Population Total: From 15 to 64 Years for Germany (LFWA64TTDEQ647S) from Q1 2005 to Q2 2025 about working-age, 15 to 64 years, Germany, and population.

In 2024, the population in Germany, as of December 31 of that year, amounted to around 83.6 million people. This was an increase compared to the previous year.

The lack of a recent summarizing description of population density in Germany that contains detailed information of pre-industrial times motivated the author of this study to undertake an analysis of population history of Northern Germany between 1740 and 1840. The goal of the study is to analyze the development of population regarding different aspects of population history and historical demographics. The author tries to connect geographic data with family data and then he relates it with economic, political and cultural development. The main part of the study ‘population dynamics’ gives an overview over demographic developments in a century characterized by demographic changes. Insights in the general changes in population size, the phases of Northern German population development and in relevant components for increases in population (e.g. decrease in mortality) are given. Finally the population determinants are developed, first in a concrete regional historic context of some areas (Marsch, nordwestliches Binnenland, Münsterland, Ostwestfalen, Ostelbien) and then more general external factors are included in the analysis. The generative structure of pre-industrial population, the industrial development, seasonal work and colonization are covered. There is an extra chapter on the development of urban population which includes the factors: urbanization, decrease in mortality, first signs of birth controls and migration. These regional considerations are opposed to an investigation of the general framework of demographical changes. In this context also grain prices and prevention from smallpox are taken into account.

Systematic of the data:

Sub-regions: 1. Holstein 2. The Hanseatic cities 3. Mecklenburg and Wester Pomerania
4. Prussia’s middle provinces
5. Core area of Lower Saxony 6. Weser-Ems-Area 7. Westphalia

Topics: 1. Births (excl. still births) 2. Deaths (incl. still births) 3. Still births 4. Marriages 5. Illegitimate births
6. Infant and child mortality 7. Population status

Mortality tables: A. Holstein (Propsteien) 1775/98, 1801/05 B. East Friesland 1775/98, 1835/39 C. County of Mark und märkische Kreise 1775/98, 1820/34 D. Kurmark 1775/98, 1835/39

Register of data tables: - Probability of death decennially in the German Reich 1881/90 - Handed down census results from Braunschweig-Lüneburg - Advances is historical tables of Westphalia
- Migration balances of Prussian government districts 1816-1840 - Population and households in Hamburg 1764-1824 - Population in Northern Germany and Germany - Approximated values for net migration 1751-1840 - Age specific decline in mortality 1775/98-1835/39 - Decline in child mortality - Fertility and marriage behavior by family reconstruction - Proportion of singles by department s and arrodissements 1811 - Average age at birth ca. 1740-ca.1840 - Regression analysis on deaths (excl. children) – marriages - Regional differences in population increases - Population density and mortality 1780-1799 - Population balances of Marschgebiete und der Fehmarn Island - Population balances of North Western Germany (without Küstenmarsch) - Budget structures of the parish Vreden 1749 - Population balances of areas with high industry densities - Budget structures of County of Mark 1798 - Budget structures in Minden-Ravensburg and Tecklenburg 1798 - Natality, mortality and cottage industry in Ravensberg 1788-1798 - North Western German areas with low birth rates
- Colonists resident in Prussia 1740-1786 - Social structure of rural population 1750 – 1790/98 - Social structure of rural population in Halberstädter - Urban population (legal definition of city) - Mortality due to tuberculosis in rural and urban areas - Average mortality rates in large cities
- Infant mortality and decline in mortality in Berlin S - Rural and urban migration balances 1741/1778-1840 - Birth rates - Cumulative elasticity of population movement - Average marriage rates in Hannover in comparison - Mortality due to smallpox - Share of infant and child mortality due to smallpox -Magnitude of the decrease in child mortality - Reduction of infant mortality - Regional differences in the decline in infant mortality

The data can be requested via order form or by personal request via email or telephone. PDF-form and contact data: http://www.gesis.org/dienstleistungen/daten/daten-historische-sozialf/querschnittsdaten/

The study at hand is a pioneer work of compiling statistical materials on the German national income in a comparable form for a period of more than 100 years. This is meant to be a cornerstone of the detailed analysis of the growth process of the German national economy. As a matter of fact, the structural changes of the German economy within the last 100 years can be presented by means of cross-sectional analysises for certain points of time. Thus essential facts as related to economic history are arranged in a systematic order as well. In addition, time series are analysed in order to make the explanation of the underlying development possible. Consequently, the findings resulting from this study could offer a primary basis for the verification of theories on growth, and for the judgment of future chances of development. Due to considerable efforts in this regard, such estimated figures on the national income are disposable for several countries. In this context, the study in hand closes the gap in the German statistical reports in the mentioned field. The study proves that, in this field of research, many difficulties have to be overcome; above all, it must be stated that the statistical materials are partly incomplete and make the realisation of such a project appear venturesome. However, the results prove that taking the risk pays off in the end. So the authors pin their hopes on an ensuing evaluation, as far as feasible, of the obtained data. Additionally, they would appreciate if these data were completed by means of criticism and new research, whereby different methods could be applied as well. According to its purpose, the study in hand is limited to the presentation of statistical materials without interpreting them. The attempt to evaluate the results of this study in order to provide an analysis on the growth rate of the German national economy seems premature yet; the work accomplished so far is simply not sufficient. Apart from the lack of absolute figures on the national income, a detailed structural analysis of the German national income has still not been completed for this purpose. In fact, the focus of the analysis lies on the determination of nominal values for the national income. Details on the real income, on the other hand, are restricted to a brief analysis, as the authors are of the opinion that the disposible price series are insufficient as regards a study on the real income. It is beyond doubt that they cannot imply all major components, in particularly those of earlier periods. The named long-term work has been made possible by the financial support of the Social Science Research Council and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; the latter has also contribute to the printing costs. In their turn, the authors would like to express their gratefulness for the generous assistance on the part of these two institutions.” (W.G. Hoffmann / J.H. Müller (1959), S. V-VI). Classification of tables:A. Germany, overwiewB. PrussiaC. State or region A. Overview: German national income per type of income (1851-1957)A. Overview: national income in Germany and in single federal states (1871-1936)A. Overview: the national income per capita in Germany and in single federal states (1871-1936)B. The national income in Prussia (1851-1913)C. Uncorrected income per capita of the population and national income per capita of the population in selected years (1900-1913)C. The national income in Hamburg and Bremen (1871-1913)C The national income in Hesse (1872-1913)C. The national income in Saxony (1874-1913)C. The national income in Baden (1885-1913)C. The national income in Württemberg (1904-1913)C. The national income in Bavaria (1911-1913)

Most estimates place the total number of deaths during the Second World War at around 70-85 million people. Approximately 17 million of these deaths (20-25 percent of the total) were due to crimes against humanity carried out by the Nazi regime in Europe. In comparison to the millions of deaths that took place through conflict, famine, or disease, these 17 million stand out due to the reasoning behind them, along with the systematic nature and scale in which they were carried out. Nazi ideology claimed that the Aryan race (a non-existent ethnic group referring to northern Europeans) was superior to all other ethnicities; this became the justification for German expansion and the extermination of others. During the war, millions of people deemed to be of lesser races were captured and used as slave laborers, with a large share dying of exhaustion, starvation, or individual execution. Murder campaigns were also used for systematic extermination; the most famous of these were the extermination camps, such as at Auschwitz, where roughly 80 percent of the 1.1 million victims were murdered in gas chambers upon arrival at the camp. German death squads in Eastern Europe carried out widespread mass shootings, and up to two million people were killed in this way. In Germany itself, many disabled, homosexual, and "undesirables" were also killed or euthanized as part of a wider eugenics program, which aimed to "purify" German society.

The Holocaust Of all races, the Nazi's viewed Jews as being the most inferior. Conspiracy theories involving Jews go back for centuries in Europe, and they have been repeatedly marginalized throughout history. German fascists used the Jews as scapegoats for the economic struggles during the interwar period. Following Hitler's ascendency to the Chancellorship in 1933, the German authorities began constructing concentration camps for political opponents and so-called undesirables, but the share of Jews being transported to these camps gradually increased in the following years, particularly after Kristallnacht (the Night of Broken Glass) in 1938. In 1939, Germany then invaded Poland, home to Europe's largest Jewish population. German authorities segregated the Jewish population into ghettos, and constructed thousands more concentration and detention camps across Eastern Europe, to which millions of Jews were transported from other territories. By the end of the war, over two thirds of Europe's Jewish population had been killed, and this share is higher still when one excludes the neutral or non-annexed territories.

Lebensraum Another key aspect of Nazi ideology was that of the Lebensraum (living space). Both the populations of the Soviet Union and United States were heavily concentrated in one side of the country, with vast territories extending to the east and west, respectively. Germany was much smaller and more densely populated, therefore Hitler aspired to extend Germany's territory to the east and create new "living space" for Germany's population and industry to grow. While Hitler may have envied the U.S. in this regard, the USSR was seen as undeserving; Slavs were the largest major group in the east and the Nazis viewed them as inferior, which was again used to justify the annexation of their land and subjugation of their people. As the Germans took Slavic lands in Poland, the USSR, and Yugoslavia, ethnic cleansings (often with the help of local conspirators) became commonplace in the annexed territories. It is also believed that the majority of Soviet prisoners of war (PoWs) died through starvation and disease, and they were not given the same treatment as PoWs on the western front. The Soviet Union lost as many as 27 million people during the war, and 10 million of these were due to Nazi genocide. It is estimated that Poland lost up to six million people, and almost all of these were through genocide.

The DBBW (Dokumentations- und Beratungsstelle des Bundes zum Thema Wolf) hosts a compilation of wolf data collected in the German federal states and makes it accessible to the general public (https://www.dbb-wolf.de/).The data used here cover the occupation of wolf territories in Germany from 2000 to 2020. Each monitoring year (from the 1st of May until the 30th of April the next year) wolf territories were evaluated and the following data were recorded: the name and location of the territory, whether a territory was occupied by a solitary animal, a pair or a pack, the genetic identification code of each animal, and the number of pups born each year in every territory. Most of these data are based on genetic analyses, accompanied by camera trap data. Individual wolves are continuously monitored and genotyped on the basis of various DNA sources, such as scat, hairs, or kill swabs at 13 autosomal microsatellite loci and 2 sex-linked markers according to Jarausch et al. (2021). Genotype da...

Historical dataset of population level and growth rate for the Berlin, Germany metro area from 1950 to 2025.

Several methods based on the Sequential Markovian coalescence (SMC) have been developed that make use of genome sequence data to uncover population demographic history, which is of interest in its own right and is a key requirement to generate a null model for selection tests. While these methods can be applied to all possible kind of species, the underlying assumptions are sexual reproduction in each generation and non-overlapping generations. However, in many plants, invertebrates, fungi and other taxa, those assumptions are often violated due to different ecological and life history traits, such as self-fertilization or long term dormant structures (seed or egg-banking). We develop a novel SMC-based method to infer 1) the rates/parameters of dormancy and of self-fertilization, and 2) the populations’ past demographic history. Using simulated data sets, we demonstrate the accuracy of our method for a wide range of demographic scenarios and for sequence lengths from one to 30 Mb using four sampled genomes. Finally, we apply our method to a Swedish and a German population of Arabidopsis thaliana demonstrating a selfing rate of ca. 0.87 and the absence of any detectable seed-bank. In contrast, we show that the water flea Daphnia pulex exhibits a long lived egg-bank of three to 18 generations. In conclusion, we here present a novel method to infer accurate demographies and life-history traits for species with selfing and/or seed/egg-banks. Finally, we provide recommendations for the use of SMC-based methods for non-model organisms, highlighting the importance of the per site and the effective ratios of recombination over mutation.

Timeseries of structure and development of the former German Democratic Republic’s population.

The aim of this data-collection is to inform about the population’s structure and development in the former GDR, including East-Berlin, from 1946 to 1989.

Basis of the compilation is the published statistical population overview of the German Federal Statistical Office (Statistisches Bundesamt (hrsg.): Sonderreihe mit Beiträgen für das Gebiet der ehemaligen DDR. Heft 3: Bevölkerungsstatistische Übersichten 1946 bis 1989. Wiesbaden, 1993), completed by census data and scientific publications.

The survey contains details on population and populationstructure (population-size, -growth, density, agegroups, etc.), on natural population movement (birth, decease, marriages, divorces), on spatial population movement (internal migration, migration beyond the borders of the former GDR), and on households.

The datacompilation covers the following topics:

A) population B) natural population movement C) households D) migration

Topics:

Data-Tables in the download-system HISTAT (Thema: Bevölkerung)

A. Bevölkerungsstand:

A01 Bevölkerungsstand und Bevölkerungsentwicklung (1939-1989) A02 Bevölkerung nach Altersgruppen 1946-1989 A03 Männliche Bevölkerung nach Altersgruppen 1946-1989 A04 Weibliche Bevölkerung nach Altersgruppen 1946-1989 A05. Bevölkerungsgröße, Bevölkerungswachstum, Bevölkerungsdichte und Sexualproportion 1950- 1992 A06. Bevölkerung insgesamt, männlich und weiblich nach Ländern 1950-1998 A07. Fläche, Bevölkerung am Ort der Hauptwohnung und Bevölkerungsdichte für 1950, 1964, 1971, 1981 A08. Bevölkerung am Ort der Hauptwohnung nach Altersgruppen und Geschlecht 1950-1981 A09. Bevölkerung am Ort der Hauptwohnung nach Altersgruppen und Geschlecht 1950-1981 A10. Bevölkerung ab 18 Jahre am Ort der Hauptwohnung nach Familienstand und Geschlecht 1950-1981 A11. Fläche und Bevölkerung nach Bezirken 1950-1989 A12. Bevölkerung nach Altersgruppen und Geschlecht für die neuen Länder und Berlin Ost 1950-1990 A13 Bevölkerung nach Gemeindegrößenklassen (in 1000) 1950-1989

B. Natürliche Bevölkerungsbewegung

B01 Natürliche Bevölkerungsbewegung 1946-1995 B02a Eheschließungen, durschnittliches Heiratsalter, Ehescheidungen 1946-1989 B02b Eheschließungen nach Familienstand der Partner vor Eheschließung 1946-1989 B03 Eheschließende, Ersteheschließende und Wiederverheiratete (insgesamt) 1946-1989 B04 Eheschließende nach Ersteheschließenden und Wiederverheirateten (je 100 Eheschließende) 1946-1989 B05 Eheschließende nach Familienstand vor der Eheschließung (insgesamt) 1946-1989 B06 Eheschließende nach Familienstand vor der Eheschließung (je 100 Eheschließende) 1946-1989 B07 Zusammengefasste Geburtenziffer nach Altersgruppen 1952-1989 B08 Das Reproduktionsniveau der Bevölkerung 1946-1989 B09 Durchschnittliche Lebenserwartung Neugeborener in Jahren 1946-1989 B10a Geborene, Lebendgeborene und Totgeborene nach Legitimität 1952-1989 B10b Lebend- und Totgeborene nach Geschlecht 1950-1989 B11 Zusammengefaßte Geburtenziffer nach Gemeindegrößenklassen (1965-1989) B12 Altersgruppenspezifische Sterbeziffern nach Geschlecht ( standardisiert) 1964-1989 B13a Gestorbene insgesamt und gestorbene Säuglinge nach Geschlecht (1946-1989) B13b Gestorbene nach ausgewählten Todesursachen und nach Geschlecht 1947-1989 B13c Gestorbene nach ausgewählten Krankheiten als Todesursachen und nach Geschlecht 1947-1989 B14 Gestorbene infolge Suizid- DDR 1947-1989 B15 Gestorbene infolge Suizid- BRD B16 Gestorbene infolge Mord und Totschlag- DDR 1949-1989 B17 Gestorbene infolge Mord und Totschlag- BRD / Bundesrepublik Deutschland (1961-1989) B18 Die Entwicklung der Fruchtbarkeitsziffern in den beiden Teilen Deutschlands (1946/50-1995)

C. Haushalte

C01 Privathaushalte nach Haushaltsgröße 1950-1981 C02 Personen in Privathaushalten und Gemeinschaftseinrichtungen 1950-1981 C03 Mehrpersonenhaushalte nach im Haushalt lebenden Kindern unter 17 Jahren 1950-1981 C04 Privathaushalte nach Haushaltsgroesse und nach Altersgruppen des Haushaltsvorstandes 1950 bis 1981 C05 Privathaushalte nach Haushaltsgroesse und nach Altersgruppen des maennlichen Haushaltsvorstandes 1950 bis 1981

D. Wanderung

D01 Wanderung über die Grenzen der DDR 1951-1989 D02 Wanderung über die Grenzen der DDR nach Altersgruppen 1965-1989 D03 Binnenwanderungsgewinn bzw.- verlust (-) nach Gemeindegrößenklassen 1970-1989 D04 Saldo aus zu- und Fortzügen (-) über die Grenzen der ehemaligen DDR nach Gemeindegrößekl...