Based on current monthly figures, on average, German climate has gotten a bit warmer. The average temperature for January 2025 was recorded at around 2 degrees Celsius, compared to 1.5 degrees a year before. In the broader context of climate change, average monthly temperatures are indicative of where the national climate is headed and whether attempts to control global warming are successful. Summer and winter Average summer temperature in Germany fluctuated in recent years, generally between 18 to 19 degrees Celsius. The season remains generally warm, and while there may not be as many hot and sunny days as in other parts of Europe, heat waves have occurred. In fact, 2023 saw 11.5 days with a temperature of at least 30 degrees, though this was a decrease compared to the year before. Meanwhile, average winter temperatures also fluctuated, but were higher in recent years, rising over four degrees on average in 2024. Figures remained in the above zero range since 2011. Numbers therefore suggest that German winters are becoming warmer, even if individual regions experiencing colder sub-zero snaps or even more snowfall may disagree. Rain, rain, go away Average monthly precipitation varied depending on the season, though sometimes figures from different times of the year were comparable. In 2024, the average monthly precipitation was highest in May and September, although rainfalls might increase in October and November with the beginning of the cold season. In the past, torrential rains have led to catastrophic flooding in Germany, with one of the most devastating being the flood of July 2021. Germany is not immune to the weather changing between two extremes, e.g. very warm spring months mostly without rain, when rain might be wished for, and then increased precipitation in other months where dry weather might be better, for example during planting and harvest seasons. Climate change remains on the agenda in all its far-reaching ways.

In 2023/2024, the average winter temperature in Germany was 4.1 degrees Celsius. That winter was part of a growing list of warmer winters in the country. Figures had increased noticeably compared to the 1960s.

Warmer in the winter

Everyone has a different perception of what actually makes a cold or warm winter, but the fact is that winter temperatures are, indeed, changing in Germany, and its 16 federal states are feeling it. Also in 2022/2023, Bremen and Hamburg in the north recorded the highest average figures at around 4 degrees each. The least warm states that year, so to speak, were Thuringia, Saxony, and Bavaria. The German National Meteorological Service (Deutscher Wetterdienst or DWD), a federal office, monitors the weather in Germany.

Global warming

Rising temperatures are a global concern, with climate change making itself known. While these developments may be influenced by natural events, human industrial activity has been another significant contributor for centuries now. Greenhouse gas emissions play a leading part in global warming. This leads to warmer seasons year-round and summer heat waves, as greenhouse gas emissions cause solar heat to remain in the Earth’s atmosphere. In fact, as of 2022, Germany recorded 17.3 days with a temperature of at least 30 degrees Celcius, which was more than three times the increase compared to 2021.

In 2024, the average summer temperature in Germany was 18.5 degrees Celsius. This was basically unchanged compared to the year before. While figures fluctuated during the given timeline, there were regular peaks, and in general, temperatures had grown noticeably since the 1960s. Not beating the heat German summers are getting hotter, and as desired as warm weather may be after months of winter (which, incidentally, also warms up year after year), this is another confirmation of global warming. Higher summer temperatures have various negative effects on both nature and humans. Recent years in Germany have seen a growing number of hot days with a temperature of at least 30 degrees, with 11.5 recorded in 2023. However, this was a decrease compared to the year before. The number of deaths due to heat and sunlight had peaked in 2015. Rain or shine All the German states saw less sunshine hours in 2023 compared to the previous year. The sunniest states were Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria and Saarland. Meanwhile, summer precipitation in Germany varied greatly during the same timeline as presented in this graph, but 2022 was one of the dryest years yet.

This statistic displays the average maximum monthly temperature in Germany over the past 20 years. It shows that over the past twenty years the month with the highest average maximum temperature has been July, with an average temperature of 22.4 degrees Celsius. On average, January has been the coldest month.

Daily data averaged across Germany for the period of 2016-01-01 till 2021-06-27:

temperature_mean: mean daily temperature in degree Celsius averaged across all weather stations in Germany.

temperature_max: maximum daily temperature in degree Celsius averaged across all weather stations in Germany.

precipitation: daily precipitation sum in millimeter (equals liter per square meter) averaged across all weather stations in Germany.

sunshine: sunshine duration per day averaged across all weather stations in Germany.

gemittelte Werte basierende auf Daten des Deutschen Wetterdiensts, Vermessungsverwaltungen der Länder und BKG (https://gdz.bkg.bund.de/)

Temperature in Germany increased to 10.88 celsius in 2023 from 10.78 celsius in 2022. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for Germany Average Temperature.

Quality controlled and gap-filled air temperature and atmospheric humidity dataset from the street-level weather sensor network (WSN) in Freiburg i. Br., Germany for the period 2022-09-01 to 2023-08-31 as described in:

Plein M, Feigel G, Zeeman M, Dormann C, Christen A (2025, in review): Using Extreme Gradient Boosting for gap-filling to enable year-round analysis of spatial temperature and humidity patterns in an urban weather station network in Freiburg, Germany. in review.

Hourly gap-filled values

The file "Freiburg_AWS_20220901_20230831_gap_filled_data_ta_rh_Plein_et_al.csv" contains gap-filled hourly air temperature and relative humidity time series from 41 stations of the street-level weather sensor network (WSN) in Freiburg i. Br., Germany from 1 Sep 2022 to 31 Aug 2023 with the following field descriptors:

• "datetime_UTC" the time stamp of the measured value in the format YYYY-MM-DDTHH:II:SSZ where Y = year, M = month, D = day of month, H = hour, I = minute, S = second in UTC attributing the start of the averaging interval.
• "station_id" - 6 letter code of WSN (FR for Freiburg and last 4 letters for station name, see also https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12732552). The station FRTECH is not included.
• "variable" - the variable ("Ta_degC" for air temperature in ºC or "RH_percent" for relative humidity in %).
• "value" - the numeric value of the measurement.
• "data_type" - either "observed" (i.e. measured) or "imputed" (i.e. gap-filled using the Extreme Gradient Boosting method).

Annual statistics per station

The files "Freiburg_AWS_20220901_20230831_annual_statistics_per_station_Plein_et_al" (in csv and xlsx Format) contain annual summary statistics based on the gap-filled hourly air temperature and relative humidity time series of the street-level weather sensor network (WSN) in Freiburg i. Br., Germany from 1 Sep 2022 to 31 Aug 2023 and from two official DWD stations in Freiburg with the following field descriptors:

• "station_id" - 6 letter code of weather station (FR for Freiburg and last 4 letters for station name, see also https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12732552). The two official DWD stations are also included (No. 01443 on the airfield and No. 13667 in the city centre).
• "station_name" - Full human-readable name of weather station.
• "latitude_degN" - Latitude of site in decimal degrees North.
• "longitude_degE" - Longitude of site in decimal degrees East.
• "elevation_masl" - Elevation of site in metres above mean sea level.
• "mean_ta_degC" - Annual average air temperature in the period 2022-09-01 to 2023-08-31 in ºC.
• "mean_rh_percent" - Annual average relative humidity in the period 2022-09-01 to 2023-08-31 in %.
• "mean_vp_kPa" - Annual average vapour pressure in the period 2022-09-01 to 2023-08-31 in kPa based on Tetens equation.
• "mean_vpd_Pa"- Annual average vapour pressure deficit in the period 2022-09-01 to 2023-08-31 in Pa based on Tetens equation.
• "sum_summer_day_per_year" - Annual number of summer days (maximum air temperature greater or equal to 25ºC) in the period 2022-09-01 to 2023-08-31 in days per year.
• "sum_hot_day_per_year" - Annual number of hot days (maximum air temperature greater or equal to 30ºC) in the period 2022-09-01 to 2023-08-31 in days per year.
• "sum_desert_day_per_year" - Annual number of desert days (maximum air temperature greater or equal to 35ºC) in the period 2022-09-01 to 2023-08-31 in days per year.
• "sum_tropical_night_per_year" - Annual number of tropical nights (minimum nocturnal air temperature greater or equal to 20ºC) in the period 2022-09-01 to 2023-08-31 in days per year.
• "sum_frost_day_per_year" - Annual number of frost days (minimum air temperature lower than 0ºC) in the period 2022-09-01 to 2023-08-31 in days per year.
• "sum_ice_day_per_year" - Annual number of ice days (maximum air temperature lower than 0ºC) in the period 2022-09-01 to 2023-08-31 in days per year.
• "sum_hottest_station_ranking_per_year" - Annual number of days this station was the station with the highest recorded air temperature in the period 2022-09-01 to 2023-08-31.
• "sum_coldest_station_ranking_per_year" - Annual number of days this station was the station with the lowest recorded air temperature in the period 2022-09-01 to 2023-08-31.

Station descriptions

Details on the stations can be found in the sensor network documentation:

• Plein M, Kersten F, Zeeman M, Christen A (2024): Street-level weather station network in Freiburg, Germany: Station documentation (1.0) Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12732552

Code availability

The code used for imputation of missing values is documented and available here:

• Plein M, Feigel G, Zeeman M, Dormann C, Christen A (2024): Code Supporting the Publication "Using Extreme Gradient Boosting for Gap-Filling to Enable Year-Round Analysis of Spatial Temperature and Humidity Patterns in an Urban Weather Station Network in Freiburg, Germany." (1.0.0) Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14536824

In 2024, the average autumn temperature in Germany was 10.5 degrees Celsius. This was a decrease from the previous year, when the average temperature in autumn was around 11.5 degrees Celsius. This statistic shows the average autumn temperature in Germany from 1960 to 2024.

Abstract: This data set contains time series of air pressure, precipitation sum, wind speed, wind direction, air temperature, and relative humidiy, measured at the synoptic Lindenberg weather station (10393) during the Field Experiment on Sub-mesoscale Spatio-Temporal Variability in Lindenberg (FESSTVaL) from May to August 2021. The Lindenberg Meteorological Observatory – Richard-Aßmann-Observatory supersite is operated by the German national meteorological service (Deutscher Wetterdienst, DWD). Data are level-1 data as 10-minute averages (sums) based on 1 Hz sampling organized in daily files. This data set further contains time series of the downward surface radiation flux densities (short-/longwave irradiance) measured at the radiation platform in Lindenberg during FESSTVaL from May to August 2021. Data are level-1 data as 1-minute averages based on 1 Hz sampling organized in daily files.

TableOfContents:

• Basic Meteorological Data: rainfall amount; rainfall amount quality flag; air pressure; air pressure quality flag; air temperature; air temperature quality flag; relative humidity; relative humidity quality flag; wind speed; wind speed quality flag; wind from direction; wind from direction quality flag
• Radiation Data: global irradiance at the surface; global irradiance at the surface standard deviation; global irradiance at the surface quality flag; diffuse irradiance at the surface; diffuse irradiance at the surface standard deviation; diffuse irradiance at the surface quality flag; direct irradiance at the surface; direct irradiance at the surface standard deviation; direct irradiance at the surface quality flag; long-wave irradiance at the surface; long-wave irradiance at the surface standard deviation; long-wave irradiance at the surface quality flag; solar zenith angle

Technical Info:

• Basic Meteorological Data: dimension: 144 x 1; temporalExtent_startDate: 2021-05-01 00:00:00; temporalExtent_endDate: 2021-08-31 23:59:59; temporalResolution: 10; temporalResolutionUnit: minutes; spatialResolution: none; spatialResolutionUnit: none; horizontalResolutionXdirection: none; horizontalResolutionXdirectionUnit: none; horizontalResolutionYdirection: none; horizontalResolutionYdirectionUnit: none; verticalResolution: none; verticalResolutionUnit: meters; horizontalStart: 0; horizontalStartUnit: meters; horizontalEnd: 0; horizontalEndUnit: meters; instrumentNames: rain[e] H3, PTB220, LTS2000, EE33 DWD, 2D-ultrasonic anemometer, LAM630; instrumentType: weighing tipping bucket, capacitive digital barometer, platinum resistance thermometer, heated capacitive hygrometer, 2D-ultrasonic anemometer, sensor shield; instrumentLocation: all Lindenberg synoptic weather station; instrumentProvider: Lambrecht GmbH, Vaisala Oy, Vaisala Oy, e+e Elektronik GmbH, Thies GmbH, Eigenbrodt GmbH
• Radiation Data: dimension: 1440 x 1; temporalExtent_startDate: 2021-05-01 00:00:00; temporalExtent_endDate: 2021-08-31 23:59:59; temporalResolution: 1; temporalResolutionUnit: minutes; spatialResolution: none; spatialResolutionUnit: none; horizontalResolutionXdirection: none; horizontalResolutionXdirectionUnit: none; horizontalResolutionYdirection: none; horizontalResolutionYdirectionUnit: none; verticalResolution: none; verticalResolutionUnit: meters; horizontalStart: 0; horizontalStartUnit: meters; horizontalEnd: 0; horizontalEndUnit: meters; instrumentNames: CMP22, CMP22, CH1, CGR4; instrumentType: ventilated and heated pyranometer, shaded ventilated and heated pyranometer on solar tracker, ventilated pyrheliometer on solar tracker, shaded ventilated and heated pyrgeometer on solar tracker; instrumentLocation: all Lindenberg radiation platform; instrumentProvider: all Kipp&Zonen B.V.

Methods:

• Basic Meteorological Data: Data undergo standard quality checks implemented in the DWD synoptic station network. This includes range tests, plausibility tests with respect to neighbouring stations and to temporal changes. For temperature, a second sensor is operated for comparison. Each measured value is accompanied by a quality flag where 0 = data value missing, 1 = good quality, 2 = interpolated or gap-filled by data from an alternative sensor, 3 = dubious quality, 4 = bad quality, 9 = no quality information available. The wind measurements are performed at the top of a hill at the observatory site, the measurement place is surrounded by forest edges at distances of a few decametres to about 100 metres except for winds from SSW to NW, they cannot be considered as representative.
• Radiation Data: Radiation flux sensors are operated in ventilated shields. The uncertainty in the observational period (given as 95 % confidence intervals) is estimated from internal comparisons at ± 4.5 W/m² (or 2.5 %), ± 5 W/m² (or 1.5 %), and ± 6.5 W/m² (or 2 %) for the diffuse, global and direct component, respectively. The longwave uncertainty is less than ± 5 W/m². In situ calibrations were frequently conducted during the observational period using reference sensors directly traceable to the World Radiometric Reference (WRR) and the World Infrared Standard Group (WISG) for shortwave and longwave radiation, respectively. Quality control follows the recommendations of the WMO baseline surface radiation network (BSRN). It includes absolute value range tests and inter-comparison versus a second independent radiation flux measurement at the same site. The temperature of the emitting sensor surface of the pyrgeometer is checked for plausibility vs. ambient air temperature. Standard deviations are given for all variables listed below. Each measured value is accompanied by a quality flag where 0 = valid, 2 = invalid, 5 = value between extremely rare limits and physically possible limits, 6 = value out of physically possible limits, 9 = value missing.

Units: (see TableOfContents)

• Basic Meteorological Data: kg m-2;1;pa;1;K;1;1;1;m s-1;1;degrees;1
• Radiation Data: W m-2;W m-2;1;W m-2;W m-2;1;W m-2;W m-2;1;W m-2;W m-2;1;degrees

geoLocations:

• BoundingBox: westBoundLongitude: 14.118 degrees East; eastBoundLongitude: 14.1220 degrees East; southBoundLatidude: 52.208 degrees North; northBoundLatitude: 52.209 degrees North; geoLocationPlace: Germany, UTM zone 33U
• Locations:
  • Basic meteorological data: 52.118 °N, 14.120 °E, 98 m to 125 m above mean sea level, 1 m to 10.4 m above ground
  • Radiation data: 52.208 °N, 14.122 °E, 125 m above mean sea level, 1.7 m to 1.9 m above ground

Size: Data (level 1 only) are packed into two compressed tar-archives. Their sizes are 0.9 Mbyte for the basic meteorological data and 3.9Mbyte for the radiation data.

Format: netCDF

DataSources: Single site ground-based instrument measurements, see "Technical Info" for instruments

Contact: claudia.becker (at) dwd.de; stefan.wacker (at) dwd.de

Web page: https://www.cen.uni-hamburg.de/en/icdc/data/atmosphere/samd-st-datasets/samd-st-fesstval.html

see also: https://www.cen.uni-hamburg.de/en/icdc/research/samd/observational-data/short-term-observations/fesstval.html

In 2023, Germany recorded a total precipitation of around 958 millimeters. Figures fluctuated during the specified timeline.

The most important tool in Germany's polar research program is the research and supply vessel Polarstern. The ship was commissioned in 1982, the maiden voyage started at the end of 1982. The owner of the ship is the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in Bremerhaven, Germany. Within the last 25 years Polarstern performed a total of 44 expeditions to the Arctic and Antarctic. The ship is well equipped for meteorological research as well as for routine meteorological services. The meteorological office is permanently manned with a weather technician/- observer from the German Weather Service (DWD) who performs the routine 3-hourly synoptic observations and the daily upper air soundings. Additionally, a weather forecaster is responsible to advice the ships captain as well as the helicopter pilots and all scientists in any weather related question. The forecaster gets assistance from the weather technician who performs the satellite picture reception and manages the near real time data flow.

Snapshot img

Greenhouse Market Size 2024-2028

The greenhouse market size is forecast to increase by USD 21.89 billion at a CAGR of 9.65% between 2023 and 2028. The growing requirement for fresh food is a key driver of advancements in agricultural practices, particularly in controlled environments like greenhouses. As consumer demand for high-quality, locally sourced produce rises, the adoption of greenhouse automation technologies and smart greenhouse becomes increasingly essential. These technologies optimize resource use and improve crop yields by creating ideal growing conditions. Additionally, precision technology plays a vital role in managing these environments, ensuring that factors such as temperature, humidity, and light are meticulously controlled to promote healthy plant growth. However, the high initial cost of setting up automated systems can be a barrier for some growers. Despite this, the long-term benefits such as increased efficiency and reduced labor costs often outweigh the initial investment. As the market continues to evolve, embracing these innovations will be crucial for meeting the rising demand for fresh food while also addressing sustainability concerns in agriculture.

What will be the Size of the Greenhouse Market During the Forecast Period??

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The market is experiencing significant growth due to urbanization and the rising population, leading to increased demand for food production. With arable land becoming increasingly limited, greenhouses offer a solution for increased production and climate control systems. Export subsidies, tariffs, and import levies have also played a role in the market's expansion. Greenhouses come in various forms, including glass and plastic structures made of polyethylene, polycarbonate, and polymethylmethacrylate. Initial investment for greenhouse installation can be high, but the use of LED lighting and hydroponic or aquaponic systems can help reduce maintenance costs and food wastage. The installation cost of LED lighting in horticulture glass greenhouses is offset by the increased efficiency of web-based software that optimizes the growth conditions for crops like strawberries and cucumbers. Direct payments to farmers for profitable crops, such as tomatoes, have encouraged their cultivation in greenhouses.

However, the high maintenance cost and limited space cultivation have posed challenges for low-income farmers. Disease and pest prevention are crucial considerations for greenhouse operations. Innovations in greenhouse technology, such as climate control systems and the use of medicinal crops, continue to drive market growth. Despite these advancements, farmland loss remains a concern for sustainable agriculture.

Greenhouse Market Segmentation

The greenhouse market research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018-2022 for the following segments.

Type

  Commercial greenhouses
  Non-commercial greenhouses


Product

  Plastic greenhouse
  Glass greenhouse


Geography

  North America

    Canada
    US


  Europe

    Germany
    UK


  APAC

    China


  South America



  Middle East and Africa

By Type Insights

The commercial greenhouses segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. Urbanization and rising population have led to an increased demand for food, putting pressure on the available arable land. Greenhouses have emerged as a viable solution to address this challenge, particularly in the commercial sector. Commercial greenhouses are large-scale structures designed to provide climate control systems for optimal crop growth, enabling year-round production and increasing overall yield. These structures cater to various agricultural sectors, including floriculture, vegetable production, and nursery crops. Export subsidies, tariffs, and import levies have influenced the commercial market, making it a profitable venture for farmers. Greenhouses are equipped with advanced technologies such as LED lighting, sensors, and irrigation systems, which require a significant initial investment but offer increased production, food wastage reduction, disease prevention, and pest prevention.

Moreover, limited space cultivation is a major advantage of greenhouses, making them ideal for urban farming and horticulture. Hydroponics and aquaponics are modern farming techniques used in greenhouses to grow crops without soil, using nutrient-rich water instead. However, the high maintenance cost and initial investment, particularly for glass or polycarbonate greenhouses, can be a barrier for low-income farmers. The hardware segment of the market includes materials such as polyethylene, polycarbonate, and polymethylmethacrylate for greenhouse

In January 2025, the average temperature in Berlin was 2.8 degrees Celsius, this was lower than in December 2024. However, it was a significant increase in temperature compared to the January a year ago.

Oberstdorf, located in Bavaria, recorded around 1,500 liters of precipitation per square meter in 2024. Kiel in the north, on the other hand, recorded annual precipitation of around 702 liters per square meter.

In the winter of 2023/24, around six homeless people died due to freezing temperatures in Germany. This was unchanged compared to the the previous year. There are no official statistics on cold deaths from the federal, state and local governments. The BAG W bases its count on media reports. The association assumes a high number of unreported cases both in terms of the number of people living on the streets and of frozen homeless people, so the numbers can only be estimated. Some cities offer emergency shelters or cold buses during the winter to protect those in need from the cold.