This product provides Daily average wildfire emissions (FIRE) andfuel wood burning emissions (FUEL) derived from the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford-Approach – Global Fire Emissions Database version 3 (CASA-GFED3) model.The NASA Carbon Monitoring System (CMS) is designed to make significant contributions in characterizing, quantifying, understanding, and predicting the evolution of global carbon sources and sinks through improved monitoring of carbon stocks and fluxes. The System will use the full range of NASA satellite observations and modeling/analysis capabilities to establish the accuracy, quantitative uncertainties, and utility of products for supporting national and international policy, regulatory, and management activities. CMS will maintain a global emphasis while providing finer scale regional information, utilizing space-based and surface-based data and will rapidly initiate generation and distribution of products both for user evaluation and to inform near-term policy development and planning.

This product provides Monthly average Net Primary Production (NPP), heterotrophic respiration (Rh), wildfire emissions (FIRE), andfuel wood burning emissions (FUEL) derived from the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford-Approach – Global Fire Emissions Database version 3 (CASA-GFED3) model.The NASA Carbon Monitoring System (CMS) is designed to make significant contributions in characterizing, quantifying, understanding, and predicting the evolution of global carbon sources and sinks through improved monitoring of carbon stocks and fluxes. The System will use the full range of NASA satellite observations and modeling/analysis capabilities to establish the accuracy, quantitative uncertainties, and utility of products for supporting national and international policy, regulatory, and management activities. CMS will maintain a global emphasis while providing finer scale regional information, utilizing space-based and surface-based data and will rapidly initiate generation and distribution of products both for user evaluation and to inform near-term policy development and planning.

This product provides 3 hourly average net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and gross ecosystem exchange (GEE)of Carbon derived from the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford-Approach – Global Fire Emissions Database version 3 (CASA-GFED3) model.The NASA Carbon Monitoring System (CMS) is designed to make significant contributions in characterizing, quantifying, understanding, and predicting the evolution of global carbon sources and sinks through improved monitoring of carbon stocks and fluxes. The System will use the full range of NASA satellite observations and modeling/analysis capabilities to establish the accuracy, quantitative uncertainties, and utility of products for supporting national and international policy, regulatory, and management activities. CMS will maintain a global emphasis while providing finer scale regional information, utilizing space-based and surface-based data and will rapidly initiate generation and distribution of products both for user evaluation and to inform near-term policy development and planning.

ABSTRACT: This data set provides monthly burned area, and monthly, and annual fire emissions data from July 1996 to February 2012. Emissions data are available for carbon (C), dry matter (DM), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), hydrogen (H2), nitrous oxide (N2O), nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), organic carbon (OC), black carbon (BC), particulate matter 2.5 micron (PM2p5), total particulate matter (TPM), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). The C4 fraction of carbon emissions is also provided. The annual C emissions estimates were derived by combining burned area data with a biogeochemical model, CASA-Global Fire Emissions Database (CASA-GFED), that estimates fuel loads and combustion completeness for each monthly time step. The fuel loads were based on satellite derived information on vegetation characteristics and productivity to estimate carbon input and carbon outputs through heterotrophic respiration, herbivory, and fires. Note that while most emissions estimates included data for 32 variables (trace gases, aerosols, and carbon), not all data are available for all years, and not all variables (emission species) are included in each data product. Additional information may be obtained from the Global Fire Data website: http://www.globalfiredata.org/index.html. Data products include: - 0.5 degree x 0.5 degree gridded monthly burned area data (ha) for 1996 to 2012 provided as text files and as GeoTIFF files for 1996 to 2012. - 3-Hourly emssions (fraction) for 2003 to 2010 in NetCDF (.nc) format. - Daily emssions (fraction) for 2003 to 2010, in NetCDF (.nc) format. - Monthly emissions for 32 variables from 1997 to 2011, in text and GeoTIFF format. - Monthly emissions for 31 variables from specific sources (grassland and savanna, woodland, deforestation & degradation, forest, agricultural waste burning, and peat fires), both as absolute and relative emissions. The time period is for 2007 to 2011, and the files are provided in text and GeoTIFF format. - Global emission totals of C and other species from all sources, and from each individual source (forest fires, peat fires, agricultural waste burning, etc). - Annual emissions of carbon and other trace gases for all countries, for the period 1997 to 2010, provided as text files. These files are for indicative use only; they are not suitable for official reporting due to large uncertainties and potential for missing key regional aspects in the global approach used. - Ancillary data for monthly biosphere fluxes. The CASA-GFED biosphere flux sources include Net Primary Production (NPP), Heterotrophic respiration (Rh), and fires (biomass burning). These files are for the time period 1997 to 2009 and are provided as text files and in GeoTIFF format. There are 12 compressed (*.zip) files with this data set. The data are in text, NetCDF (.nc), and GeoTIFF (.tiff) formats as described above.

Caliver’s methodology systematically returns higher number of hits and lower number of misses. The last column shows hits and misses considering Europe as the sum of its parts.

Summary table of input arguments and options related to the function mask_crop_subset.

The Landsat Burned Area Product Validation dataset was collected to determine the accuracy of The Landsat Burned Area Essential Climate Variable (BAECV) product, developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The BAECV maps burned areas across the conterminous United States (CONUS) for the entire Landsat archive (1984 – 2015). Rigorous validation of such products is critical for their proper usage and interpretation. The sampling design used to derive this validation dataset was adapted from the methods used by European Space Agency’s (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) fire_cci project to generate the first statistically rigorous global reference dataset for a burned area product that meets the CEOS LPVS stage 3 validation requirements. Our validation dataset consists of 28 Landsat path/rows across the CONUS which were selected using a stratified sampling scheme across the major Olson biomes, as summarized by the fire_cci project (Olson et al., 2001; Padilla et al. 2014). Within the CONUS this included temperate forest, Mediterranean forest, temperate grassland and savannah, tropical and subtropical grasslands and savannah, and other which included desert/xeric shrub and flooded grasslands (Padilla et al. 2014). Path/rows selected within each biome were meant to represent high and low burned areas as specified by the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) version 3 (Giglio et al, 2009, 2010). We used systematic sampling to select 5 validation years spaced out in 5 year increments (2008, 2003, 1998, 1993 and 1988). The validation dataset was then independently generated by three different analysts. Each analyst mapped “new” burned areas using Landsat pre-fire and post-fire image pairs. The burned area polygons were generated using the Burned Area Mapping Software (BAMS), which is a semi-automated algorithm developed by the University of Alcala, Madrid, and implemented by the fire_cci project (Bastarrika et al., 2014; Padilla et al., 2014). The outputs were manually edited using visual interpretation. From these outputs, three renditions of the validation datasets were generated in which burned area extent ranged from liberal (or inclusive) (Level 1) to conservative (Level 3). Burned area extent was defined as (1) at least one analyst identified a given pixel as burned (Level 1), (2) at least two of the three analysts were required to agree a given pixel was burned (Level 2), (3) all three analysts were required to agree a pixel was burned (Level 3). Full details of the methods used to derive this validation dataset are provided in Vanderhoof et al. (2017).

This dataset provides daily fire ignition locations and timing for boreal fires in Alaska, U.S., and Canada between 2001 and 2019. The fire ignition locations and timing are extracted from the ABoVE Fire Emission Database; however, the temperate prairies of Canada, the Atlantic Highlands, and Mixed Wood Plains were not included. Fires were detected from Landsat differenced normalized burn ratio (dNBR) and the daily MODIS burned area and active fire products. Detections by dNBR were limited to fire perimeters from national fire databases. Fire ignition locations were retrieved using a local minimum within the fire perimeters. However, when fire locations were confounded due to simultaneous active fire detections, the fire ignition location was set as the centroid of these pixels. A spatial uncertainty equaling the standard deviation of the pixels' coordinates and the nominal nadir of 1000 m was applied to the fire ignition location. The temporal resolution of the ignition timing is within one day. Data is provided in comma separated values (CSV) and shapefile formats.

MiCASA is an extensive revision of CASA-GFED3. CASA-GFED3 derives from Potter et al. (1993), diverging in development since Randerson et al. (1996). CASA is a light use efficiency model: NPP is expressed as the product of photosynthetically active solar radiation, a light use efficiency parameter, scalars that capture temperature and moisture limitations, and fractional absorption of photosynthetically active radiation (fPAR) by the vegetation canopy derived from satellite data. Fire parameterization was incorporated into the model by van der Werf et al. (2004) leading to CASA-GFED3 after several revisions (van der Werf et al., 2006, 2010). Development of the GFED module has continued, now at GFED5 (Chen et al., 2023) with less focus on the CASA module. MiCASA diverges from GFED development at version 3, although future reconciliation is possible. Input datasets include air temperature, precipitation, incident solar radiation, a soil classification map, and several satellite derived products. These products are primarily based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra and Aqua combined datasets including land cover classification (MCD12Q1), burned area (MCD64A1), Nadir BRDF-Adjusted Reflectance (NBAR; MCD43A4), from which fPAR is derived, and tree/herbaceous/bare vegetated fractions from Terra only (MOD44B). Emissions due to fire and burning of coarse woody debris (fuel wood) are estimated separately.

Field Emission Display (FED) Market Outlook

The global Field Emission Display (FED) market size is expected to grow significantly, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.5% from 2024 to 2032. In 2023, the FED market was valued at approximately USD 2.1 billion, and it is projected to reach around USD 4.3 billion by 2032. This growth is driven by increasing demand for high-quality display technology across various applications, including consumer electronics, automotive, and healthcare sectors.

One of the primary growth factors for the FED market is the superior display quality that these screens offer. FEDs are known for their excellent brightness, wide viewing angles, and high resolution. These attributes make them highly desirable in the consumer electronics market, where the demand for advanced display technologies is continually rising. The shift from traditional cathode ray tube (CRT) and liquid crystal display (LCD) screens to more advanced technologies like FEDs is an ongoing trend, fueled by consumer preference for better visual experiences.

The automotive industry is another significant driver for the growth of the FED market. In automotive applications, FEDs are increasingly being utilized for dashboard displays, heads-up displays (HUDs), and infotainment systems. The need for robust, high-contrast, and energy-efficient displays in vehicles is pushing the adoption of FED technology. Additionally, the rise of electric and autonomous vehicles, which require advanced display systems for enhanced user interfaces and navigation, is further propelling this market.

Healthcare is also emerging as a crucial application area for FED technology. Medical imaging systems, diagnostic tools, and patient monitoring systems benefit from the high clarity and resolution offered by FEDs. As the healthcare sector continues to invest in cutting-edge technologies for better patient outcomes, the demand for advanced display systems like FEDs is expected to rise. The implementation of telemedicine and remote diagnosis during global health crises has further highlighted the importance of high-quality display systems in healthcare.

Regionally, the Asia Pacific region is the leading market for FED technology, driven by the high concentration of consumer electronics manufacturers and significant investments in automotive and healthcare sectors. Countries like China, Japan, and South Korea are at the forefront of adopting advanced display technologies. The region is expected to maintain its dominance with continuous technological advancements and rising consumer demand.

Component Analysis

The FED market can be segmented by components, including cathode, anode, phosphor, glass substrate, and others. The cathode is a critical component in FEDs, as it is responsible for emitting electrons that create the images on the screen. Advances in cathode materials, such as the development of carbon nanotubes, have significantly improved the efficiency and lifespan of FEDs, making them more viable for commercial applications. The increasing research and development in cathode materials are expected to drive the growth of this segment.

The anode is another essential component, working in conjunction with the cathode to direct the emitted electrons towards the phosphor layer, producing visible images. Innovations in anode design, aimed at reducing power consumption and enhancing image quality, are contributing to the growing adoption of FED technology. Companies are investing in the development of advanced anode materials to meet the high-performance requirements of modern display systems.

Phosphor materials play a vital role in determining the color and brightness of FEDs. The latest advancements in phosphor technology have led to the creation of more vibrant and energy-efficient displays. The ongoing research to develop new phosphor compounds that offer better performance and lower environmental impact is expected to boost the demand for FEDs in various applications. The phosphor segment is poised for significant growth as manufacturers seek to enhance the visual appeal and efficiency of their display products.

Glass substrates are fundamental to the structure of FEDs, providing the framework for the other components. Innovations in glass technology, including the development of thinner, more durable, and f