The largest number of immigrants in Germany were from Ukraine, as of 2023. The top three origin countries were rounded up by Romania and Turkey. Immigrants are defined as having left a country, which may be their home country, to permanently reside in another. Upon arriving, immigrants do not hold the citizenship of the country they move to. Immigration in the EU All three aforementioned countries are members of the European Union, which means their citizens have freedom of movement between EU member states. In practice, this means that citizens of any EU member country may relocate between them to live and work there. Unrestricted by visas or residence permits, the search for university courses, jobs, retirement options, and places to live seems to be defined by an enormous amount of choice. However, even in this freedom of movement scheme, immigration may be hampered by bureaucratic hurdles or financial challenges. Prosperity with a question mark While Germany continues to be an attractive destination for foreigners both in and outside the European Union, as well as asylum applicants, it remains to be seen how current events might influence these patterns, whether the number of immigrants arriving from certain countries will shift. Europe’s largest economy is suffering. Climbing inflation levels in the last few months, as well as remaining difficulties from the ongoing coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic are affecting global economic development. Ultimately, future immigrants may face the fact of moving from one struggling economy to another.

As of 2024, around **** million people from Turkey were living in Germany. Foreign nationals are those who are not German based on Article 116 Paragraph 1 of the German constitution. These include stateless persons and those with unclear citizenship as well as the population group with a migration background. Individuals with a migration background can either have immigrated into Germany or been born in the country to at least one parent who was born a foreigner.

This statistic shows the number of foreigners in Germany according to the Central Register of Foreign Nationals in 2023, by state. In 2023, North-Rhine-Westphalia had the most foreign nationals at over 3.2 million, followed by Bavaria with almost 2.4 million and Baden-Württemberg with around 2.2 million. Foreigners are those who are not German based on Article 116, Paragraph 1 of the German constitution. These include stateless persons and those with unclear citizenship as well as the population group with a migration background. Individuals with a migration background can either have immigrated into Germany or been born in the country to at least one parent who was born a foreigner.

In 2023, around 1.93 million people immigrated to Germany. Numbers fluctuated during the time period covered in the graph at hand, peaking in 2015 during the high point of Europe’s refugee crisis. Significantly lower figures in 2020 may be attributed to the first year of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, and subsequent restrictions implemented by the German government on entering the country, in order to control the spread of the disease. Immigration to Germany “Immigrant” is a term used from the point of view of the receiving country, or the country being migrated to by a person. While reasons for and circumstances leading to an immigrant entering a foreign country may vary, they often include love, include seeking residence, employment, family reunions, or applying for asylum. Various countries are represented among foreigners living in Germany, though currently the leading three by numbers are Turkey, Ukraine, and Syria. Around 5.2 million immigrants living in Germany do not need a residence permit due to having EU citizenship, and therefore being allowed freedom of movement based on EU law. Another 2.64 million immigrants were granted an unlimited permit to stay in Germany. The near future Germany remains a popular choice for immigrants, even in currently challenging economic and political times. Welfare benefits, healthcare, and various support initiatives for those moving to or arriving in the country are on the list of selling points, though in practice, difficulties may be encountered depending on individual situations and laws in different German federal states. While the unemployment rate among foreigners living in Germany had gone up in 2020, it dropped again in the following years, but increased once more in 2023 and 2024 to over 16 percent. The country is Europe’s largest economy, housing many global players in various industries, which continues to attract jobseekers, despite these very industries facing struggles of their own brought on both by the ongoing coronavirus pandemic and geopolitical events in Europe.

As recorded by the source, Moroccans ranked as the foreign nationality with more residents in Spain in 2023, closely followed by Romanians. After years of losing its foreign population, Spain’s immigration figures started to pick up in 2015, with the number of people that moved to the Mediterranean country surpassing the number of foreigners that decided to leave.

A matter of balance The net migration rate of Spain changed its course mainly due to the great inflow of foreigners that move to reside in the Mediterranean country. Spain’s immigration flow slowed down after the 2008 financial crisis, albeit the number of foreigners that opted to change their residence saw a significant growth in the last years. In 2022, Colombians ranked first as the foreign nationality that most relocated to Spain, distantly followed by Moroccans and Ukranians.

Spain does not have the highest number of immigrants in Europe In recent years, the European Union confronted a rising number of refugees arriving from the Middle East. Migration figures show that Germany accommodated approximately 15 million foreign-born citizens, ranking it as the country that most hosted immigrants in Europe in 2022. By comparison, Spain’s foreign population stood slightly over seven million, positioning the Western Mediterranean country third on the European list of foreign-born population. Unfortunately, thousands of persons have died ore gone missing trying to reach Spanish territory, as more and more irregular migrants opt to use dangerous maritime routes to arrive at Southern Europe from Africa's coasts.

Abstract

IPUMS-International is an effort to inventory, preserve, harmonize, and disseminate census microdata from around the world. The project has collected the world's largest archive of publicly available census samples. The data are coded and documented consistently across countries and over time to facillitate comparative research. IPUMS-International makes these data available to qualified researchers free of charge through a web dissemination system.

The IPUMS project is a collaboration of the Minnesota Population Center, National Statistical Offices, and international data archives. Major funding is provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation and the Demographic and Behavioral Sciences Branch of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Additional support is provided by the University of Minnesota Office of the Vice President for Research, the Minnesota Population Center, and Sun Microsystems.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Household

UNITS IDENTIFIED: - Dwellings: Yes - Vacant units: Yes - Households: Yes - Individuals: Yes - Group quarters: Yes - Special populations: No

UNIT DESCRIPTIONS: - Dwellings: Living quarters which could be in residential buildings and non-residential buildings - Households: A household is a group of persons who live and keep house together. A person living alone forms a household. Subtenants are treated as separate households. - Group quarters: Institutions were collective dwelling for the accommodation and care of citizens who for reasons of working, training or studying, or for educational, health, social or other reasons needed to be accommodated collectively.

Universe

Total population entitled to reside in households

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

MICRODATA SOURCE: Federal Statistical Office

SAMPLE DESIGN: 25% sample of households drawn based on anonymization methodology by the Federal Statistical Office.

SAMPLE UNIT: Household

SAMPLE FRACTION: 25%

SAMPLE SIZE (person records): 4,110,749

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

There are 4 forms: (1) household questionnaire containing questions for all persons in the household; (2) dwelling questionnaire containing questions for all dwellings; (3) building questionnaire containing questions for all residential buildings; and (4) institution questionnaire.

Response rate

COVERAGE: 100%

Import & Export (Volumes, Indices) (Foreign Trade):Germany, Years, Groups of Countries, Main Industrial Groupings

The study deals with the changes in the regional structure of Germany’s foreign trade as well as with the causes of these changes between 1880 and 1938. In this context the regional development of german import and export by continents, regions and counties for the major German tradepartners is described. After that the regional development of the trade flows of all major import- and exportproducts is analysed. The German foreign trade therefore is examined on the basis of the goods on the one hand and on the other on the basis of the countries. For the analysis the researcher collected the data (time series) for the important goods and commodity groups. Further more he developed a consistent definition of the commodity groups, so that they are comparable.
Mehtodology a) Definition and Problem:The following processes hab been defined as structural change:- fundamental shifts in the composition of foreign trade partners, as well as- meaningful and sustained change of direction or volume of important commodities and products that affect the trade with countries or regions. b) Temporal Delimination:Period of investigation is from 1880 to 1938. The statistics for the war years 1914-1918 and 1939 and for the post-war years 1919-1924 have not been included in the analysis because values were not covered or values are very incomplete or unreliable coused by inflation and other circumstances of that period. c) Changes of Territory:The data of the German trade statistics refer from 1880 to February 1906 to the German custom territory, which comprised since 1872 the territory of the German Customs Union, consisting of the 26 states, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and the Austrian municipalities Jungholz and Mittelberg. The free port areas of Hamburg, Bremerhaven, Geestermünde and Helgoland and parts of the municipality of Hamburg and Cuxhaven did not belong to the German custum territory.Since March 1906 the german trade statistics collected data of the foreign merchandise traffic of the entire German economic area, consists until the Versailler contract of the area of the German Empire including the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and the Austrian municipalities Jungholz and Mittelberg, excluding Helgoland and the badenese Custum boards. Since 1920 the official trade statistics reports the values of the foreign trade for the German Empire in its new borders. That is to say, the regions of Alsace-Lorraine, the Free City of Danzig, and parts of the Prussian provinces of East Prussia, West Prussia, Brandenburg, Pomerania, Silesia, Posen, Schleswig-Holstein, the Rhine province, the territory of Luxembourg and for the years 1919 to 1935, the Saarland no longer belong to the German economic territory. The expansion of the German Empire territory between 1938 and 1939 by the annexation of Austria, Sudetenland, Bohemia, Moravia, and the Memel territory has been kept out of consideration. For the analysis of the German foreign trade the values of german imports and exports published by the Statistical Office of the German Empire has been used. While comparing the pre-1914 values with values after the first World War, it is important to reconsider the lost of major agricultural areas of East-Germany, which restricts the comparison and it’s explanatory power or validity. On the other hand these changes reveals the changes of Germany’s foreign trade structure. Thus, it becomes obvious how the separation of large agricultural and farming land increased Germany’s import dependency in the food sector as well as Germany’s decreased export opportunities of agricultural products. d) System of commodity groups: The problem of published German trade values of the Official Statistics of the German Empire is, that commodity groups are not defined in terms of their content. Insofar as the information is about single goods (eg.: rye, copper, cotton, etc.), the values are reliable. This is not the case as soon as the information is about commodity groups, such as ‘food’, ‘textiles’, ‘metal goods’, etc., because the structure of the aggregation of specific goods to a commodity group has changed six times over the period of investigation. The list of countries in the german foreign trade statistics has changed as well. Therfore, the author had to revised commodity groups and country lists for the purpose of its analysis and to make them comparable. The author developed the following scheme in order to sort countries into groups or regions: - Europe:Denmarc, Norway, Sweden, Finnland = North EuropeNetherlands, Belgium/Luxembuorg, Great Britain, France, Swizerland = West EuropeJugoslawia, Hungary, Rumania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greek, european and asiatic Turkey = South-East EuropePortugal, Spane, Italy = South EuropePoland, Tschechoslowakia, Russia, Baltic States = East EuropAustria-Hungary - America:Canada, United States of America = North-AmericaMexico, Costarica, Duba, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Haiti, El Salvador = Ce...

ALLBUS (GGSS - the German General Social Survey) is a biennial trend survey based on random samples of the German population. Established in 1980, its mission is to monitor attitudes, behavior, and social change in Germany. Each ALLBUS cross-sectional survey consists of one or two main question modules covering changing topics, a range of supplementary questions and a core module providing detailed demographic information. Additionally, data on the interview and the interviewers are provided as well. Key topics generally follow a 10-year replication cycle, many individual indicators and item batteries are replicated at shorter intervals.

Since the mid-1980ies ALLBUS also regularly hosts one or two modules of the ISSP (International Social Survey Programme).

The main question module of ALLBUS/GGSS 2016 covers the acceptance of immigration and attitudes towards ethnic and religious minorities in Germany. Other topics include family and gender roles, transnationalism, national pride, and political attitudes. Additionally included are the ISSP modules “Work Orientations IV” and “Role of Government V”.
1.) Family and gender roles: family as a prerequisite for happiness; marriage in case of steady partnership; desire to have children; attitudes towards working fathers and mothers [split]; division of labor regarding house and family work.

2.) Acceptance of immigration and attitudes towards ethnic and religious minorities in Germany: attitude towards the influx of various groups of immigrants; scale of attitudes towards foreigners [split]; contacts with foreigners (or alternatively: contacts with Germans) within the family, at work, in the neighborhood, or among friends; positive and negative experiences with foreigners (or alternatively with Germans); perceived consequences of presence of foreigners in Germany; perception and evaluation of discriminatory behavior towards foreigners; assumed social evaluation of statements on foreigners; ranking in terms of importance of different citizenship requirements; attitudes towards the possibility of becoming German (assimilation); opinion on dual citizenship and on equal rights for foreigners; support for the teaching of Islam in public schools; attitude towards ethnically mixed neighborhoods; estimation of proportion of foreigners in East and West Germany; presence of foreigners as advantage for Germany; living in neighborhoods with high percentage of foreigners; estimated percentage of foreigners in own neighborhood; attitudes towards cultural diversity; perceived differences in lifestyle between Germans and different ethnic groups; indicators for social distance to ethnic minorities and foreigners; attitudes towards equal legal rights for ethnic and religious minorities; feelings towards ethnic and religious minorities; attitudes towards Jews (anti-Semitism); attitudes towards Islam (Islamophobia); contacts with refugees; presence of refugees in own neighborhood; perceived risks and chances with respect to refugees.

3.) Transnationalism: contacts with family members or friends living in another country, frequency of contacts with theses persons, countries in which these persons live; consumption of foreign-language media; frequency of consumption of foreign-language media; frequency and duration of visits to other countries.

4.) Citizenships and country of origin: first, second, and third citizenship of respondent and of spouse or partner; number of citizenships of respondent; original citizenship of respondent and of spouse or partner; country of origin of respondent and of respondent´s parents and grandparents; country respondent lived in when young; length of residence in Germany.

5.) National pride: pride in German institutions and German achievements, pride in being a German.

6.) Political attitudes: political interest, postmaterialism (importance of law and order, fighting rising prices, free expression of opinions, and influence on governmental decisions), self-placement on left-right continuum, voting intention (Sonntagsfrage), participation in last federal elections, recall of vote in last federal elections, membership in a political party.

7.) Personality: social pessimism and orientation towards the future (anomia), interpersonal trust, reciprocity, authoritarianism, overall life satisfaction.

8.) Other topics: self-assessment of social class, fair share in standard of living, assessment of the present and future economic situation in Germany, assessment of the present and future personal economic situation, sense of security in the immediate vicinity (fear of crime); identification with own community, the federal state, the Federal Republic of Germany, the former GDR and Europe; telephone, possession of mobile phone, Internet use.

9.) ALLBUS-Demography: Details about the respondent: month and year of birth, age, gender, citizenship (nationality), number of citizenships, place of residence (federal state, size of municipality, BIK-type...

The general situation of foreign workers in five large German cities.

Topics: ethnic origin; year of arrival of parents in Germany or personal year of arrival; attendance at day nursery, kindergarten and school in the Federal Republic; length of school attendance; attendance and duration of a special preparation class for foreigners; time of first day at school in regular school; attendance at schools providing all-round education; school degree; proportion of foreigners in the school class; length of native language instruction along with regular instruction; occupation after conclusion of all-round education school. The following questions were posed to persons born in country of origin: regional origin and city size; school attendance and vocational training in country of origin; vocational training; current or last employment practiced; shift work; living together with parents; proportion of foreigners in the building, in the immediate residential surroundings and in the part of town; residence equipped with sanitary facilities; possession durable economic goods; presence of institutions for foreigners in the residential area; parents living in Germany; regional origin of father; school attendance of parents; number of children; number of children living in country of origin; religious practices in parental home and strictness of observing religious rules; educational goals of parents; decision-making structure within the family; reading newspapers from Germany or the country of origin; nutrition habits as in the native country; use of video films and listening to music in German or one´s own language; use of the German language or native language in conversations within the family; frequency of mutual visits with Germans; contacts with Germans, relatives, friends and acquaintances as well as place of residence of these persons; memberships; circle of friends; nationality of friends; frequency of getting together; help from the circle of friends with personal difficulties; cultural milieu in one´s circle of friends; agreement with friends on questions of religion and fashion; conversations about the situation as foreigner in Germany; conversations about religious matters; nationality of colleagues or other students; attitude to assimilation and integration; self-assessment of knowledge of German; knowledge of native language; perception of discrimination (scale); satisfaction with living conditions, school or occupational situation and the housing situation in Germany; identity assimilation; feelings of homelessness and feelings on visits to country of origin; instinctive ties to ethnic groups in country of origin; interest in participation in municipal elections; party preference; postmaterialism index; personal feelings of segregation; personal sympathy for various nationalities or assumed sympathy of the Germans for these nationalities; solidarity with the region, the city as well as the part of town; earlier places of residence; personal religiousness; attendance at a Koran school; sex role orientation; personal wish and plans for return of parents to country of origin; interest in living together with with Germans; personal investments in native country; judgement on one´s own situation in life given a return to country of origin in comparison to the current situation in Germany; number of children; nationality, place of residence and length of stay of spouse in Germany; religious affiliation of spouse; current occupation of spouse; detailed information on circle of friends; degree of relationship and nationality; length of stay in Germany; friends as advisers; language ability of friends; cultural and religious milieu in one´s circle of friends; sex role orientation of friends; identity assimilation of friends and number of contacts with friends; knowledge of events to improve the situation of foreigners or promote understanding of Germans and foreigners; participation in such events; status of residence permit; interest in acquisition of German citizenship; desired measures to improve the situation in life of foreigners in Germany.

Scales: intolerance of ambiguity; anomy; brief German language test.

Demography: age; sex; religious affiliation.

Interviewer rating: length of interview; language ability of respondent; presence of others; disturbances during the interview by other persons; willingness of respondent to cooperate and conduct regarding the interviewer.

Also encoded was: type of building and ...

Leisure behaviour, friendships, family, feelings and beliefs, identity, the current situation and vocational training of young people. Sibling situation.

Wave 4

1. Youth main questionnaire:

Topics: Leisure behaviour: frequency of different leisure activities (Visiting relatives, cinema, going out, reading, sports club or music club, concert, museum, newspaper reading); hourly expenditure on a typical school day for television, chatting, household work, video or computer games alone and with others.

Friendships: ethnic background of friends; interethnic background of friends; contact with people of selected ethnic origin; migration background; importance of equal education, religion, and ethnic background of the respondent´s own partner for the respondent personally and for his or her parents; boyfriend or girlfriend; details to partner: current activity, type of school attended or highest educational level, ethnic background, denomination, importance of religion for the partner; beginning of the relationship (duration of the relationship); context of getting to know each other (e.g. via friends); partner lives in the same neighbourhood; parents have knowledge of the relationship or have the partner already met; parents already knew each other before start of relationship; family relationships: interest of the family in conversations about the boyfriend or girlfriend; parental interference: request for information about activities and whereabouts at undertakings with the boyfriend or girlfriend, demand for immediate acquaintance of the friend; expected marriage; current boyfriend/girlfriend is first steady relationship; number of previous friends; family rejects relationship expected openness of the family in case of negative attitude towards the friend or to the girlfriend; the family leaves relationship decisions up to the respondent; arranged relationships through the family; demand of the family after termination of the relationship in case of lack of sympathy; preferred marriage age; desired number of children.

Family: migration background of the biological parents; frequency of visits in the country of origin of parents in the last 12 months; employment status of parents in the last 12 months; frequency of pocket money and amount of pocket money.

Feelings and beliefs: life satisfaction (scalometer); discrimination: sympathy scale for selected groups of origin; understanding of gender roles.

Self-assessment of German language skills (speaking, writing); national identity; sense of belonging to another group, and strength of identity; importance of religion to the respondent; self-assessment of the state of health compared to peers; delinquent behavior in the last three months: deliberate destruction of foreign property, stealing, carrying knives or weapon, drunkenness); frequency of hot meal and breakfast; frequency of alcohol consumption, sports, cigarette consumption and drug consumption; body height in centimetres and weight in kilograms; preferred and realistic educational aspiration; expectations for the future in terms of stay in Germany, marriage, children and state of health.

Current situation: school leaving certificate during the last school year; grades in mathematics, German and English in the diploma; overall grade on leaving certificate; current situation; currently visited type of school; branch of cooperative comprehensive school; currently attended class level; frequency of deviant behaviour in school (disputes with teachers, experienced punishment, unauthorized absence from lessons, late arrival); self-efficacy; attitude towards school: importance of good grades.

Vocational training: title of the training occupation (ISCO 2008, ISEI, SIOPS); duration of training; achievement of an additional educational attainment through the training; nature of this educational attainment; amount of training allowance per month (categorised); job title of the current occupation or job; amount of monthly net income (categorized); type of employment contract; start of employment in this occupation (month and year); job is the first job since leaving school; job title of the first job (ISCO 2008, ISEI, SIOPS); active search for a place of training or employment; professional title of the desired profession (ISCO 2008, ISEI, SIOPS).

Additionally coded: international respondent ID; national respondent ID; country of data collection; mode of collection; interview date; flag variable (interview date derived from the date of receipt of the contact information); data release version.

Derived Indexes: occupational code according to ISCO (International Standard Classification of Occupations) 1988; SIOPS (Ganzeboom); ISEI (Ganzeboom).

1. Youth siblings questionnaire: total number of siblings; for up to 5 siblings were asked: brother or sister; age; present situation or activity; type of school attended; educational attainment; Job title (ISCO 2008, ISEI, SIOPS).

Additionally coded:...

Persons of Turkish and Yugoslav nationality from the resident registries

A wide-ranging representative longitudinal study of private households that permits researchers to track yearly changes in the health and economic well-being of older people relative to younger people in Germany from 1984 to the present. Every year, there were nearly 11,000 households, and more than 20,000 persons sampled by the fieldwork organization TNS Infratest Sozialforschung. The data provide information on all household members, consisting of Germans living in the Old and New German States, Foreigners, and recent Immigrants to Germany. The Panel was started in 1984. Some of the many topics include household composition, occupational biographies, employment, earnings, health and satisfaction indicators. In addition to standard demographic information, the GSOEP questionnaire also contains objective measuresuse of time, use of earnings, income, benefit payments, health, etc. and subjective measures - level of satisfaction with various aspects of life, hopes and fears, political involvement, etc. of the German population. The first wave, collected in 1984 in the western states of Germany, contains 5,921 households in two randomly sampled sub-groups: 1) German Sub-Sample: people in private households where the head of household was not of Turkish, Greek, Yugoslavian, Spanish, or Italian nationality; 2) Foreign Sub-Sample: people in private households where the head of household was of Turkish, Greek, Yugoslavian, Spanish, or Italian nationality. In each year since 1984, the GSOEP has attempted to re-interview original sample members unless they leave the country. A major expansion of the GSOEP was necessitated by German reunification. In June 1990, the GSOEP fielded a first wave of the eastern states of Germany. This sub-sample includes individuals in private households where the head of household was a citizen of the German Democratic Republic. The first wave contains 2,179 households. In 1994 and 1995, the GSOEP added a sample of immigrants to the western states of Germany from 522 households who arrived after 1984, which in 2006 included 360 households and 684 respondents. In 1998 a new refreshment sample of 1,067 households was selected from the population of private households. In 2000 a sample was drawn using essentially similar selection rules as the original German sub-sample and the 1998 refreshment sample with some modifications. The 2000 sample includes 6,052 households covering 10,890 individuals. Finally, in 2002, an overrepresentation of high-income households was added with 2,671 respondents from 1,224 households, of which 1,801 individuals (689 households) were still included in the year 2006. Data Availability: The data are available to researchers in Germany and abroad in SPSS, SAS, TDA, STATA, and ASCII format for immediate use. Extensive documentation in English and German is available online. The SOEP data are available in German and English, alone or in combination with data from other international panel surveys (e.g., the Cross-National Equivalent Files which contain panel data from Canada, Germany, and the United States). The public use file of the SOEP with anonymous microdata is provided free of charge (plus shipping costs) to universities and research centers. The individual SOEP datasets cannot be downloaded from the DIW Web site due to data protection regulations. Use of the data is subject to special regulations, and data privacy laws necessitate the signing of a data transfer contract with the DIW. The English Language Public Use Version of the GSOEP is distributed and administered by the Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University. The data are available on CD-ROM from Cornell for a fee. Full instructions for accessing GSOEP data may be accessed on the project website, http://www.human.cornell.edu/che/PAM/Research/Centers-Programs/German-Panel/cnef.cfm * Dates of Study: 1984-present * Study Features: Longitudinal, International * Sample Size: ** 1984: 12,290 (GSOEP West) ** 1990: 4,453 (GSOEP East) ** 2000: 20,000+ Links: * Cornell Project Website: http://www.human.cornell.edu/che/PAM/Research/Centers-Programs/German-Panel/cnef.cfm * GSOEP ICPSR: http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/00131

Identification. Political attitudes and behaviour. Social and political commitment and integration.

Topics: Identification: country of birth; year of immigration to the Federal Republic of Germany; reasons for immigration; German citizenship; foreign citizenship; German citizenship by birth, as (late) ethnic German repatriate without or with a German citizenship, by naturalisation; year of naturalisation; previous nationality; nationality(s) of parents; country of birth of parents; desire to acquire German nationality; religion: denomination or religious community; religious group membership within Islam; pride and identification: equal opportunities in Germany; current territory of the country of origin of father and mother; identification with the country of origin of father and of mother; identification with Germany; invitation to join a German family; considerations about working in the German civil service; like to work in Germany; language spoken in the household; respect shown in Germany; more interest in politics in Germany or in the country of origin; main reasons for dissatisfaction.

Political attitudes and behaviour:

Electoral behaviour: party preference (Sunday question); alternative vote; party that the respondent would never vote for; proximity to party in Turkey (sympathy); party membership (party); political interest; satisfaction with democracy; Political knowledge: knowledge of the President of the Federal Republic of Germany; knowledge of Chancellor Angela Merkel´s party affiliation; political participation: personal opportunities for political participation in Germany and in the country of origin.

Parties, politicians, political problems: sympathy scale for the parties SPD, CDU, CSU, Die Linke, Bündnis 90/Die Grünen, FDP, and AfD; currently the most important problem in Germany; problem-solving competence of the parties; better representation of personal interests by politicians with a migration background; naming the politician.

Political fundamentalism, populism: agreement with various statements on politics, state and society (no more ideals in society, capitalism destroys the world, USA is behind the 09/11 attacks, those up there do what they want, rejection of homosexual friends, acceptance of violence in conflicts in every democracy, call for leaders, Russia as sole culprit in international conflicts, West prevents development of the Islamic world, shame on the family by Muslim woman marrying a Christian, insult as Muslim by Mohammed caricatures, literal compliance of the rules of the Koran, adaptation of the teachings of Islam to conditions of the modern world, events in Palestine typical for the contact with all Muslims, depraved sexual morals of the western society, eligibility of a Christian party for Muslims, Islam belongs to Germany, discrimination of non-German looking people, no party in Germany represents the interests of migrants, immigrants should adapt their behaviour to the German culture, who lives in Germany should learn the German language, Jews cannot be trusted).

Social and political commitment: membership in a non-profit association or organisation in Germany; type of association or organisation; memberships in the country of origin; active participation in an association, initiative or self-help group in Germany; area of active participation; start of voluntary work (number of years); impetus for taking over the activity.

Integration: most important problem of Germans with a migration background and foreigners in Germany; most suitable party for solving this problem; evaluation of the integration efforts of the CDU: sufficient commitment of the CDU for the integration of foreigners and Germans with a migration background as well as for repatriates and late repatriates.

Demography: sex; age; attainment of the highest educational qualification in the country of origin or in Germany; highest school leaving certificate; highest vocational qualification; recognition of vocational training in Germany; employment status; occupational status; satisfaction with current or last occupational activity; current or last occupational status. last job corresponds to vocational training; desire to pursue the occupation learned; self-assessment of religiousness; frequency of churchgoing; accessibility: use of the mobile phone used for the interview exclusively alone, with others or only by chance; number of other mobile phone users aged 14 and over; landline connection in the household; number of mobile phone numbers; number of landline numbers; federal state; size of location; size of household; number of persons in the household under 18 years of age.

Additionally coded: respondent ID; weighting factor; group membership (Germans without migration background, Germans with migration background or foreigners); political community size classes.

The study deals with the changes in the regional structure of Germany’s foreign trade as well as with the causes of these changes between 1880 and 1938. In this context the regional development of german import and export by continents, regions and counties for the major German tradepartners is described. After that the regional development of the trade flows of all major import- and exportproducts is analysed. The German foreign trade therefore is examined on the basis of the goods on the one hand and on the other on the basis of the countries.

For the analysis the researcher collected the data (time series) for the important goods and commodity groups. Further more he developed a consistent definition of the commodity groups, so that they are comparable.

Mehtodology

a) Definition and Problem: The following processes hab been defined as structural change: - fundamental shifts in the composition of foreign trade partners, as well as - meaningful and sustained change of direction or volume of important commodities and products that affect the trade with countries or regions.

b) Temporal Delimination: Period of investigation is from 1880 to 1938. The statistics for the war years 1914-1918 and 1939 and for the post-war years 1919-1924 have not been included in the analysis because values were not covered or values are very incomplete or unreliable coused by inflation and other circumstances of that period.

c) Changes of Territory: The data of the German trade statistics refer from 1880 to February 1906 to the German custom territory, which comprised since 1872 the territory of the German Customs Union, consisting of the 26 states, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and the Austrian municipalities Jungholz and Mittelberg. The free port areas of Hamburg, Bremerhaven, Geestermünde and Helgoland and parts of the municipality of Hamburg and Cuxhaven did not belong to the German custum territory. Since March 1906 the german trade statistics collected data of the foreign merchandise traffic of the entire German economic area, consists until the Versailler contract of the area of the German Empire including the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and the Austrian municipalities Jungholz and Mittelberg, excluding Helgoland and the badenese Custum boards. Since 1920 the official trade statistics reports the values of the foreign trade for the German Empire in its new borders. That is to say, the regions of Alsace-Lorraine, the Free City of Danzig, and parts of the Prussian provinces of East Prussia, West Prussia, Brandenburg, Pomerania, Silesia, Posen, Schleswig-Holstein, the Rhine province, the territory of Luxembourg and for the years 1919 to 1935, the Saarland no longer belong to the German economic territory. The expansion of the German Empire territory between 1938 and 1939 by the annexation of Austria, Sudetenland, Bohemia, Moravia, and the Memel territory has been kept out of consideration.

For the analysis of the German foreign trade the values of german imports and exports published by the Statistical Office of the German Empire has been used. While comparing the pre-1914 values with values after the first World War, it is important to reconsider the lost of major agricultural areas of East-Germany, which restricts the comparison and it’s explanatory power or validity. On the other hand these changes reveals the changes of Germany’s foreign trade structure. Thus, it becomes obvious how the separation of large agricultural and farming land increased Germany’s import dependency in the food sector as well as Germany’s decreased export opportunities of agricultural products.

d) System of commodity groups: The problem of published German trade values of the Official Statistics of the German Empire is, that commodity groups are not defined in terms of their content. Insofar as the information is about single goods (eg.: rye, copper, cotton, etc.), the values are reliable. This is not the case as soon as the information is about commodity groups, such as ‘food’, ‘textiles’, ‘metal goods’, etc., because the structure of the aggregation of specific goods to a commodity group has changed six times over the period of investigation. The list of countries in the german foreign trade statistics has changed as well. Therfore, the author had to revised commodity groups and country lists for the purpose of its analysis and to make them comparable.

The author developed the following scheme in order to sort countries into groups or reg...

This data compilation on the basis of official statistics of labor force gives a summarized overview over participation in work force in Germany.Those are the key themes of the compilation: - Overviews on population development (population by age groups, employable resident population by age groups and sex);- Resident population by participation in work force; - School leavers, trainees by se and by training area; - Labor force, working population, employment rates by age groups;- Working population by occupational status; - Working population by economic sectors;- Participation in labor force in the federal states;- Working time.The compilation contains data tables with (synthetic) annual averages as well as chosen results of the micro census. These data were complemented with data on employment from the national accounts after the revised version if ESA 95. Data tables in Histat:A. Overviews on population developmentA1 Population and areas (annual averages), former West Germany, newly formed German states, Germany (1946-2000)A2 Population by age group (at the end of each year), former West Germany, former GDR, Germany (1950-2000)A3 Employable resident population by age groups and sex (annual averages), former West Germany (1950-2000)A4a Employable resident population by age groups and sex (at the end of each year), Germany (1989-2000)A4b Employable resident population by age groups and sex (at the end of each year),Newly formed German states (1989-2000) B. Resident population by participation in work force B1 Tables with annual averages B1.1 Population, working population (nationals, residents) and employers (annual averages, national accounts), former West Germany, Germany (1950-1997)B1.2 Resident population, working population, employment rate, unemployed (annual averages is 1000), former West Germany, Germany (1950-1997)B1.3 Population by sex, foreigners (annual averages), former West Germany, Germany (1950-2000)B1.4 Population, employment and unemployment (annual averages), former West Germany, Germany (1950-1997)B1.5 Employees subject to mandatory social insurance contribution (end of June), former West Germany, Germany (1974-2000)B1.6 Employees (inland) in full-time and part time employment, short-time workers, unemployed (annual averages), former West Germany (1960-2000)B1.7 Foreign employees, unemployed foreigners (annual averages), former West Germany (1954-2000)B1.8 School leavers and trainees, former West Germany, Germany (1950-2000)B1.9 Trainees by sex and training areas (at the end of each year), former West Germany, Germany (1960-2000) B2 Tables with extrapolated results from the micro censusB2.1 Employable population, working population, unemployed, labor force altogether (micro census) former West Germany, Germany (1959-2000)B2.2 Employable population, working population, unemployed, labor force by sex (micro census), former West Germany, Germany (1959-2000)B2.3 Population by participation in labor force and sex (micro census), former West Germany, Newly formed German states (1957-2000)B2.4 Employees by volume of employment and sex (micro census), Former West Germany, newly formed German states, Germany (1985-2000)B2.5 Resident population by main income source and sex (micro census), former West Germany, newly formed German states, Germany (1975-2000)B2.6 Working population by nationality, occupational status and sex (micro census) former West Germany, Germany (1976-2000) B3 Revised results after ESA 95B3.1 Population, working population and employees (ESA 95), unemployed (ILO), former West Germany, Germany (1950-2000)B3.2 National working population: comparison of the revisions of the employment statistics, Germany (1991-2000) C. Working population, employees, employment rates by age groups C1 Tables with annual averages C2 Tables with extrapolated results from the micro censusC2.1a Employable resident population by age groups and sex in 1000 (micro census), Germany (1991-2000)C2.1b Employable resident population by age groups and sex in 1000 (micro census), former West Germany (1962-2000)C2.1c Employable resident population by age groups and sex in 1000 (micro census), newly formed German states (1991-2000)C2.2 Working population in 1000 by age groups (micro census), former West Germany, newly formed German states, Germany (1950-2000)C2.3 Labor force, employment rates by sex (micro census), former West Germany, Germany (1950-2000)C2.4 Labor force, employment rates and national working population by sex (annual averages) foreign employers, former West Germany, Germany (1950-1995)C2.5a Employment rates by age groups and sex (micro census), Germany (1991-2000)C2.5b Employment rates by age groups and sex (micro census), former West Germany (1959-2000)C2.5c Employment rates by age groups and sex (micro census), newly formed German states (1991-2000)C2.5d Employment rates by age groups and sex (micro census), former West Germany, Germany (1958-2000)C2.6a Labor force by age groups and sex...

ALLBUS (GGSS - the German General Social Survey) is a biennial trend survey based on random samples of the German population. Established in 1980, its mission is to monitor attitudes, behavior, and social change in Germany. Each ALLBUS cross-sectional survey consists of one or two main question modules covering changing topics, a range of supplementary questions and a core module providing detailed demographic information. Additionally, data on the interview and the interviewers are provided as well. Key topics generally follow a 10-year replication cycle, many individual indicators and item batteries are replicated at shorter intervals.

Since the mid-1980ies ALLBUS also regularly hosts one or two modules of the ISSP (International Social Survey Programme).

The main question module of ALLBUS/GGSS 2016 covers the acceptance of immigration and attitudes towards ethnic and religious minorities in Germany. Other topics include family and gender roles, transnationalism, national pride, and political attitudes. Additionally included are the ISSP modules “Work Orientations IV” and “Role of Government V”.
1.) Family and gender roles: family as a prerequisite for happiness; marriage in case of steady partnership; desire to have children; attitudes towards working fathers and mothers [split]; division of labor regarding house and family work.

2.) Acceptance of immigration and attitudes towards ethnic and religious minorities in Germany: attitude towards the influx of various groups of immigrants; scale of attitudes towards foreigners [split]; contacts with foreigners (or alternatively: contacts with Germans) within the family, at work, in the neighborhood, or among friends; positive and negative experiences with foreigners (or alternatively with Germans); perceived consequences of presence of foreigners in Germany; perception and evaluation of discriminatory behavior towards foreigners; assumed social evaluation of statements on foreigners; ranking in terms of importance of different citizenship requirements; attitudes towards the possibility of becoming German (assimilation); opinion on dual citizenship and on equal rights for foreigners; support for the teaching of Islam in public schools; attitude towards ethnically mixed neighborhoods; estimation of proportion of foreigners in East and West Germany; presence of foreigners as advantage for Germany; living in neighborhoods with high percentage of foreigners; estimated percentage of foreigners in own neighborhood; attitudes towards cultural diversity; perceived differences in lifestyle between Germans and different ethnic groups; indicators for social distance to ethnic minorities and foreigners; attitudes towards equal legal rights for ethnic and religious minorities; feelings towards ethnic and religious minorities; attitudes towards Jews (anti-Semitism); attitudes towards Islam (Islamophobia); contacts with refugees; presence of refugees in own neighborhood; perceived risks and chances with respect to refugees.

3.) Transnationalism: contacts with family members or friends living in another country, frequency of contacts with theses persons, countries in which these persons live; consumption of foreign-language media; frequency of consumption of foreign-language media; frequency and duration of visits to other countries.

4.) Citizenships and country of origin: first, second, and third citizenship of respondent and of spouse or partner; number of citizenships of respondent; original citizenship of respondent and of spouse or partner; country of origin of respondent and of respondent´s parents and grandparents; country respondent lived in when young; length of residence in Germany.

5.) National pride: pride in German institutions and German achievements, pride in being a German.

6.) Political attitudes: political interest, postmaterialism (importance of law and order, fighting rising prices, free expression of opinions, and influence on governmental decisions), self-placement on left-right continuum, voting intention (Sonntagsfrage), participation in last federal elections, recall of vote in last federal elections, membership in a political party.

7.) Personality: social pessimism and orientation towards the future (anomia), interpersonal trust, reciprocity, authoritarianism, overall life satisfaction.

8.) Other topics: self-assessment of social class, fair share in standard of living, assessment of the present and future economic situation in Germany, assessment of the present and future personal economic situation, sense of security in the immediate vicinity (fear of crime); identification with own community, the federal state, the Federal Republic of Germany, the former GDR and Europe; telephone, possession of mobile phone, Internet use.

9.) ALLBUS-Demography: Details about the respondent: month and year of birth, age, gender, citizenship (nationality), number of citizenships, place of residence (federal state, size of municipality, BIK-type of...

The foreign residential population 15 years old and older (Turks, Italians, Yugoslavs, Greeks and Spaniards)

The United States hosted, by far, the highest number of immigrants in the world in 2020. That year, there were over ** million people born outside of the States residing in the country. Germany and Saudi Arabia followed behind at around ** and ** million, respectively. There are varying reasons for people to emigrate from their country of origin, from poverty and unemployment to war and persecution. American Migration People migrate to the United States for a variety of reasons, from job and educational opportunities to family reunification. Overall, in 2021, most people that became legal residents of the United States did so for family reunification purposes, totaling ******* people that year. An additional ******* people became legal residents through employment opportunities. In terms of naturalized citizenship, ******* people from Mexico became naturalized American citizens in 2021, followed by people from India, the Philippines, Cuba, and China. German Migration Behind the United States, Germany also has a significant migrant population. Migration to Germany increased during the mid-2010's, in light of the Syrian Civil War and refugee crisis, and during the 2020’s, in light of conflict in Afghanistan and Ukraine. Moreover, as German society continues to age, there are less workers in the labor market. In a low-migration scenario, Germany will have **** million skilled workers by 2040, compared to **** million by 2040 in a high-migration scenario. In both scenarios, this is still a decrease from **** skilled workers in 2020.

The social and economic situation of foreign workers in the Federal Republic.

Topics: current and intended length of further stay in the FRG; place of birth in Germany; visits to native country in the last few years; planned vacation to native country this year; means of transport used in vacation to native country; family members in the FRG; number and ages of children from one´s own family living in Germany; size of household; number of working family members; family members living in the native country as well as number and age of children living there; preference for orientation of education in school and employment towards the demands in Germany or the native country; greatest concerns and difficulties in the Federal Republic; perceived attitude of Germans regarding foreigners; job satisfaction; interest in German citizenship; party preference; monthly expenditures for food and everyday necessities and shopping place; price orientation or brand orientation; self-assessment of social class.

Demography: age; sex; marital status; years of school; school degree in native country or Germany; highest school degree; exact job title and classification in occupational group; occupational position; employment; completed vocational training; area of business of company; monthly net income (classified); monthly net household income (classified); residential status; monthly rent; increase in rent or additional costs; satisfaction with housing situation; self-assessment of personal knowledge of German; car possession and brand; new or used car; number of kilometers driven annually with a car.

Interviewer rating: city size; state; willingness of respondent to cooperate; language communication; assessment of knowledge of national language as well as German; presence of other persons during the interview and disturbances caused by them.

Also encoded was: ZIP (postal) code.