In 1800, the region of Germany was not a single, unified nation, but a collection of decentralized, independent states, bound together as part of the Holy Roman Empire. This empire was dissolved, however, in 1806, during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras in Europe, and the German Confederation was established in 1815. Napoleonic reforms led to the abolition of serfdom, extension of voting rights to property-owners, and an overall increase in living standards. The population grew throughout the remainder of the century, as improvements in sanitation and medicine (namely, mandatory vaccination policies) saw child mortality rates fall in later decades. As Germany industrialized and the economy grew, so too did the argument for nationhood; calls for pan-Germanism (the unification of all German-speaking lands) grew more popular among the lower classes in the mid-1800s, especially following the revolutions of 1948-49. In contrast, industrialization and poor harvests also saw high unemployment in rural regions, which led to waves of mass migration, particularly to the U.S.. In 1886, the Austro-Prussian War united northern Germany under a new Confederation, while the remaining German states (excluding Austria and Switzerland) joined following the Franco-Prussian War in 1871; this established the German Empire, under the Prussian leadership of Emperor Wilhelm I and Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. 1871 to 1945 - Unification to the Second World War The first decades of unification saw Germany rise to become one of Europe's strongest and most advanced nations, and challenge other world powers on an international scale, establishing colonies in Africa and the Pacific. These endeavors were cut short, however, when the Austro-Hungarian heir apparent was assassinated in Sarajevo; Germany promised a "blank check" of support for Austria's retaliation, who subsequently declared war on Serbia and set the First World War in motion. Viewed as the strongest of the Central Powers, Germany mobilized over 11 million men throughout the war, and its army fought in all theaters. As the war progressed, both the military and civilian populations grew increasingly weakened due to malnutrition, as Germany's resources became stretched. By the war's end in 1918, Germany suffered over 2 million civilian and military deaths due to conflict, and several hundred thousand more during the accompanying influenza pandemic. Mass displacement and the restructuring of Europe's borders through the Treaty of Versailles saw the population drop by several million more.

Reparations and economic mismanagement also financially crippled Germany and led to bitter indignation among many Germans in the interwar period; something that was exploited by Adolf Hitler on his rise to power. Reckless printing of money caused hyperinflation in 1923, when the currency became so worthless that basic items were priced at trillions of Marks; the introduction of the Rentenmark then stabilized the economy before the Great Depression of 1929 sent it back into dramatic decline. When Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933, the Nazi government disregarded the Treaty of Versailles' restrictions and Germany rose once more to become an emerging superpower. Hitler's desire for territorial expansion into eastern Europe and the creation of an ethnically-homogenous German empire then led to the invasion of Poland in 1939, which is considered the beginning of the Second World War in Europe. Again, almost every aspect of German life contributed to the war effort, and more than 13 million men were mobilized. After six years of war, and over seven million German deaths, the Axis powers were defeated and Germany was divided into four zones administered by France, the Soviet Union, the UK, and the U.S.. Mass displacement, shifting borders, and the relocation of peoples based on ethnicity also greatly affected the population during this time. 1945 to 2020 - Partition and Reunification In the late 1940s, cold war tensions led to two distinct states emerging in Germany; the Soviet-controlled east became the communist German Democratic Republic (DDR), and the three western zones merged to form the democratic Federal Republic of Germany. Additionally, Berlin was split in a similar fashion, although its location deep inside DDR territory created series of problems and opportunities for the those on either side. Life quickly changed depending on which side of the border one lived. Within a decade, rapid economic recovery saw West Germany become western Europe's strongest economy and a key international player. In the east, living standards were much lower, although unemployment was almost non-existent; internationally, East Germany was the strongest economy in the Eastern Bloc (after the USSR), though it eventually fell behind the West by the 1970s. The restriction of movement between the two states also led to labor shortages in t...

Germany had around ***** million domestic fowls in 2023. The number has basically remained the same since 2016. For comparison, there were **** million domestic fowls in 1900. The timeline shows the development of the farm animal population in Germany between 1900 and 2023.

In 2025, the cattle population in Germany was ***** million. This was a slight decrease compared to 2024. Going further back and comparing to 1900, the cattle population then was **** million.

Crime and socioeconomic data for the German Reich and mortality statistics for Prussia at county level for 1871 to 1912.

Topics: A: variables for the entire German Reich (1047 counties)

1. crime data: a) totals of all convicted for crimes and offences per 100000 b) number convicted due to dangerous bodily injury per 100000 c) number convicted due to simple theft per 100000

2. demographic information: a) totals of population of the age of criminal responsibility in the counties for 1885, 1905 and 1910 b) male German-speaking population in 1900 c) female German-speaking population in 1900 d) male, non-German-speaking population in 1900 e) female, non-German-speaking population in 1900 f) primary ethnic groups in 1900

3. data on urbanization: a) total population of the municipalities with more than 2000 residents per county in 1900 b) population in medium-sized cities per county in 1900 c) population in large cities per county in 1900 d) total population per county in 1900 e) typing the counties in city counties (=1) and districts (=2) in 1900

4. Geographic data a) short designation of all counties (1881 to 1912) b) identification number of all counties listed under 4a) c) surface area of the county in square kilometers in 1900

B: variables for Prussia (583 counties) mortality data for 1885, 1886, 1904, 1905 and 1906:

a) totals of deaths (according to sex) for the respective year b) number of deaths due to Tuberculosis (according to sex) for the respective year c) number of deaths due to suicide (according to sex) for the respective year d) number of deaths due to murder and manslaughter (according to sex) for the respective year

The variables for the Prussian counties can be compared with the corresponding counties of the German Reich.

Die Studie zeichnet die Entwicklung der Bevölkerung in Deutschland zum einen in der Vorkriegszeit nach (Eheschließungen, Geborene, Gestorbene; Säuglingssterblichkeit), zum anderen wird Entwicklung der Bevölkerung während des Krieges und in der ersten Nachkriegszeit untersucht (Eheschließungen, Ehelösungen, Heiratsalter, Geburten und Geburtenziffern, Sterbefälle während des Krieges und der ersten Nachkriegszeit, Säuglingssterblichkeit). Dabei werden auch Umrechnungen der amtlichen Statistik berücksichtigt: Zahlenangaben für die Zeit nach 1918, auf das alte Reichsgebiet von 1914 bezogen, zum anderen Zahlenangaben für 1914, auf das neue Reichsgebiet von 1924 bezogen. Themen Datentabellen im Recherche- und Downloadsystem HISTAT:A. Die Entwicklung der Bevölkerung in der VorkriegszeitA.1 Eheschließungen, Geborene und Gestorbene im Deutschen Reich (1880-1914)A.2 Geburtenziffer in Preußen (1880-1914)A.3 Säuglingssterblichkeit in Preußen und im Deutschen Reich (1880-1913)A.4a Lebendgeborene und Aufwuchszahlen im Deutschen Reich der Geburtsjahrgänge 1900 bis 1925 (1900-1925)A.4b Lebendgeborene und Aufwuchsziffern im Deutschen Reich der Geburtsjahrgänge 1900 bis 1925 (1900-1925) B. Die Entwicklung der Bevölkerung während des Krieges und der ersten NachkriegszeitB.1 Eheschließungen und Heiratsziffern, jeweiliger Gebietsstand des Deutschen Reichs (1912-1922) B.2 Eheschließungen und Ehelösungen, auf dem Gebiet des alten Reichs (1912-1921)B.3 Eheschließungen und Ehelösungen, auf dem Gebiet des Reichs von 1924 (1913-1924)B.4 Das durchschnittliche Heiratsalter für Männer und Frauen (1901-1919)B.5 Alter der aus dem ledigen Stand Heiratenden (1913-1926) C. Die Geburtenhäufigkeit während des Krieges und in der ersten NachkriegszeitC.1 Geburten und Geburtenziffern (1913-1922) C.2 Geburtenhäufigkeit, auf dem Gebiet des alten Reichs von 1913 (1913-1919)C.3 Geburtenziffern in den deutschen Ländern und Landesteilen (1912-1921)C.4 Ehelich und unehelich Geborene (1913-1919)C.5 Fruchtbarkeitsziffern (1913-1918)C.6 Totgeborene (1912-1920) D. Die Sterbefälle während des Krieges und der ersten Nachkriegszeit D.1 Sterbefälle und Sterbeziffern, Militärsterbefälle (1913-1919)D.2 Bevölkerungsbilanz (1913-1919)D.3 Sterbeziffern in den deutschen Ländern und Landesteilen (1912-1921)D.4 Säuglingssterblichkeit (1912-1919)D.5 Säuglingssterblichkeit in den deutschen Ländern und Landesteilen (1912-1919)D.6 Sterblichkeit der ehelichen und unehelichen Säuglinge (1912-1919)D.7 Gestorbene Militärpersonen nach Altersgruppen (1914-1919)D.8 Gestorbene Militärpersonen im Alter von 19 bis unter 25 Jahren (1914-1919) E. Die Entwicklung der Bevölkerung während der Nachkriegszeit bis 1928E.1a Eheschließungen, Lebendgeborene und Gestorbene, auf das Gebiet des Deutschen Reichs von 1928 umgerechnet - Absolutzahlen (1913-1928)E.1b Eheschließungen, Lebendgeborene und Gestorbene, auf das Gebiet des Deutschen Reichs von 1928 umgerechnet - Verhältniszahlen (1913-1928)E.2 Geburtenziffern in den deutschen Ländern und Landesteilen (1913-1927)E.3 Sterbeziffern in den deutschen Ländern und Landesteilen, 1913 auf das Gebiet des Deutschen Reichs von 1927 umgerechnet (1913-1927)

The study at hand is a pioneer work of compiling statistical materials on the German national income in a comparable form for a period of more than 100 years. This is meant to be a cornerstone of the detailed analysis of the growth process of the German national economy. As a matter of fact, the structural changes of the German economy within the last 100 years can be presented by means of cross-sectional analysises for certain points of time. Thus essential facts as related to economic history are arranged in a systematic order as well. In addition, time series are analysed in order to make the explanation of the underlying development possible. Consequently, the findings resulting from this study could offer a primary basis for the verification of theories on growth, and for the judgment of future chances of development. Due to considerable efforts in this regard, such estimated figures on the national income are disposable for several countries. In this context, the study in hand closes the gap in the German statistical reports in the mentioned field. The study proves that, in this field of research, many difficulties have to be overcome; above all, it must be stated that the statistical materials are partly incomplete and make the realisation of such a project appear venturesome. However, the results prove that taking the risk pays off in the end. So the authors pin their hopes on an ensuing evaluation, as far as feasible, of the obtained data. Additionally, they would appreciate if these data were completed by means of criticism and new research, whereby different methods could be applied as well. According to its purpose, the study in hand is limited to the presentation of statistical materials without interpreting them. The attempt to evaluate the results of this study in order to provide an analysis on the growth rate of the German national economy seems premature yet; the work accomplished so far is simply not sufficient. Apart from the lack of absolute figures on the national income, a detailed structural analysis of the German national income has still not been completed for this purpose. In fact, the focus of the analysis lies on the determination of nominal values for the national income. Details on the real income, on the other hand, are restricted to a brief analysis, as the authors are of the opinion that the disposible price series are insufficient as regards a study on the real income. It is beyond doubt that they cannot imply all major components, in particularly those of earlier periods. The named long-term work has been made possible by the financial support of the Social Science Research Council and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; the latter has also contribute to the printing costs. In their turn, the authors would like to express their gratefulness for the generous assistance on the part of these two institutions.” (W.G. Hoffmann / J.H. Müller (1959), S. V-VI). Classification of tables:A. Germany, overwiewB. PrussiaC. State or region A. Overview: German national income per type of income (1851-1957)A. Overview: national income in Germany and in single federal states (1871-1936)A. Overview: the national income per capita in Germany and in single federal states (1871-1936)B. The national income in Prussia (1851-1913)C. Uncorrected income per capita of the population and national income per capita of the population in selected years (1900-1913)C. The national income in Hamburg and Bremen (1871-1913)C The national income in Hesse (1872-1913)C. The national income in Saxony (1874-1913)C. The national income in Baden (1885-1913)C. The national income in Württemberg (1904-1913)C. The national income in Bavaria (1911-1913)

In 2023, around *** percent of the German population were employed in agriculture, compared to **** percent in 1900. The data show the development of economic indicators in German agriculture in 1900, 1950, 2000 and 2023.

Throughout the 19th century, what we know today as Poland was not a united, independent country; apart from a brief period during the Napoleonic Wars, Polish land was split between the Austro-Hungarian, Prussian (later German) and Russian empires. During the 1800s, the population of Poland grew steadily, from approximately nine million people in 1800 to almost 25 million in 1900; throughout this time, the Polish people and their culture were oppressed by their respective rulers, and cultural suppression intensified following a number of uprisings in the various territories. Following the outbreak of the First World War, it is estimated that almost 3.4 million men from Poland served in the Austro-Hungarian, German and Russian armies, with a further 300,000 drafted for forced labor by the German authorities. Several hundred thousand were forcibly resettled in the region during the course of the war, as Poland was one of the most active areas of the conflict. For these reasons, among others, it is difficult to assess the extent of Poland's military and civilian fatalities during the war, with most reliable estimates somewhere between 640,000 and 1.1 million deaths. In the context of present-day Poland, it is estimated that the population fell by two million people in the 1910s, although some of this was also due to the Spanish Flu pandemic that followed in the wake of the war.

Poland 1918-1945

After more than a century of foreign rule, an independent Polish state was established by the Allied Powers in 1918, although it's borders were considerably different to today's, and were extended by a number of additional conflicts. The most significant of these border conflicts was the Polish-Soviet War in 1919-1920, which saw well over 100,000 deaths, and victory helped Poland to emerge as the Soviet Union's largest political and military rival in Eastern Europe during the inter-war period. Economically, Poland struggled to compete with Europe's other powers during this time, due to its lack of industrialization and infrastructure, and the global Great Depression of the 1930s exacerbated this further. Political corruption and instability was also rife in these two decades, and Poland's leadership failed to prepare the nation for the Second World War. Poland had prioritized its eastern defenses, and some had assumed that Germany's Nazi regime would see Poland as an ally due to their shared rivalry with the Soviet Union, but this was not the case. Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, in the first act of the War, and the Soviet Union launched a counter invasion on September 17; Germany and the Soviet Union had secretly agreed to do this with the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in August, and had succeeded in taking the country by September's end. When Germany launched its invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 it took complete control of Poland, which continued to be the staging ground for much of the fighting between these nations. It has proven difficult to calculate the total number of Polish fatalities during the war, for a variety of reasons, however most historians have come to believe that the figure is around six million fatalities, which equated to almost one fifth of the entire pre-war population; the total population dropped by four million throughout the 1940s. The majority of these deaths took place during the Holocaust, which saw the Nazi regime commit an ethnic genocide of up to three million Polish Jews, and as many as 2.8 million non-Jewish Poles; these figures do not include the large number of victims from other countries who died after being forcefully relocated to concentration camps in Poland.

Post-war Poland

The immediate aftermath of the war was also extremely unorganized and chaotic, as millions were forcefully relocated from or to the region, in an attempt to create an ethnically homogenized state, and thousands were executed during this process. A communist government was quickly established by the Soviet Union, and socialist social and economic policies were gradually implemented over the next decade, as well as the rebuilding, modernization and education of the country. In the next few decades, particularly in the 1980s, the Catholic Church, student groups and trade unions (as part of the Solidarity movement) gradually began to challenge the government, weakening the communist party's control over the nation (although it did impose martial law and imprison political opponent throughout the early-1980s). Increasing civil unrest and the weakening of Soviet influence saw communism in Poland come to an end in the elections of 1989. Throughout the 1990s, Poland's population growth stagnated at around 38.5 million people, before gradually decreasing since the turn of the millennium, to 37.8 million people in 2020. This decline was mostly due to a negative migration rate, as Polish workers could now travel more freely to Western Europea...

This study contains selected demographic, social, economic, public policy, and political comparative data for Switzerland, Canada, France, and Mexico for the decades of 1900-1960. Each dataset presents comparable data at the province or district level for each decade in the period. Various derived measures, such as percentages, ratios, and indices, constitute the bulk of these datasets. Data for Switzerland contain information for all cantons for each decennial year from 1900 to 1960. Variables describe population characteristics, such as the age of men and women, county and commune of origin, ratio of foreigners to Swiss, percentage of the population from other countries such as Germany, Austria and Lichtenstein, Italy, and France, the percentage of the population that were Protestants, Catholics, and Jews, births, deaths, infant mortality rates, persons per household, population density, the percentage of urban and agricultural population, marital status, marriages, divorces, professions, factory workers, and primary, secondary, and university students. Economic variables provide information on the number of corporations, factory workers, economic status, cultivated land, taxation and tax revenues, canton revenues and expenditures, federal subsidies, bankruptcies, bank account deposits, and taxable assets. Additional variables provide political information, such as national referenda returns, party votes cast in National Council elections, and seats in the cantonal legislature held by political groups such as the Peasants, Socialists, Democrats, Catholics, Radicals, and others. Data for Canada provide information for all provinces for the decades 1900-1960 on population characteristics, such as national origin, the net internal migration per 1,000 of native population, population density per square mile, the percentage of owner-occupied dwellings, the percentage of urban population, the percentage of change in population from preceding censuses, the percentage of illiterate population aged 5 years and older, and the median years of schooling. Economic variables provide information on per capita personal income, total provincial revenue and expenditure per capita, the percentage of the labor force employed in manufacturing and in agriculture, the average number of employees per manufacturing establishment, assessed value of real property per capita, the average number of acres per farm, highway and rural road mileage, transportation and communication, the number of telephones per 100 population, and the number of motor vehicles registered per 1,000 population. Additional variables on elections and votes are supplied as well. Data for France provide information for all departements for all legislative elections since 1936, the two presidential elections of 1965 and 1969, and several referenda held in the period since 1958. Social and economic data are provided for the years 1946, 1954, and 1962, while various policy data are presented for the period 1959-1962. Variables provide information on population characteristics, such as the percentages of population by age group, foreign-born, bachelors aged 20 to 59, divorced men aged 25 and older, elementary school students in private schools, elementary school students per million population from 1966 to 1967, the number of persons in household in 1962, infant mortality rates per million births, and the number of priests per 10,000 population in 1946. Economic variables focus on the Gross National Product (GNP), the revenue per capita per household, personal income per capita, income tax, the percentage of active population in industry, construction and public works, transportation, hotels, public administration, and other jobs, the percentage of skilled and unskilled industrial workers, the number of doctors per 10,000 population, the number of agricultural cooperatives in 1946, the average hectares per farm, the percentage of farms cultivated by the owner, tenants, and sharecroppers, the number of workhorses, cows, and oxen per 100 hectares of farmland in 1946, and the percentages of automobiles per 1,000 population, radios per 100 homes, and cinema seats per 1,000 population. Data are also provided on the percentage of Communists (PCF), Socialists, Radical Socialists, Conservatives, Gaullists, Moderates, Poujadists, Independents, Turnouts, and other political groups and p

Data collected on all German migrants that migrated to the Dutch city Utrecht between 1850-1900. Data have been collected from the population registers. Additional information has been added from other sources.These data files contain data on 2188 German migrants who lived in Utrecht between 1850-1900, their relatives, and the people they shared a house with. The file 'bevolking' is the main file, the files 'namen' and 'kids' are the related files.This is the data set that has been used to write: Marlou Schrover, Een kolonie van Duitsers. Groepsvorming onder Duitse immigranten in Utrecht in de negentiende eeuw (Amsterdam 2002). This book has been added to the dataset on August 24th, 2016.The files were converted from fp7 to fmp12, and uploaded to this dataset on August 24th, 2016. Both the fp7 and the fmp12 files are available to registered users.

Kriminalitäts- und sozioökonomische Daten für das Deutsche Reich undSterbedaten für Preußen, jeweils auf Kreisebene, für die Jahre 1871 bis1912. Themen:A: Variablen für das gesamte Deutsche Reich (1.047 Kreise) 1. Kriminalitätsdaten:a) Gesamtzahl aller Verurteilten für Verbrechen und Vergehen pro 100.000b) Zahl der Verurteilten wegen gefährlicher Körperverletzung pro 100.000c) Zahl der Verurteilten wegen einfachen Diebstahls pro 100.000 2. Demographische Angaben:a) Gesamtzahl der strafmündigen Bevölkerung der Kreise für die Jahre 1885, 1905 und 1910b) Männliche deutschsprachige Bevölkerung im Jahre 1900c) Weibliche deutschsprachige Bevölkerung im Jahre 1900d) Männliche, nicht deutschsprachige Bevölkerung im Jahre 1900e) Weibliche, nicht deutschsprachige Bevölkerung im Jahre 1900f) Vorherrschende ethnische Gruppen 1900 3. Daten zur Urbanisierung:a) Gesamtbevölkerung der Gemeinden mit über 2.000 Einwohnern je Kreis im Jahr 1900b) Bevölkerung in mittelgroßen Städten je Kreis im Jahre 1900c) Bevölkerung in Großstädten je Kreis im Jahre 1900d) Gesamtbevölkerung je Kreis im Jahre 1900e) Typisierung der Kreise in Stadtkreise (=1) und Landkreise (=2) im Jahre 1900 4. Geographische Daten:a) Kurzbezeichnung aller Kreise (1881 bis 1912)b) Identifikationsnummer aller unter 4a) aufgeführten Kreisec) Fläche der Kreise in Quadratkilometern im Jahre 1900 B: Variablen für Preußen (583 Kreise) Sterbedaten für die Jahre 1885, 1886, 1904, 1905 und 1906: a) Gesamtzahl der Verstorbenen (nach Geschlecht) für das jeweilige Jahrb) Zahl der an Tuberkulose Gestorbenen (nach Geschlecht) für das jeweilige Jahrc) Zahl der durch Selbstmord Gestorbenen (nach Geschlecht) für das jeweilige Jahrd) Zahl der durch Mord und Totschlag Gestorbenen (nach Geschlecht) für das jeweilige Jahr Die Variablen für die preußischen Kreise lassen sich mit den entsprechenden Kreisen des Deutschen Reiches vergleichen. Crime and socioeconomic data for the German Reich and mortality statistics for Prussia at county level for 1871 to 1912. Topics:A: variables for the entire German Reich (1047 counties) 1. crime data:a) totals of all convicted for crimes and offences per 100000b) number convicted due to dangerous bodily injury per 100000c) number convicted due to simple theft per 100000 2. demographic information:a) totals of population of the age of criminal responsibilityin the counties for 1885, 1905 and 1910b) male German-speaking population in 1900c) female German-speaking population in 1900d) male, non-German-speaking population in 1900e) female, non-German-speaking population in 1900f) primary ethnic groups in 1900 3. data on urbanization:a) total population of the municipalities with more than 2000 residents per county in 1900b) population in medium-sized cities per county in 1900c) population in large cities per county in 1900d) total population per county in 1900e) typing the counties in city counties (=1) and districts (=2) in 1900 4. Geographic dataa) short designation of all counties (1881 to 1912)b) identification number of all counties listed under 4a)c) surface area of the county in square kilometers in 1900 B: variables for Prussia (583 counties) mortality data for 1885,1886, 1904, 1905 and 1906: a) totals of deaths (according to sex) for the respective yearb) number of deaths due to Tuberculosis (according to sex) for therespective yearc) number of deaths due to suicide (according to sex) for the respective yeard) number of deaths due to murder and manslaughter(according to sex) for the respective year The variables for the Prussian counties can be compared with the corresponding counties of the German Reich.

Germany fell short of the automobile introduction in comparison to the U.S.A. for a long time, despite its leading position in the development of the combustion engine and automotive technology. The author applies an explanation that is consistent market-based and ascribes differences in the demand to different costs and benefits of the automobile use. Determinants of automobile demand for example are settlement patterns, the income levels or the transport policy treats. Furthermore, the author describes the development of Germany’s passenger car industry until 1933. Main topics include the development of production and sales, the "American threat", the trade policy, rationalization and concentration of the German automotive industry and the importance of this sector for the armaments industry. The study includes comparative information on the number of motor vehicles and motor vehicle density for France, the UK, European and overseas countries. List of data-tables in the online-database HISTAT:- Foreign Trade of the United States with touring cars with European countries (1908-1918)- Average charge of a mid-size passenger vehicles by fuel taxes and Road tax per year- Monthly import of cars from the U.S. to Germany (1920-1939)- Costs of small cars (1906-1936)- Population and number of motor vehicles in France (1895-1939)- Population and number of motor vehicles in the United Kingdom (1900-1939)- Population and number of motor vehicles in Canada (1900-1939)- Population and number of motor vehicles in the United States (1895-1939)- Number of enterprises and employees in the German automotive industry (1901-1939)- Motor vehicle production in Germany, according to type of vehicle (1901-1939)- Global vehicle production and vehicle production of major industrial countries (1898-1939)- Motor vehicle tax revenue, monthly data (1924-1938)- Revenue from the road tax per year (1907/08-1937/38)- Road tax rate for passenger vehicles (1906-1928)- Motor vehicles in Germany by type of vehicle (1902-1939)- Motorcycle density in the United States and European countries (1920-1939)- Vehicle density overseas and in European countries (1900-1939)- Lorries stock in Germany by size classes (1902-1939)- Monthly exports of passenger cars from Germany (1920-1939)- Monthly import of cars to Germany (1920-1939)- Annual foreign trade with passenger cars (1901-1938)- Passenger car stock in Germany by size classes (1902-1939) Territory of investigation:German Empire in it’s respective borders, 1902 to 1939. Sources: 1) Archival sources:Records of the Association of Automotive Industry. Company archives : DaimlerChrysler AG and the Archive of Deutsche Bank. For the presentation of road transport policy during the Weimar Republic source stocks of the Federal Archives (BA) were evaluated - including files of the Reich Chancellery, the Reich Economics and the Reich Transport Ministry. 2) Printed sources on the history of the German motor transport sector:Periodicals of the industry and motorists´ associations, business press, industry directories and statistical sources. Evaluation of the publications of the Association of Automotive Industry and the journal of the German automotive engineering association. Statistics sources:Three surveys of the Reich Statistical Office: an inventory statistics from 1907, the production statistics from 1901 and a foreign trade statistics from the 1901th 3) Literature:Selected literature on German automotive history (largely corporate historical literature, for example, company histories, type books).

Sources:

Company reports, financial reports, Files of the State’s Archive in Darmstadt (= Geheimes Staatsarchiv Darmstadt), Scientific publications.

The population of Europe was estimated to be 745 million in 2024, an increase of around 4 million when compared with 2012. Over 35 years between 1950 and 1985, the population of Europe grew by approximately 157.8 million. But 35 years after 1985 it was estimated to have only increased by around 38.7 million. Since the 1960s, population growth in Europe has fallen quite significantly and was even negative during the mid-1990s. While population growth has increased slightly since the low of -0.07 percent in 1998, the growth rate for 2020 was just 0.04 percent. Which European country has the biggest population? As of 2024, the population of Russia was estimated to be approximately 144.8 million and was by far Europe's largest country in terms of population, with Turkey being the second-largest at over 87 million. While these two countries both have territory in Europe, however, they are both only partially in Europe, with the majority of their landmasses being in Asia. In terms of countries wholly located on the European continent, Germany had the highest population at 84.5 million, and was followed by the United Kingdom and France at 69.1 million and 66.5 million respectively. Characteristics of Europe's population There are approximately 384.6 million females in Europe, compared with 359.5 million males, a difference of around 25 million. In 1950, however, the male population has grown faster than the female one, with the male population growing by 104.7 million, and the female one by 93.6 million. As of 2024, the single year of age with the highest population was 37, at 10.6 million, while in the same year there were estimated to be around 136 thousand people aged 100 or over.

In Germany, the crude birth rate in 1800 was 38 live births per thousand people, meaning that 3.8 percent of the population had been born in that year. In the nineteenth century, Germany's crude birth rate fluctuated between 34 and 40 births per thousand people. Since the turn of the twentieth century however, the crude birth rate has been in decline, although there were a few periods where it did increase. These increases took place during periods of economic recovery, after both world wars, and after the Great Depression. The largest period of increase was after the Second World War, and lasted until the late 1960s, before decreasing to 10.3 in 1980, where it then plateaus between eight and eleven, and it is expected to be 9.4 births per thousand people in 2020.

During the eighteenth century, it is estimated that France's population grew by roughly fifty percent, from 19.7 million in 1700, to 29 million by 1800. In France itself, the 1700s are remembered for the end of King Louis XIV's reign in 1715, the Age of Enlightenment, and the French Revolution. During this century, the scientific and ideological advances made in France and across Europe challenged the leadership structures of the time, and questioned the relationship between monarchial, religious and political institutions and their subjects. France was arguably the most powerful nation in the world in these early years, with the second largest population in Europe (after Russia); however, this century was defined by a number of costly, large-scale conflicts across Europe and in the new North American theater, which saw the loss of most overseas territories (particularly in North America) and almost bankrupted the French crown. A combination of regressive taxation, food shortages and enlightenment ideologies ultimately culminated in the French Revolution in 1789, which brought an end to the Ancien Régime, and set in motion a period of self-actualization.

War and peace

After a volatile and tumultuous decade, in which tens of thousands were executed by the state (most infamously: guillotined), relative stability was restored within France as Napoleon Bonaparte seized power in 1799, and the policies of the revolution became enforced. Beyond France's borders, the country was involved in a series of large scale wars for two almost decades, and the First French Empire eventually covered half of Europe by 1812. In 1815, Napoleon was defeated outright, the empire was dissolved, and the monarchy was restored to France; nonetheless, a large number of revolutionary and Napoleonic reforms remained in effect afterwards, and the ideas had a long-term impact across the globe. France experienced a century of comparative peace in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars; there were some notable uprisings and conflicts, and the monarchy was abolished yet again, but nothing on the scale of what had preceded or what was to follow. A new overseas colonial empire was also established in the late 1800s, particularly across Africa and Southeast Asia. Through most of the eighteenth and nineteenth century, France had the second largest population in Europe (after Russia), however political instability and the economic prioritization of Paris meant that the entire country did not urbanize or industrialize at the same rate as the other European powers. Because of this, Germany and Britain entered the twentieth century with larger populations, and other regions, such as Austria or Belgium, had overtaken France in terms of industrialization; the German annexation of Alsace-Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War was also a major contributor to this.

World Wars and contemporary France

Coming into the 1900s, France had a population of approximately forty million people (officially 38 million* due to to territorial changes), and there was relatively little growth in the first half of the century. France was comparatively unprepared for a large scale war, however it became one of the most active theaters of the First World War when Germany invaded via Belgium in 1914, with the ability to mobilize over eight million men. By the war's end in 1918, France had lost almost 1.4 million in the conflict, and approximately 300,000 in the Spanish Flu pandemic that followed. Germany invaded France again during the Second World War, and occupied the country from 1940, until the Allied counter-invasion liberated the country during the summer of 1944. France lost around 600,000 people in the course of the war, over half of which were civilians. Following the war's end, the country experienced a baby boom, and the population grew by approximately twenty million people in the next fifty years (compared to just one million in the previous fifty years). Since the 1950s, France's economy quickly grew to be one of the strongest in the world, despite losing the vast majority of its overseas colonial empire by the 1970s. A wave of migration, especially from these former colonies, has greatly contributed to the growth and diversity of France's population today, which stands at over 65 million people in 2020.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the area of modern-day Italy, at the time a collection of various states and kingdoms, was estimated to have a population of nineteen million, a figure which would grow steadily throughout the century, and by the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861, the population would rise to just over 26 million.

Italy’s population would see its first major disruption during the First World War, as Italy would join the Allied Forces in their fight against Austria-Hungary and Germany. In the First World War, Italy’s population would largely stagnate at 36 million, only climbing again following the end of the war in 1920. While Italy would also play a prominent role in the Second World War, as the National Fascist Party-led country would fight alongside Germany against the Allies, Italian fatalities from the war would not represent a significant percentage of Italy’s population compared to other European countries in the conflict. As a result, Italy would exit the Second World War with a population of just over 45 million.

From this point onwards the Italian economy started to recover from the war, and eventually boomed, leading to increased employment and standards of living, which facilitated steady population growth until the mid-1980s, when falling fertility and birth rates would cause growth to largely cease. From this point onward, the Italian population would remain at just over 57 million, until the 2000s when it began growing again due to an influx of migrants, peaking in 2017 at just over 60 million people. In the late 2010s, however, the Italian population began declining again, as immigration slowed and the economy weakened. As a result, in 2020, Italy is estimated to have fallen to a population of 59 million.

The fertility rate of a country is the average number of children that women from that country will have throughout their reproductive years. In Germany in 1800, the average woman of childbearing age would have 5.4 children over the course of their lifetime. It remained around this number until the late 1820s, when it then dropped to just under five, which was a long-term effect of the Napoleonic Period in Europe. From this point until the end of the nineteenth century, Germany's fertility rate was rather sporadic, reaching it's lowest point in 1855 with an average of 4.6 births per woman, and it's highest point in 1875 (just after the foundation of the German Empire in 1871), with an average of 5.4 live births per woman. From the beginning of the twentieth century until the end of the Second World War, Germany's fertility rate dropped from around 5 children per woman in 1900, to 1.9 in 1945. The only time where the fertility rate increased was in the inter-war years. Like other countries heavily involved in the Second World War, Germany (both East and West) experienced a Baby Boom from the late 1940s to the late 1960s, however it then dropped to it's lowest point of just 1.3 children per woman by 1995, shortly after the re-unification of Germany. In recent years, Germany's fertility rate has gradually been increasing again, and is expected to reach 1.6 in 2020, its highest rate in over forty years.

In the past four centuries, the population of the Thirteen Colonies and United States of America has grown from a recorded 350 people around the Jamestown colony in Virginia in 1610, to an estimated 346 million in 2025. While the fertility rate has now dropped well below replacement level, and the population is on track to go into a natural decline in the 2040s, projected high net immigration rates mean the population will continue growing well into the next century, crossing the 400 million mark in the 2070s. Indigenous population Early population figures for the Thirteen Colonies and United States come with certain caveats. Official records excluded the indigenous population, and they generally remained excluded until the late 1800s. In 1500, in the first decade of European colonization of the Americas, the native population living within the modern U.S. borders was believed to be around 1.9 million people. The spread of Old World diseases, such as smallpox, measles, and influenza, to biologically defenseless populations in the New World then wreaked havoc across the continent, often wiping out large portions of the population in areas that had not yet made contact with Europeans. By the time of Jamestown's founding in 1607, it is believed the native population within current U.S. borders had dropped by almost 60 percent. As the U.S. expanded, indigenous populations were largely still excluded from population figures as they were driven westward, however taxpaying Natives were included in the census from 1870 to 1890, before all were included thereafter. It should be noted that estimates for indigenous populations in the Americas vary significantly by source and time period. Migration and expansion fuels population growth The arrival of European settlers and African slaves was the key driver of population growth in North America in the 17th century. Settlers from Britain were the dominant group in the Thirteen Colonies, before settlers from elsewhere in Europe, particularly Germany and Ireland, made a large impact in the mid-19th century. By the end of the 19th century, improvements in transport technology and increasing economic opportunities saw migration to the United States increase further, particularly from southern and Eastern Europe, and in the first decade of the 1900s the number of migrants to the U.S. exceeded one million people in some years. It is also estimated that almost 400,000 African slaves were transported directly across the Atlantic to mainland North America between 1500 and 1866 (although the importation of slaves was abolished in 1808). Blacks made up a much larger share of the population before slavery's abolition. Twentieth and twenty-first century The U.S. population has grown steadily since 1900, reaching one hundred million in the 1910s, two hundred million in the 1960s, and three hundred million in 2007. Since WWII, the U.S. has established itself as the world's foremost superpower, with the world's largest economy, and most powerful military. This growth in prosperity has been accompanied by increases in living standards, particularly through medical advances, infrastructure improvements, clean water accessibility. These have all contributed to higher infant and child survival rates, as well as an increase in life expectancy (doubling from roughly 40 to 80 years in the past 150 years), which have also played a large part in population growth. As fertility rates decline and increases in life expectancy slows, migration remains the largest factor in population growth. Since the 1960s, Latin America has now become the most common origin for migrants in the U.S., while immigration rates from Asia have also increased significantly. It remains to be seen how immigration restrictions of the current administration affect long-term population projections for the United States.

Between 1820 and 1957, more than six million people emigrated from Germany to the United States. The period with the highest levels of migration came during the 1850s and the 1880s, and over 250 thousand documented migrants came to the US from Germany in 1882 alone. The reasons for these mass migrations were not linked to individual events, but were because of the improved access to trans-Atlantic travel, poor economic opportunities at home (particularly for farmers, who struggled with the rapid industrialization of Germany), and to escape religious persecution in Europe. The periods with the lowest levels of migration from Germany were between 1915 and 1945, and were likely caused by the First and Second World Wars, and also the Great Depression.