Abstract

The 2022 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (2022 GDHS) is the seventh in the series of DHS surveys conducted by the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) in collaboration with the Ministry of Health/Ghana Health Service (MoH/GHS) and other stakeholders, with funding from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and other partners.

The primary objective of the 2022 GDHS is to provide up-to-date estimates of basic demographic and health indicators. Specifically, the GDHS collected information on: - Fertility levels and preferences, contraceptive use, antenatal and delivery care, maternal and child health, childhood mortality, childhood immunisation, breastfeeding and young child feeding practices, women’s dietary diversity, violence against women, gender, nutritional status of adults and children, awareness regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections, tobacco use, and other indicators relevant for the Sustainable Development Goals - Haemoglobin levels of women and children - Prevalence of malaria parasitaemia (rapid diagnostic testing and thick slides for malaria parasitaemia in the field and microscopy in the lab) among children age 6–59 months - Use of treated mosquito nets - Use of antimalarial drugs for treatment of fever among children under age 5

The information collected through the 2022 GDHS is intended to assist policymakers and programme managers in designing and evaluating programmes and strategies for improving the health of the country’s population.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Children age 0-5
• Woman age 15-49
• Man age 15-59

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged 15-49, men aged 15-59, and all children aged 0-4 resident in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

To achieve the objectives of the 2022 GDHS, a stratified representative sample of 18,450 households was selected in 618 clusters, which resulted in 15,014 interviewed women age 15–49 and 7,044 interviewed men age 15–59 (in one of every two households selected).

The sampling frame used for the 2022 GDHS is the updated frame prepared by the GSS based on the 2021 Population and Housing Census.1 The sampling procedure used in the 2022 GDHS was stratified two-stage cluster sampling, designed to yield representative results at the national level, for urban and rural areas, and for each of the country’s 16 regions for most DHS indicators. In the first stage, 618 target clusters were selected from the sampling frame using a probability proportional to size strategy for urban and rural areas in each region. Then the number of targeted clusters were selected with equal probability systematic random sampling of the clusters selected in the first phase for urban and rural areas. In the second stage, after selection of the clusters, a household listing and map updating operation was carried out in all of the selected clusters to develop a list of households for each cluster. This list served as a sampling frame for selection of the household sample. The GSS organized a 5-day training course on listing procedures for listers and mappers with support from ICF. The listers and mappers were organized into 25 teams consisting of one lister and one mapper per team. The teams spent 2 months completing the listing operation. In addition to listing the households, the listers collected the geographical coordinates of each household using GPS dongles provided by ICF and in accordance with the instructions in the DHS listing manual. The household listing was carried out using tablet computers, with software provided by The DHS Program. A fixed number of 30 households in each cluster were randomly selected from the list for interviews.

For further details on sample design, see APPENDIX A of the final report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face computer-assisted interviews [capi]

Research instrument

Four questionnaires were used in the 2022 GDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, the Man’s Questionnaire, and the Biomarker Questionnaire. The questionnaires, based on The DHS Program’s model questionnaires, were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Ghana. In addition, a self-administered Fieldworker Questionnaire collected information about the survey’s fieldworkers.

The GSS organized a questionnaire design workshop with support from ICF and obtained input from government and development partners expected to use the resulting data. The DHS Program optional modules on domestic violence, malaria, and social and behavior change communication were incorporated into the Woman’s Questionnaire. ICF provided technical assistance in adapting the modules to the questionnaires.

Cleaning operations

DHS staff installed all central office programmes, data structure checks, secondary editing, and field check tables from 17–20 October 2022. Central office training was implemented using the practice data to test the central office system and field check tables. Seven GSS staff members (four male and three female) were trained on the functionality of the central office menu, including accepting clusters from the field, data editing procedures, and producing reports to monitor fieldwork.

From 27 February to 17 March, DHS staff visited the Ghana Statistical Service office in Accra to work with the GSS central office staff on finishing the secondary editing and to clean and finalize all data received from the 618 clusters.

Response rate

A total of 18,540 households were selected for the GDHS sample, of which 18,065 were found to be occupied. Of the occupied households, 17,933 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 99%. In the interviewed households, 15,317 women age 15–49 were identified as eligible for individual interviews. Interviews were completed with 15,014 women, yielding a response rate of 98%. In the subsample of households selected for the male survey, 7,263 men age 15–59 were identified as eligible for individual interviews and 7,044 were successfully interviewed.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: (1) nonsampling errors and (2) sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2022 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (2022 GDHS) to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 2022 GDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and identical size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results. A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95% of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the 2022 GDHS sample was the result of a multistage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulas. The computer software used to calculate sampling errors for the GDHS 2022 is an SAS program. This program used the Taylor linearization method to estimate variances for survey estimates that are means, proportions, or ratios. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates.

A more detailed description of estimates of sampling errors are presented in APPENDIX B of the survey report.

Data appraisal

Data Quality Tables

• Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women
• Age distribution of eligible and interviewed men
• Age displacement at age 14/15
• Age displacement at age 49/50
• Pregnancy outcomes by years preceding the survey
• Completeness of reporting
• Standardisation exercise results from anthropometry training
• Height and weight data completeness and quality for children
• Height measurements from random subsample of measured children
• Interference in height and weight measurements of children
• Interference in height and weight measurements of women and men
• Heaping in anthropometric measurements for children (digit preference)
• Observation of mosquito nets
• Observation of handwashing facility
• School attendance by single year of age
• Vaccination cards photographed
• Number of

The number of Reddit users in Ghana was forecast to continuously increase between 2024 and 2028 by in total 0.1 million users (+24.39 percent). After the eighth consecutive increasing year, the Reddit user base is estimated to reach 0.49 million users and therefore a new peak in 2028. Notably, the number of Reddit users of was continuously increasing over the past years.User figures, shown here with regards to the platform reddit, have been estimated by taking into account company filings or press material, secondary research, app downloads and traffic data. They refer to the average monthly active users over the period and count multiple accounts by persons only once. Reddit users encompass both users that are logged in and those that are not.The shown data are an excerpt of Statista's Key Market Indicators (KMI). The KMI are a collection of primary and secondary indicators on the macro-economic, demographic and technological environment in up to 150 countries and regions worldwide. All indicators are sourced from international and national statistical offices, trade associations and the trade press and they are processed to generate comparable data sets (see supplementary notes under details for more information).Find more key insights for the number of Reddit users in countries like Ivory Coast and Senegal.

Context

This repository contains dataset of the Novel Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) cases recorded in Ghana. The data available in the dataset comes from updates given by the Ghana Health Service, the Ministry of Information and the Ghana Statistical Service.

Content

Ghana_Covid19_DailyActive.csv

Number of columns = 8

confirmed - total number of confirmed positve cases in a given day
recovered - total number of people who recovered from the virus in a given day
death   - total number of people who died from the virus in a given day
date   - day on which confirmed, recovered and death were reported
cumulative_confirmed - cumulative count of confirmed positive cases 
cumulative_recovered - cumulative count of people who have recovered from the virus
cumulative_death   - cumulative count of people who have died from the virus
active_cases     - total number of existing positive cases on a given day
            (active_cases = cumulative_confirmed - cumulative_recovered - cumulative_death)

Acknowledgements

• Ghana Health Service
• Ghana Statistical Service
• Ministry of Information, Ghana

Ghana Annual Household Expenditure: Avg: RC: Audio-Visual, Photographic and Information Equipment data was reported at 73.630 GHS in 2013. This records an increase from the previous number of 17.000 GHS for 2006. Ghana Annual Household Expenditure: Avg: RC: Audio-Visual, Photographic and Information Equipment data is updated yearly, averaging 45.315 GHS from Dec 2006 (Median) to 2013, with 2 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 73.630 GHS in 2013 and a record low of 17.000 GHS in 2006. Ghana Annual Household Expenditure: Avg: RC: Audio-Visual, Photographic and Information Equipment data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ghana Statistical Service. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ghana – Table GH.H003: Annual Household Expenditure: Average.

Abstract

The population and housing census (PHC) is the unique source of reliable and comprehensive data about the size of population and also on major socio-economic & socio-demographic characteristics of the country. It provides data on geographic and administrative distribution of population and household in addition to the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of all the people in the country. Generally, it provides for comparing and projecting demographic data, social and economic characteristics, as well as household and housing conditions at all levels of the country’s administrative units and dimensions: national, regional, districts and localities. The data from the census is classified, tabulated and disseminated so that researchers, administrators, policy makers and development partners can use the information in formulating and implementing various multi-sectorial development programs at the national and community levels. Data on all key variables namely area, household, population, economic activity, literacy and education, fertility and child survival, housing conditions and sanitation are collected and available in the census data. The 2021 PHC in Ghana had an overarching goal of generating updated demographic, social and economic data, housing characteristics and dwelling conditions to support national development planning activities.

Geographic coverage

National Coverage , Region , District

Analysis unit

• Individuals
• Households
• Emigrants
• Absentee population
• Mortality
• Type of residence (households and non household)

Universe

All persons who spent census night (midnight of 27th June 2021) in Ghana

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

This 10% sample data for the 2021 PHC is representative at the district/subdistrict level and also by the urban rural classification.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

GSS developed two categories of instruments for the 2021 PHC: the listing form and the enumeration instruments. The listing form was only one, while the enumeration instruments comprised six questionnaires, designated as PHC 1A, PHC 1B, PHC 1C, PHC 1D, PHC 1E and PHC 1F. The PHC 1A was the most comprehensive with the others being its subsets.

1. Listing Form: The listing form was developed to collect data on type of structures, level of completion, whether occupied or vacant and use(s) of the structures. It was also used to collect information about the availability, number and types of toilet facilities in the structures. It was also used to capture the number of households in a structure, number of persons in households and the sex of the persons residing in the households if occupied. Finally, the listing form was used to capture data on non-household populations such as the population in institutions, floating population and sex of the non-household populations.

2. PHC 1A: The PHC 1A questionnaire was used to collect data from all households in the country. Primarily, it was used to capture household members and visitors who spent the Census Night in the dwelling of the household, and their relationship with the head of the household. It was also used to collect data on homeless households. Members of the households who were absent were enumerated at the place where they had spent the Census Night. The questionnaire was also used to collect the following household information: emigration; socio-demographic characteristics (sex, age, place of birth and enumeration, survival status of parents, literacy and education; economic activities; difficulty in performing activities; ownership and usage of information, technology and communication facilities; fertility; mortality; housing characteristics and conditions and sanitation.

3. PHC 1B: The PHC 1B questionnaire was used to collect data from persons in stable institutions comprising boarding houses, hostels and prisons who were present on Census Night. Other information that was captured with this instrument are socio-demographic characteristics, literacy and education, economic activities, difficulty in performing activities; ownership and usage of information, technology and communication facilities; fertility; mortality; housing characteristics and conditions and sanitation.

4. PHC 1C: The PHC 1C questionnaire was used to collect data from persons in “unstable” institutions such as hospitals and prayer camps who were present at these places on Census Night. The instrument was used to capture only the socio-demographic characteristics of individuals.

5. PHC 1D: The PHC 1D questionnaire was used to collect data from the floating population. This constitutes persons who were found at airports, seaports, lorry stations and similar locations waiting for or embarking on long-distance travel, as well as outdoor sleepers on Census Night. The instrument captured the socio-demographic information of individuals.

6. PHC 1E: All persons who spent the Census Night at hotels, motels and guest houses were enumerated using the PHC 1E. The content of the questionnaire was similar to that of the PHC 1D.

7. PHC 1F: The PHC 1F questionnaire was administered to diplomats in the country.

Cleaning operations

The Census data editing was implemented at three levels: 1. data editing by enumerators and supervisors during data collection 2. data editing was done at the regional level by the regional data quality monitors during data collection 3. Final data editing was done at the national level using the batch edits in CSPro and STATA Data editing and cleaning was mainly digital.

Response rate

100 percent

Data appraisal

A post Enumeration Survey (PES) was conducted to assess the extent of coverage and content error.

Abstract

The 1998 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) is the latest in a series of national-level population and health surveys conducted in Ghana and it is part of the worldwide MEASURE DHS+ Project, designed to collect data on fertility, family planning, and maternal and child health.

The primary objective of the 1998 GDHS is to provide current and reliable data on fertility and family planning behaviour, child mortality, children’s nutritional status, and the utilisation of maternal and child health services in Ghana. Additional data on knowledge of HIV/AIDS are also provided. This information is essential for informed policy decisions, planning and monitoring and evaluation of programmes at both the national and local government levels.

The long-term objectives of the survey include strengthening the technical capacity of the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) to plan, conduct, process, and analyse the results of complex national sample surveys. Moreover, the 1998 GDHS provides comparable data for long-term trend analyses within Ghana, since it is the third in a series of demographic and health surveys implemented by the same organisation, using similar data collection procedures. The GDHS also contributes to the ever-growing international database on demographic and health-related variables.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Children under five years
• Women age 15-49
• Men age 15-59

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The major focus of the 1998 GDHS was to provide updated estimates of important population and health indicators including fertility and mortality rates for the country as a whole and for urban and rural areas separately. In addition, the sample was designed to provide estimates of key variables for the ten regions in the country.

The list of Enumeration Areas (EAs) with population and household information from the 1984 Population Census was used as the sampling frame for the survey. The 1998 GDHS is based on a two-stage stratified nationally representative sample of households. At the first stage of sampling, 400 EAs were selected using systematic sampling with probability proportional to size (PPS-Method). The selected EAs comprised 138 in the urban areas and 262 in the rural areas. A complete household listing operation was then carried out in all the selected EAs to provide a sampling frame for the second stage selection of households. At the second stage of sampling, a systematic sample of 15 households per EA was selected in all regions, except in the Northern, Upper West and Upper East Regions. In order to obtain adequate numbers of households to provide reliable estimates of key demographic and health variables in these three regions, the number of households in each selected EA in the Northern, Upper West and Upper East regions was increased to 20. The sample was weighted to adjust for over sampling in the three northern regions (Northern, Upper East and Upper West), in relation to the other regions. Sample weights were used to compensate for the unequal probability of selection between geographically defined strata.

The survey was designed to obtain completed interviews of 4,500 women age 15-49. In addition, all males age 15-59 in every third selected household were interviewed, to obtain a target of 1,500 men. In order to take cognisance of non-response, a total of 6,375 households nation-wide were selected.

Note: See detailed description of sample design in APPENDIX A of the survey report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

Three types of questionnaires were used in the GDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Women’s Questionnaire, and the Men’s Questionnaire. These questionnaires were based on model survey instruments developed for the international MEASURE DHS+ programme and were designed to provide information needed by health and family planning programme managers and policy makers. The questionnaires were adapted to the situation in Ghana and a number of questions pertaining to on-going health and family planning programmes were added. These questionnaires were developed in English and translated into five major local languages (Akan, Ga, Ewe, Hausa, and Dagbani).

The Household Questionnaire was used to enumerate all usual members and visitors in a selected household and to collect information on the socio-economic status of the household. The first part of the Household Questionnaire collected information on the relationship to the household head, residence, sex, age, marital status, and education of each usual resident or visitor. This information was used to identify women and men who were eligible for the individual interview. For this purpose, all women age 15-49, and all men age 15-59 in every third household, whether usual residents of a selected household or visitors who slept in a selected household the night before the interview, were deemed eligible and interviewed. The Household Questionnaire also provides basic demographic data for Ghanaian households. The second part of the Household Questionnaire contained questions on the dwelling unit, such as the number of rooms, the flooring material, the source of water and the type of toilet facilities, and on the ownership of a variety of consumer goods.

The Women’s Questionnaire was used to collect information on the following topics: respondent’s background characteristics, reproductive history, contraceptive knowledge and use, antenatal, delivery and postnatal care, infant feeding practices, child immunisation and health, marriage, fertility preferences and attitudes about family planning, husband’s background characteristics, women’s work, knowledge of HIV/AIDS and STDs, as well as anthropometric measurements of children and mothers.

The Men’s Questionnaire collected information on respondent’s background characteristics, reproduction, contraceptive knowledge and use, marriage, fertility preferences and attitudes about family planning, as well as knowledge of HIV/AIDS and STDs.

Response rate

A total of 6,375 households were selected for the GDHS sample. Of these, 6,055 were occupied. Interviews were completed for 6,003 households, which represent 99 percent of the occupied households. A total of 4,970 eligible women from these households and 1,596 eligible men from every third household were identified for the individual interviews. Interviews were successfully completed for 4,843 women or 97 percent and 1,546 men or 97 percent. The principal reason for nonresponse among individual women and men was the failure of interviewers to find them at home despite repeated callbacks.

Note: See summarized response rates by place of residence in Table 1.1 of the survey report.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: (1) nonsampling errors, and (2) sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the results of shortfalls made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 1998 GDHS to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 1998 GDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the 1998 GDHS sample is the result of a two-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulae. The computer software used to calculate sampling errors for the 1998 GDHS is the ISSA Sampling Error Module. This module uses the Taylor linearization method of variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or proportions. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates.

Data appraisal

Data Quality Tables - Household age distribution - Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women - Age distribution of eligible and interviewed men - Completeness of reporting - Births by calendar years - Reporting of age at death in days - Reporting of age at death in months

Note: See detailed tables in APPENDIX C of the survey report.

Abstract

The 2010 Census was undertaken to update current information on the size, sex, age, composition and other characteristics of Ghana's population and to ascertain the specific changes in these characteristics which had taken place since the last census was conducted in 2000. The Census was expected to ensure the continuation of a time series of demographic and socio-economic benchmark data at the national and sub-national levels and enhance the capability-building programme of the Statistical Service.

The main objective of the 2010 Population and Housing Census was to update the statistical information on the characteristics of the population of Ghana.

The 2010 Population and Housing Census is the second time a full-scale housing census was conducted with a population census in one single operation.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Households (including household emigrants, ameneties and agricultural activities) Individuals (including females 12 years and older and females 12-54 years) communities (including education, health and sanitation facilities)

Universe

The 2010 census covered a de-facto population count of Ghana on Census Night (26th September 2010). These were all usual residents, infants sick as well as the mentally challenged, inmates of institutions. out-door sleepers and all persons who spend census night within the boarders of Ghana, semi-stable floating population enumeration was done immediately after midnight of Census Night. Enumeration was done on Census Night of fishermen, other persons at sea and other persons in Field Camps.

All types of housing structures were listed a week before the census night.

All enumeration of institutional population was done a week before the Census Night

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

There was no sampling

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

PHC-1A: Household questionnaire - admistered to household population. This questionnaire includes modules on Household roster, Usual household members absent, Emigration, Population, Mortality, ICT, Agriculture and Housing

PHC-1A Usual Members Absent Continuation Sheet

PHC-1A Emigration Continuation Sheet

PHC-1B: Group quarter questionnaire - administered to homeless households and group quarter population. This excludes usual members absent, emigration, mortality, ICT at household level, agricultural and housing modules.

PHC-1C: Group quarter questionnaire which was administered to individual members and later transferred to PHC-1B questionnaire

PHC-3: EA Result Sheet - Captured summary information on population by sex and the number of localities in each Enumeration Area (EA).

PHC-4: Final Summary Sheet - Captured summary information on the number of residential structures, number of households, population by sex and household and non-household population and the availability of telecommunication, education, health and toilet facilities in the locality.

Cleaning operations

The Census data editing was implemented at three levels: 1. Field editing by interviewers and supervisors 2. Office editing and coding of occupation and industry 3. Data cleaning and imputation

Data editing was partly manual and partly automatic. Occupation and Industry coding was done by the Field Supervisors but they were edited in the office after the field work. The questionnaire reference numbers were also reviewed as part of the preparatory activities before scanning.

Response rate

100 per cent

Sampling error estimates

There was no sampling.

Data appraisal

A post Enumeration Survey (PES) was conducted to assess the extent of coverage and content error. ( See Adminstrative Report )

The number of Twitter users in Ghana was forecast to continuously increase between 2024 and 2028 by in total 0.5 million users (+18.05 percent). After the ninth consecutive increasing year, the Twitter user base is estimated to reach 3.23 million users and therefore a new peak in 2028. Notably, the number of Twitter users of was continuously increasing over the past years.User figures, shown here regarding the platform twitter, have been estimated by taking into account company filings or press material, secondary research, app downloads and traffic data. They refer to the average monthly active users over the period.The shown data are an excerpt of Statista's Key Market Indicators (KMI). The KMI are a collection of primary and secondary indicators on the macro-economic, demographic and technological environment in up to 150 countries and regions worldwide. All indicators are sourced from international and national statistical offices, trade associations and the trade press and they are processed to generate comparable data sets (see supplementary notes under details for more information).Find more key insights for the number of Twitter users in countries like Nigeria and Senegal.

Abstract

Survey based Harmonized Indicators (SHIP) files are harmonized data files from household surveys that are conducted by countries in Africa. To ensure the quality and transparency of the data, it is critical to document the procedures of compiling consumption aggregation and other indicators so that the results can be duplicated with ease. This process enables consistency and continuity that make temporal and cross-country comparisons consistent and more reliable.

Four harmonized data files are prepared for each survey to generate a set of harmonized variables that have the same variable names. Invariably, in each survey, questions are asked in a slightly different way, which poses challenges on consistent definition of harmonized variables. The harmonized household survey data present the best available variables with harmonized definitions, but not identical variables. The four harmonized data files are

a) Individual level file (Labor force indicators in a separate file): This file has information on basic characteristics of individuals such as age and sex, literacy, education, health, anthropometry and child survival. b) Labor force file: This file has information on labor force including employment/unemployment, earnings, sectors of employment, etc. c) Household level file: This file has information on household expenditure, household head characteristics (age and sex, level of education, employment), housing amenities, assets, and access to infrastructure and services. d) Household Expenditure file: This file has consumption/expenditure aggregates by consumption groups according to Purpose (COICOP) of Household Consumption of the UN.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Individual level for datasets with suffix _I and _L
• Household level for datasets with suffix _H and _E

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents).

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sampling Frame and Units As in all probability sample surveys, it is important that each sampling unit in the surveyed population has a known, non-zero probability of selection. To achieve this, there has to be an appropriate list, or sampling frame of the primary sampling units (PSUs).The universe defined for the GLSS 5 is the population living within private households in Ghana. The institutional population (such as schools, hospitals etc), which represents a very small percentage in the 2000 Population and Housing Census (PHC), is excluded from the frame for the GLSS 5.

The Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) maintains a complete list of census EAs, together with their respective population and number of households as well as maps, with well defined boundaries, of the EAs. . This information was used as the sampling frame for the GLSS 5. Specifically, the EAs were defined as the primary sampling units (PSUs), while the households within each EA constituted the secondary sampling units (SSUs).

Stratification In order to take advantage of possible gains in precision and reliability of the survey estimates from stratification, the EAs were first stratified into the ten administrative regions. Within each region, the EAs were further sub-divided according to their rural and urban areas of location. The EAs were also classified according to ecological zones and inclusion of Accra (GAMA) so that the survey results could be presented according to the three ecological zones, namely 1) Coastal, 2) Forest, and 3) Northern Savannah, and for Accra.

Sample size and allocation The number and allocation of sample EAs for the GLSS 5 depend on the type of estimates to be obtained from the survey and the corresponding precision required. It was decided to select a total sample of around 8000 households nationwide.

To ensure adequate numbers of complete interviews that will allow for reliable estimates at the various domains of interest, the GLSS 5 sample was designed to ensure that at least 400 households were selected from each region.

A two-stage stratified random sampling design was adopted. Initially, a total sample of 550 EAs was considered at the first stage of sampling, followed by a fixed take of 15 households per EA. The distribution of the selected EAs into the ten regions or strata was based on proportionate allocation using the population.

For example, the number of selected EAs allocated to the Western Region was obtained as: 1924577/18912079*550 = 56

Under this sampling scheme, it was observed that the 400 households minimum requirement per region could be achieved in all the regions but not the Upper West Region. The proportionate allocation formula assigned only 17 EAs out of the 550 EAs nationwide and selecting 15 households per EA would have yielded only 255 households for the region. In order to surmount this problem, two options were considered: retaining the 17 EAs in the Upper West Region and increasing the number of selected households per EA from 15 to about 25, or increasing the number of selected EAs in the region from 17 to 27 and retaining the second stage sample of 15 households per EA.

The second option was adopted in view of the fact that it was more likely to provide smaller sampling errors for the separate domains of analysis. Based on this, the number of EAs in Upper East and the Upper West were adjusted from 27 and 17 to 40 and 34 respectively, bringing the total number of EAs to 580 and the number of households to 8,700.

A complete household listing exercise was carried out between May and June 2005 in all the selected EAs to provide the sampling frame for the second stage selection of households. At the second stage of sampling, a fixed number of 15 households per EA was selected in all the regions. In addition, five households per EA were selected as replacement samples.The overall sample size therefore came to 8,700 households nationwide.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Abstract

The Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) and the World Bank Development Economics Research Group (DECRG) partnered to implement the survey. The purpose was to find out household's access to and use of available financial services.This was a follow-up to an earlier test of survey designs regarding household access to financial services. The underlying premise is that the identity of a respondent can affect the quality and completeness of the information provided, especially when that respondent is providing information about other household members.

The survey will examine whether questions about specific products (e.g. credit cards, life insurance policies, savings clubs) elicit more complete information than questions asking whether a respondent uses services from a type of provider (e.g. commercial bank, credit union).

To derive the data necessary for these tests, the Financial Service Survey incorporated an experimental design in which one of three versions of the survey instrument (questionnaire) was randomly administered to each household. Individual household members were also randomly selected to respond to some sections of the questionnaire.

Geographic coverage

National Regional District, Municipal, Metropolitan

Analysis unit

Individuals

Universe

The survey covered all adult household members (usual residents) aged 15 years and older.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The most recently visited enumeration areas (EAs) for the Ghana Living Standards Survey Round 5 (GLSS5) were targeted for the survey. This is because the characteristics of these households may not have changed much, and they were more likely to recollect information they had already provided. All the 120 EAs visited in the 10th and 11th cycles of the GLSS5 were included in the survey, with an additional 34 EAs selected from the 60 EAs visited in the 9th cycle. Households within the 154 EAs were listed and 15 selected randomly from each EA yielding a total of 2,310 households.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Three types of questionnaires were used in the survey:

1. Group 1 Questionnaire - All questions in the three (3) sections were administered to all household members aged 15 years and older. It collected information on background characteristics, the use of financial services and products and actions and attitudes towards accessing and using financial services and products.

2. Group 2 Questionnaire - Sections 1 and 2 of this questionnaire were administered to all household members aged 15 years and older. Sections 3 and 4 were administered to household members randomly selected using the Kish Grid based on given criteria.

3. Group 3 Questionnaire - All questions in section (1) were administered to heads of household and one randomly selected household member and covered background characteristics. Section two (2) was administered to heads of household and covered the use of financial services. Sections 3 and 4 were administered to a randomly selected household member and covered the use of financial services and products and actions and attitudes towards access and use of financial services and products.

All the questionnaires were in English and whenever necessary, the interview was conducted in a language of the respondent's choice. An interpreter was also used where the interviewer was not proficient in the respondent's choice of language.

Cleaning operations

The GSS data editing occurs at three levels:

1. Field editing by interviewers and supervisors
2. Office editing
3. Data cleaning and imputation

Response rate

Out of the 2,310 households selected for the survey, 2,292 were identified and successfully enumerated. This yielded a response rate of 99.2 percent.

Abstract

The 1993 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) is a nationally representative survey of 4,562 women age 15-49 and 1,302 men age 15-59. The survey is designed to furnish policymakers, planners and program managers with factual, reliable and up-to-date information on fertility, family planning and the status of maternal and child health care in the country. The survey, which was carried out by the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS), marks Ghana's second participation in the worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) program.

The principal objective of the 1993 GDHS is to generate reliable and current information on fertility, mortality, contraception and maternal and child health indicators. Such data are necessary for effective policy formulation as well as program design, monitoring and evaluation. The 1993 GDHS is, in large measure, an update to the 1988 GDHS. Together, the two surveys provide comparable information for two points in time, thus allowing assessment of changes and trends in various demographic and health indicators over time.

Long-term objectives of the survey include (i) strengthening the capacity of the Ghana Statistical Service to plan, conduct, process and analyze data from a complex, large-scale survey such as the Demographic and Health Survey, and (ii) contributing to the ever-expanding international database on demographic and health-related variables.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Children under five years
• Women age 15-49
• Men age 15-59

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The 1993 GDHS is a stratified, self-weighting, nationally representative sample of households chosen from 400 Enumeration Areas (EAs). The 1984 Population Census EAs constituted the sampling frame. The frame was first stratified into three ecological zones, namely coastal, forest and savannah, and then into urban and rural EAs. The EAs were selected with probability proportional to the number of households. Households within selected EAs were subsequently listed and a systematic sample of households was selected for the survey. The survey was designed to yield a sample of 5,400 women age 15-49 and a sub-sample of males age 15-59 systematically selected from one-third of the 400 EAs.

Note: See detailed description of sample design in APPENDIX A of the survey report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

Survey instruments used to elicit information for the 1993 GDHS are 1) Household Schedule 2) Women's Questionnaire and 3) Men's Questionnaire.

The questionnaires were structured based on the Demographic and Health Survey Model B Questionnaire designed for countries with low levels of contraceptive use. The final version of the questionnaires evolved out of a series of meetings with personnel of relevant ministries, institutions and organizations engaged in activities relating to fertility and family planning, health and nutrition and rehabilitation of persons with disabilities.

The questionnaires were first developed in English and later translated and printed in five major local languages, namely: Akan, Dagbani, Ewe, Ga, and Hausa. In the selected households, all usual members and visitors were listed in the household schedule. Background information, such as age, sex, relationship to head of household, marital status and level of education, was collected on each listed person. Questions on economic activity, occupation, industry, employment status, number of days worked in the past week and number of hours worked per day was asked of all persons age seven years and over. Those who did not work during the reference period were asked whether or not they actively looked for work.

Information on the health and disability status of all persons was also collected in the household schedule. Migration history was elicited from all persons age 15 years and over, as well as information on the survival status and residence of natural parents of all children less than 15 years in the household.

Data on source of water supply, type of toilet facility, number of sleeping rooms available to the household, material of floor and ownership of specified durable consumer goods were also elicited.

Finally, the household schedule was the instrument used to identify eligible women and men from whom detailed information was collected during the individual interview.

The women's questionnaire was used to collect information on eligible women identified in the household schedule. Eligible women were defined as those age 15-49 years who are usual members of the household and visitors who spent the night before the interview with the household. Questions asked in the questionnaire were on the following topics:

• Background Characteristics
• Reproductive History
• Contraceptive Knowledge and Use
• Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
• Immunization and Health
• Marriage
• Fertility Preferences
• Maternal Mortality
• Husband's Background and Women's Work
• Knowledge of AIDS and Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs).

All female respondents with at least one live birth since January 1990 and their children born since 1st January 1990 had their height and weight taken.

The men's questionnaire was administered to men in sample households in a third of selected EAs. An eligible man was 15-59 years old who is either a usual household member or a visitor who spent the night preceding the day of interview with the household.

Topics enquired about in the men's questionnaire included the following: - Background Characteristics - Reproductive History - Contraceptive Knowledge and Use - Marriage - Fertility Preferences - Knowledge of AIDS and Other STDs.

Cleaning operations

Questionnaires from the field were sent to the secretariat at the Head Office for checking and office editing. The office editing, which was undertaken by two officers, involved correcting inconsistencies in the questionnaire responses and coding open-ended questions. The questionnaires were then forwarded to the data processing unit for data entry. Data capture and verification were undertaken by four data entry operators. Nearly 20 percent of the questionnaires were verified. This phase of the survey covered four and a half months - that is, from mid-October, 1993 to the end of February, 1994.

After the data entry, three professional staff members performed the secondary editing of questionnaires that were flagged either because entries were inconsistent or values of specific variables were out of range or missing. The secondary editing was completed on 17th March, 1994 and the tables for the preliminary report were generated on 18th March, 1994. The software package used for the data processing was the Integrated System for Survey Analysis (ISSA).

Response rate

A sample of 6,161 households was selected, from which 5,919 households were contacted for interview. Interviews were successfully completed in 5,822 households, indicating a household response rate of 98 percent. About 3 percent of selected households were absent during the interviewing period, and are excluded from the calculations of the response rate.

Even though the sample was designed to yield interviews with nearly 5,400 women age 15-49 only 4,700 women were identified as eligible for the individual interview. Individual interviews were successfully completed for 4,562 eligible women, giving a response rate of 97 percent. Similarly, instead of the expected 1,700 eligible men being identified in the households only 1,354 eligible men were found and 1,302 of these were successfully interviewed, with a response rate of 96 percent.

The principal reason for non-response among eligible women and men was not finding them at home despite repeated visits to the households. However, refusal rates for both eligible women and men were low, 0.3 percent and 0.2 percent, respectively.

Note: See summarized response rates in Table 1.1 of the survey report.

Sampling error estimates

The results from sample surveys are affected by two types of errors, non-sampling error and sampling error. Non-sampling error is due to mistakes made in carrying out field activities, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, errors in the way the questions are asked, misunderstanding on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, data entry errors, etc. Although efforts were made during the design and implementation of the 1993 GDHS to minimize this type of error, non-sampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be measured statistically. The sample of eligible women selected in the 1993 GDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each one would have yielded results that differed somewhat from the actual sample selected. The sampling error is a measure of the variability between all possible samples; although it is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

Sampling error is usually measured in terms of standard error of a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance of the statistic. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which, apart from non-sampling errors, the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that same statistic as measured in 95 percent of all possible samples with the same design (and expected size) will fall within a range

Abstract

The Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS) is a nationwide household survey carried out by the Government of Ghana (Ghana Statistical Service) with the support of the World Bank (Social Dimensions of Adjustment Project Unit). The objective of the survey is to provide data to the government for measuring the living standards of the population and the progress made in raising them. The survey data will permit a more effective formulation and implementation of policies designed to improve the welfare of the population. The GLSS was launched in September 1987 and is currently planned to be undertaken over a five-year period. The five interval ensures that a steady stream of data becomes available to monitor the impact of the Government's Economic Recovery Program, including the Program of Actions to Mitigate the Social Costs of Adjustment (PAMSCAD). GLSS provides data on various aspects of the Ghanaian household economic and social activities and the interactions between these activities. Data are collected at three levels; the individual level, the household level and community level. The results from the household questionnaire administered to 1525 households over the six month period from september 1987 to march 1988. These results provides a first and useful look at key economic indicators however, because the database does not cover a complete twelve month period, inferences from this sample should be made with caution.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individuals
• Community
• Commodity

Universe

The survey covered all household members of all age and sex category who reside in Ghana.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The GLSS canvasses a nationally representative sample of 3200 households. A two-stage stratified sample design was used. At the first stage, 200 enumeration areas (EAs) were selected with probability proportional to the number of Census households. Stratification criteria were urban/rural and ecological zones. Households in the selected EAs were then listed through a filed operation. Comparing the number of households listed with those in the census in each EA, 200 “workloads” were allocated among the 200 selected EAs. In the second stage, 16 households were selected to make up each workload, but some received three, while a few received none. This design has resulted in a self-weighting sample (with equal probability of selection for each household in Ghana).

Sampling deviation

The methodology that was used reflects the purpose of the survey. To balance the desire for a large representative sample with the expense of a long, detailed survey instrument, a sample size of 3'200 households was selected. The households were to be chosen in such a manner that each household had an equal probability of being selected. At the same time, the logistics of locationg the households and conducting all interviews within a specific time frame required that the households be grouped into "workloads" of 16 households each. A final concern was that all three of the of the country's ecological zones (coastal, forest and savannah), and each of urban, semi-urban and rural areas (population greater than 5000, 1500 to 5000, and less than 1500, respectively) from the same proportion in the sample as key do in the national population.

To achieve the three objectives simultaneously, a stratified selection process was used. For the 1984 Census, all of Ghana was divided into approximately 13'000 enumeration areas. From this list, it was determinated what proportion of the 200 GLSS workloads should be selected from each of the nine zone/urban categories. Two hundred sampling areas were then selected from the enumeration areas in the sub-divided list. For each enumeration area, the probability of being selected was proportional to the number of households contained in that area.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Three types of questionnaires are used in the GLSS: (1) a household questionnaire; (2) a community questionnaire; (3) a price questionnaire. The household questionnaire comprises 16 sections which allow the collection of a total of about 800 pieces of information on the household. It includes household composition, housing, education, health, economic activities, migration, housing characteristics, anthropometry, agro-pastoral activities, non-farm self-employment, expenditures and inventory of durable goods, food expenses and home production, fertility, other income, credit and savings.

The community questionnaire, used in the rural areas, is administered to the persons best informed about the community (village chief, teachers, etc). It includes demography, economy and infrastructure, education, health and agriculture. The price questionnaire is filled out based on direct observation of the market prices. It includes food items, pharmaceutical items and other non-food items.

Cleaning operations

The quality control of the data collection occurs at three instances such as:

• First, on the field, the supervisor randomly visits 25% of the households already surveyed to verify the answers to some key questions. In addition the supervisor periodically attends interviews conducted by each interview.
• Second, in the regional offie, the data entry computed package used perform consistency checks, so that inconsistencies and errors in data collected during the first round are immediately reported to the interviewers for verification during the second round.
• Finally, daily supervisory checks of the data entry process are performed.

The number of LinkedIn users in Ghana was forecast to continuously increase between 2024 and 2028 by in total 0.3 million users (+10.6 percent). After the eighth consecutive increasing year, the LinkedIn user base is estimated to reach 3.14 million users and therefore a new peak in 2028. User figures, shown here with regards to the platform LinkedIn, have been estimated by taking into account company filings or press material, secondary research, app downloads and traffic data. They refer to the average monthly active users over the period and count multiple accounts by persons only once.The shown data are an excerpt of Statista's Key Market Indicators (KMI). The KMI are a collection of primary and secondary indicators on the macro-economic, demographic and technological environment in up to 150 countries and regions worldwide. All indicators are sourced from international and national statistical offices, trade associations and the trade press and they are processed to generate comparable data sets (see supplementary notes under details for more information).Find more key insights for the number of LinkedIn users in countries like Ivory Coast and Nigeria.

Abstract

The 2003 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) is a nationwide sample survey carried out to provide information on population, family planning, maternal and child health, nutrition, childhood mortality, and AIDS and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). This is the fourth round in a series of national-level population and health surveys conducted in Ghana under the worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys Program, others being in 1988, 1993, and 1998. This latest GDHS included, for the first time, testing of blood samples to provide national rates of anaemia and HIV. All four demographic and health surveys have been implemented by the Ghana Statistical Service, in close collaboration with other stakeholders.

The principal objective of the 2003 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) is to provide data to monitor the population and health situation in the country. The primary objective is to provide current and reliable data on fertility and family planning behaviour, infant and child mortality, breastfeeding, antenatal care, children’s immunisations and childhood diseases, nutritional status of mothers and children, use of maternal and child health services, and awareness and behaviour regarding AIDS and other STIs. New features of the 2003 GDHS include the collection of information on female and male circumcision, information on malaria and ownership and use of insecticide-treated bed nets, and haemoglobin and HIV testing.

The long-term objective of the survey includes strengthening the technical capacity of major government institutions, including the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS). The 2003 GDHS also provides comparable data for long-term trend analyses in Ghana, since the surveys were implemented by the same organisation, using similar data collection procedures. It also contributes to the ever-growing international database on demographic and health-related information.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Children under five years
• Women age 15-49
• Men age 15-59

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The sample for the 2003 GDHS covered the population residing in private households in the country. A representative probability sample of about 6,600 households was selected nationwide. The list of enumeration areas (EAs) from the 2000 Ghana Population and Housing Census was used as a frame for the sample. The frame was first stratified into the 10 administrative regions in the country, then into rural and urban EAs. The sample was selected in such a manner as to allow for separate estimates for key indicators for the country as a whole, for each of the 10 regions in Ghana, as well as for urban and rural areas separately.

The 2003 GDHS used a two-stage stratified sample design. At the first stage of sampling, 412 sample points or EAs were selected, each with probability proportional to size, based on the number of households. A complete household listing exercise was carried out between May and June 2003 within all the selected EAs (clusters). The second stage of selection involved systematic sampling of households from this list. The sample selected per EA varied by region depending on the population size. Fifteen households per EA were selected in all the regions except in Brong Ahafo, Upper East, and Upper West regions, where 20 households per EA were selected, and in the Northern region, where 16 households per EA were selected. The objective of this exercise was to ensure adequate numbers of complete interviews to provide estimates for important population characteristics with acceptable statistical precision. Due to the disproportional number of EAs and different sample sizes selected per EA among regions, the household sample for the 2003 GDHS is not selfweighted at the national level.

Note: See detailed description of sample design in APPENDIX A of the survey report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Three questionnaires were used for the 2003 GDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Women’s Questionnaire, and the Men’s Questionnaire. The contents of these questionnaires were based on the model questionnaires developed by the MEASURE DHS+ programme and were designed to provide information needed by health and family planning programme managers and policymakers. The questionnaires were adapted to the Ghanaian situation and a number of questions pertaining to ongoing health, HIV, and family planning programmes were added. These questionnaires were translated from English into the five major languages (Akan, Nzema, Ewe, Ga, and Dagbani).

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all the usual members and visitors in the selected households. Information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including the age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of household. The main purpose of the Household Questionnaire was to identify eligible women and men for the individual interview. The Household Questionnaire collected information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, such as the source of drinking water, type of toilet facilities, flooring materials, ownership of various consumer goods, and ownership and use of mosquito nets. It was also used to record height and weight measurements of women 15-49 and children under the age of 5, and to record the respondents’ consent to the haemoglobin and HIV testing.

The Women’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from all women age 15-49. These women were asked questions on the following topics: respondent’s background characteristics, such as education, residential history, media exposure, knowledge and use of family planning methods, fertility preferences, antenatal and delivery care, breastfeeding and infant and child feeding practices, vaccinations and childhood illnesses, childhood mortality, marriage and sexual activity, woman’s work and husband’s background characteristics, and awareness and behaviour regarding AIDS and other STIs.

The Men’s Questionnaire was administered to all men age 15-59 in every household in the GDHS sample. The Men’s Questionnaire collected much of the same information found in the Women’s Questionnaire, but was shorter because it did not contain a reproductive history or questions on maternal and child health and nutrition.

Cleaning operations

The processing of the GDHS results began shortly after the fieldwork commenced. Completed questionnaires were returned periodically from the field to the GSS headquarters in Accra, where they were entered and edited by data processing personnel who were specially trained for this task. Twelve data entry operators from GSS were trained for one week on data entry procedures using CSPro. All data were entered twice (100 percent verification). In addition, tables were run periodically to monitor the quality of the data collected. The concurrent processing of the data was an advantage for data quality because field coordinators were able to advise teams of problems detected during the data entry. The data entry and editing phase of the survey was completed in mid-December 2003.

Response rate

Response rates are important because high nonresponse may affect the reliability of the results. A total of 6,628 households were selected in the sample, of which 6,333 were occupied at the time of fieldwork. The difference between selected and occupied households is largely due to structures being vacant or destroyed. Successful interviews were conducted in 6,251 households, yielding a response rate of 99 percent.

In the households interviewed in the survey, a total of 5,949 eligible women age 15-49 were identified; interviews were completed with 5,691 of these women, yielding a response rate of 96 percent. In the same households, a total of 5,345 eligible men age 15-59 were identified and interviews were completed with 5,015 of these men, yielding a male response rate of 94 percent. The response rates are slightly lower for the urban than rural sample, and among men than women. The principal reason for non-response among both eligible women and men was the failure to find individuals at home despite repeated visits to the household. The lower response rate for men reflects the more frequent and longer absences of men from the household, principally related to their employment and life style.

Response rates for the HIV testing component were lower than those for the interviews. Details of the HIV testing response rates are discussed in Chapter 13 of the final GDHS report which is presented in this documentation.

Note: See summarized response rates by place of residence in Table 1.2 of the survey report.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: (1) non-sampling errors, and (2) sampling errors. Non-sampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2003 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) to minimize this type of error, non-sampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 2003 GDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of

Abstract

The Ghana Living Standards Survey (LSS), with its focus on the household as a key social and economic unit, provides valuable insights into living conditions in Ghana. The survey was carried out by the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) over a 12-month period (April 1998 to March 1999). A representative nationwide sample of more than 5,998 households, containing over 25,000 persons, was covered in the LSS IV. The fourth round of the Ghana LSS has the following objectives:

· To provide information on patterns of household consumption and expenditure disaggregated at greater levels. · In combination with the data from the earlier rounds to serve as a database for national and regional planning. · To provide in-depth information on the structure and composition of the wages and conditions of work of the labour force in the country. · To provide benchmark data for compilation of current statistics on average earnings, hours of work and time rates of wages and salaries that will indicate wage/salary differentials between industries, occupations, geographic locations and gender.

Additionally, the survey will enable policy-makers to:

· Identify vulnerable groups for government assistance; · Analyse the impact of decisions that have already been implemented and of the economic situation on living conditions of households; · Monitor and evaluate the employment policies and programs, income generating and maintenance schemes, vocational training and similar programs. The joint measure of employment, income and expenditure provides the basis for analysing the adequacy of employment of different categories of workers and income-generating capacity of employment-related economic development.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

Households

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

A nationally representative sample of households was selected in order to achieve the survey objectives. For the purposes of this survey the list of the 1984 population census Enumeration Areas (EAs) with population and household information was used as the sampling frame. The primary sampling units were the 1984 EAs with the secondary units being the households in the EAs. This frame, though quite old, was considered the best available at the time. Indeed, this frame was used for the earlier rounds of the GLSS. In order to increase precision and reliability of the estimates, the technique of stratification was employed in the sample design, using geographical factors, ecological zones and location of residence as the main controls. Specifically, the EAs were first stratified according to the three ecological zones namely; Coastal, Forest and Savannah, and then within each zone further stratification was done based on the size of the locality into rural or urban.

A two-stage sample was selected for the survey. At the first stage, 300 EAs were selected using systematic sampling with probability proportional to size method (PPS) where the size measure is the 1984 number of households in the EA. This was achieved by ordering the list of EAs with their sizes according to the strata. The size column was then cumulated, and with a random start and a fixed interval the sample EAs were selected. It was observed that some of the selected EAs had grown in size over time and therefore needed segmentation. In this connection, such EAs were divided into approximately equal parts, each segment constituting about 200 households. Only one segment was then randomly selected for listing of the households. At the second stage, a fixed number of 20 households was systematically selected from each selected EA to give a total of 6,000 households. Additional 5 households were selected as reserve to replace missing households. Equal number of households was selected from each EA in order to reflect the labour force focus of the survey.

Sampling deviation

Out of the selected 6000 households 5999 were successfully interviewed. One household was further dropped during the data cleaning exercise because it had very few records for many of the sections in the questionnaire. This gave 5998 households. Overall, 25,694 eligible household members (unweighted) were covered in the survey.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Cleaning operations

Training: The project had 3 experienced computer programmers responsible for the data processing. Data processing started with a 2-weeks training of 15 data entry operators out of which the best 10 were chosen and 2 identified as standby. The training took place one week after the commencement of the fieldwork.

Data entry: Each data entry operator was assigned to one field team and stationed in the regional office of the GSS. The main data entry software used to capture the data was IMPS (Integrated Microcomputer Processing System). The data capture run concurrently as the data collection and lasted for 12 months.

Tabulation/Analysis: The IMPS data was read into SAS (Statistical Analysis System), after which the analysis and generation of the statistical tables were done using SAS.

Response rate

99.7 percent

Abstract

The Ghana Living Standards Survey Round Six (GLSS6) like previous rounds focuses on the household as the key socio-economic unit and provides valuable information on the living conditions and well-being of households in Ghana. A nationally representative sample of 18,000 households in 1,200 enumeration areas was covered in the survey. Of this number, 16,772 were successfully enumerated leading to a response rate of 93.2 percent. Detailed information collected on Demographic characteristics of households, Education, Health, Employment, Migration and Tourism, Housing conditions, Household Agriculture, Household Expenditure, Income and their components and Access to Financial Services, Credit and Assets, Governance Peace and Security.

The main objectives of the sixth round of the Ghana living Standards Survey Round Six are to: . Provide information on the patterns of household consumption and expenditure at a lower level of disaggregation. . Serve as the basis for the construction of a new basket for the next re-basing of the Consumer Price Index. . Provide information for up-dating the country's National Accounts. . Provide information on household access to and use of financial services. . Estimate the number of persons in the labour force (Employed, Under-employed and Unemployed) and their distribution by sex, major age-groups, educational level, disability status, geographical and rural/ urban spread, as well as the ecological manifestations of these. . Estimate the number of child workers (or children in employment) aged 5-17 years, and its distribution by sex, major age-groups, educational status, geographical, ecological and rural/urban spread

Geographic coverage

The survey is nationally representative

Analysis unit

Households and individuals

Universe

The survey covered all household members

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling deviation

No deviation from the sample

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Six different questionnaires were used for the GLSS 6 survey: PART A, PART B, SECTION 10, COMMUNITY , PRICE and GOVERNANCE PEACE AND SECURITY questionnaires:

Household questionnaire Part A includes: Section 1: Household roster collecting information on age, sex, marital status, nationality, religion etc. Section 2: Education- General education, Educational carreer, Literacy and Apprenticeship. Section 3: Health - Health conditions, Preventive health, Immunisation, Post natal care, Fertility, Contraceptive use and HIV awareness and Health insurance. Section 4: Employment and time use, activity status and characteristics of main and secondary jobs, underemployment, unemployment,
employment search and housekeeping activities for last 7days and 12 months. Section 5: Migration, Domestic and Outbound tourism. Section 6: Identification of household members for agriculture and Non farm enterprises. Section 7: Housing characteristics (type of dwelling, utilities and housing expenses), Information technology.

Household questionnaire Part B collected information on: Section 8: Agricultural assets, Land, Livestock and Equipment, Farm details, Harvest and disposal of crops, Seasonality of sales and purchases of key staples, Other agricultural income in cash and kind, Processing of agricultural produce and Consumption of own produce. Section 9: Household expenditure on food and non food, frequently purchased and less frequently purchased items, Availability of selected consumer items.

Household questionnaire Section 10 collected information on: Basic characteristics of non farm enterprises, Wage earnings, Employment, Revenue of enterprises, (closing stock, sales and exports), Wholesale and retail activities, Preparation of meals, Other revenue, Expenditure of enterprises and assets of enterprises.

Section 11: Income transfer and receipts by households, Income and miscellaneous income and expenditure, Migration and Remitances of returned    
       and current migrants , Improvement to dwelling
Section 12: Credit, assets, consumer goods and Savings.

Community questionnaire: Section 1: Demographic information of the community ( total population, ethnic groupings etc) Section 2: Economy and infrastructure Section 3: Education Section 4: Health Section 5: Agriculture

Price questionnaire: Collected data on prices and quantity of food and Non-food items.

Governance, peace and security questionnaire collected data on: Part A: Theft, Robery and Burglary, Part B: Sexual offences Part C: Violence and Security Part D: Safety Part E: Peace and Social Cohesion Part F: Political Engagement Part G: Governance- Effectiveness of Government agencies

Response rate

A nationally representative sample of 18,000 households in 1,200 enumeration areas was covered in the survey. Of this number, 16,772 were successfully enumerated leading to a response rate of 93.2 percent

Sampling error estimates

Sampling errors were calculated for some key variables. Refer to the GLSS 6 Main Report Appendix 1 attached to external resources for sampling error estimates.

Key information about Ghana Nominal GDP

• Ghana Nominal GDP reached 25.6 USD bn in Jun 2025, compared with 24.2 USD bn in the previous quarter.
• Nominal GDP in Ghana is updated quarterly, available from Mar 2006 to Jun 2025, with an average number of 12.0 USD bn.
• The data reached an all-time high of 25.6 USD bn in Jun 2025 and a record low of 7.0 USD bn in Jun 2006.

• In the latest reports, Ghana GDP expanded 1.4 % YoY in Jun 2025.
• Its GDP deflator (implicit price deflator) increased 16.7 % in Jun 2025.
• Ghana GDP Per Capita reached 2,513.1 USD in Dec 2024.
• Its Gross Savings Rate was measured at 10.5 % in Dec 2024.
• For Nominal GDP contributions, Investment accounted for 10.0 % in Dec 2024.
• Public Consumption accounted for 4.9 % in Dec 2024.
• Private Consumption accounted for 84.6 % in Dec 2024.

Abstract

The primary objective of the 2014 GDHS was to generate recent reliable information on fertility, family planning, infant and child mortality, maternal and child health, and nutrition. In addition, the survey collected specialised data on malaria treatment, prevention, and prevalence among children age 6-59 months; blood pressure among adults; anaemia among women and children; and HIV prevalence among adults. This information is essential for making informed policy decisions and for planning, monitoring, and evaluating programmes related to health in general, and reproductive health in particular, at both the national and regional levels. Analysis of data collected in the 2014 GDHS provides updated estimates of basic demographic and health indicators covered in the earlier rounds of the 1988, 1993, 1998, 2003, and 2008 surveys.

The GDHS will assist policymakers and programme managers in evaluating and designing programmes and strategies for improving the health of Ghana’s population. The 2014 GDHS also provides comparable data for long-term trend analysis in Ghana, since the surveys were implemented by the same organisation, using similar data collection procedures. Furthermore, the survey adds to the international database on demographic and health–related information for research purposes.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Children age 0-5
• Children age 4-15
• Woman age 15-49
• Man age 15-59

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling frame used for the 2014 GDHS is an updated frame from the 2010 Ghana Population and Housing Census provided by the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS 2013b). The sampling frame excluded nomadic and institutional populations such as persons in hotels, barracks, and prisons.

The 2014 GDHS followed a two-stage sample design and was intended to allow estimates of key indicators at the national level as well as for urban and rural areas and each of Ghana's 10 administrative regions. The first stage involved selecting sample points (clusters) consisting of enumeration areas (EAs) delineated for the 2010 PHC. A total of 427 clusters were selected, 216 in urban areas and 211 in rural areas.

The second stage involved the systematic sampling of households. A household listing operation was undertaken in all the selected EAs in January-March 2014, and households to be included in the survey were randomly selected from the list. About 30 households were selected from each cluster to constitute the total sample size of 12,831 households. Because of the approximately equal sample sizes in each region, the sample is not self-weighting at the national level, and weighting factors have been added to the data file so that the results will be proportional at the national level.

All women age 15-49 who were either permanent residents of the selected households or visitors who stayed in the household the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed and have their blood pressure measured.

In half of the households, all men age 15-59 who were either permanent residents of the selected households or visitors who stayed in the households the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. In addition, in the subsample of households selected for the male survey: • blood pressure measurements were performed among eligible men who consented to being tested; • children age 6-59 months were tested for anaemia and malaria with the parent's or guardian's consent; • eligible women who consented were tested for anaemia; • blood samples were collected for laboratory testing of HIV from eligible women and men who consented; and • height and weight information was collected from eligible women, men, and children age 0- 59 months.

For further details on sample selection, see Appendix A of the final report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Three questionnaires were used for the 2014 GDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, and the Man’s Questionnaire. These questionnaires, which were based on standard Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) questionnaires, were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Ghana. Comments on the questionnaires were solicited from various stakeholders representing government ministries and agencies, nongovernmental organisations, and international donors. The definitive questionnaires were first prepared in English; they were then translated into the major local languages, namely Akan, Ga, and Ewe.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all the members of and visitors to the selected households. Basic demographic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including his or her age, sex, marital status, education, and relationship to the head of the household. For children under age 18, parents’ survival status was determined. The data on age and sex of household members obtained in the Household Questionnaire were used to identify women and men who were eligible for individual interviews. The Household Questionnaire also included questions on child education as well as the characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, such as source of water, type of toilet facilities, materials used for the floor of the dwelling unit, and ownership of various durable goods.

The Woman’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from all eligible women age 15-49.

In half of the selected households, the Man’s Questionnaire was administered to all men age 15-59. The Man’s Questionnaire collected much of the same information found in the Woman’s Questionnaire but was shorter because it did not contain a detailed reproductive history or questions on maternal and child health.

Cleaning operations

The data processing operation included 100 percent verification (also called second data entry) and secondary editing, which involved resolution of computer-identified inconsistencies. The data processing activities at the central office were led by one key GSS officer who took part in the main fieldwork training. Data processing was accomplished using CSPro software. Data entry and editing were initiated in September 2014 and completed in February 2015.

Response rate

A total of 12,831 households were selected for the sample, of which 12,010 were occupied. Of the occupied households, 11,835 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 99 percent, the same as the 2008 GDHS household response rate (GSS, GHS, and ICF Macro 2009).

In the interviewed households, 9,656 eligible women were identified for individual interviews; interviews were completed with 9,396 women, yielding a response rate of 97 percent. In the subsample of households selected for the male survey, 4,609 eligible men were identified and 4,388 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 95 percent. The lower response rate for men was likely due to their more frequent and longer absences from the household.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: non-sampling errors and sampling errors. Non-sampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2014 Ghana DHS (GDHS) to minimize this type of error, non-sampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 2014 GDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

Sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the 2014 GDHS sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulae. Sampling errors are computed in either ISSA or SAS, using programs developed by ICF International. These programs use the Taylor linearization method of variance estimation for survey estimates that are means, proportions or ratios. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates.

The Taylor linearization method treats any percentage or average as a ratio estimate, r = y x , where y represents the total sample value for variable y, and x represents the

Abstract

The GLSS collected detailed information on the following topics: demographic characteristics of the population, education, health, employment, time use, migration, housing conditions and household agriculture. Consequently section four of the GLSS 6 addressed and collected information on the labor issues. It was expanded to address more representative sampling and possibly additional indicators pertaining to the northern savannah ecological zone, where a major government of Ghana initiative on Savannah Accelerated Development (SADA) had just commenced. The survey was spread over a 12-month period in order to ensure a continuous recording of household consumption, expenditures and changes occurring thereof. The specific objectives of the survey were as follows: 1. To provide information on patterns of household's consumption and expenditure at a lower level of disaggregation. 2. To serve as the basis for the construction of a new basket for the next rebasing of the Consumer Price Index. 3. To provide information for updating national accounts. 4. To provide information on household access and use of financial services. 5. To provide information that will enable credible comparison between growth rates in the northern savannah ecological zone and those in the south of Ghana. 6. To provide information on the systematic monitoring of the extent of poverty reduction in the northern savannah ecological zone. 7. Estimate the number of persons in the labor force (employed, underemployed and unemployed) and their distribution by sex, major age groups, educational level, geographical and rural/ urban spread, as well as the ecological manifestations of these, in particular, the northern savannah ecological zone which is a known source of migrant and child labor. 8. Estimate the number of child workers (or children in employment) aged 5-17 years, and its distribution by sex, major age groups, educational status, geographical, ecological and rural/urban spread, etc. 9. For both adult workers and children in employment, their distribution by status in employment, occupation and industry, as well as weekly hours worked, location of place of work, earnings, occupational injury and hazards at the work place, contractual status, informal / formal sector employment, etc. 10. Provide benchmark data needed for progress monitoring of labor policies, programs and law-making. 11. Provide up-to-date information for assessing the child labor and labor force situation. 12. Provide current child labor and labor force indicators. 13. Provide data needed for monitoring progress towards the elimination of Worst Forms of Child Labor (WFCL). 14. Estimate the prevalence of child labor (as distinct from 'children in employment' of which child labor is a subset). 15. Identify the causes and consequences of child labor in terms of socio-economic factors. 16. Establish a national database on decent work indicators, including LF and CL statistics. 17. Strengthen technical capacity of GLSS in the design and implementation of such surveys. 18. Help set targets and priorities in the fight against child labor. 19. Assess the nature and extent of child labor.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Indivdual
• Community

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sixth round of the GLSS like the previous rounds was designed to provide nationally and regionally representative indicators. It applied the same sampling methodology, a two-stage sampling procedure. In the first stage 1,200 enumeration areas (EA's) consisting of 655 (54.6%) rural EA's and 545 (45.4%) urban EA's were selected based on the 2010 Population and Housing Census, with probability proportional to size (number of households). At the second stage a fixed number of about 1,800 households were selected by systematic sampling within each of the selected enumeration areas. The fieldwork lasted twelve months and was divided into 10 cycles of 35 days. Thirty teams were involved in the data collection.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The GLSS was comprised of the following questionnaires: 1. Household questionnaire Part A 2. Household questionnaire Part B 3. Non- farm enterprise questionnaire 4. Rural community questionnaire 5. Price questionnaire

Ghana GDP: 2013p: GVA: Services: Information and Communication data was reported at 2,994.636 GHS mn in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 2,874.530 GHS mn for 2016. Ghana GDP: 2013p: GVA: Services: Information and Communication data is updated yearly, averaging 2,723.154 GHS mn from Dec 2013 (Median) to 2017, with 5 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,994.636 GHS mn in 2017 and a record low of 1,876.071 GHS mn in 2013. Ghana GDP: 2013p: GVA: Services: Information and Communication data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ghana Statistical Service. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ghana – Table GH.A004: SNA 2008: GDP: by Industry: 2013 Price.