Abstract

The GHS is an annual household survey which measures the living circumstances of South African households. The GHS collects data on education, health, and social development, housing, access to services and facilities, food security, and agriculture.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Households and individuals

Universe

The survey covers all de jure household members (usual residents) of households in the nine provinces of South Africa, and residents in workers' hostels. The survey does not cover collective living quarters such as student hostels, old age homes, hospitals, prisons, and military barracks.

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

From 2015 the General Household Survey (GHS) uses a Master Sample (MS) frame developed in 2013 as a general-purpose sampling frame to be used for all Stats SA household-based surveys. This MS has design requirements that are reasonably compatible with the GHS. The 2013 Master Sample is based on information collected during the 2011 Census conducted by Stats SA. In preparation for Census 2011, the country was divided into 103 576 enumeration areas (EAs). The census EAs, together with the auxiliary information for the EAs, were used as the frame units or building blocks for the formation of primary sampling units (PSUs) for the Master Sample, since they covered the entire country, and had other information that is crucial for stratification and creation of PSUs. There are 3 324 primary sampling units (PSUs) in the Master Sample, with an expected sample of approximately 33 000 dwelling units (DUs). The number of PSUs in the current Master Sample (3 324) reflect an 8,0% increase in the size of the Master Sample compared to the previous (2008) Master Sample (which had 3 080 PSUs). The larger Master Sample of PSUs was selected to improve the precision (smaller coefficients of variation, known as CVs) of the GHS estimates. The Master Sample is designed to be representative at provincial level and within provinces at metro/non-metro levels. Within the metros, the sample is further distributed by geographical type. The three geography types are Urban, Tribal and Farms. This implies, for example, that within a metropolitan area, the sample is representative of the different geography types that may exist within that metro.

The sample for the GHS is based on a stratified two-stage design with probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling of PSUs in the first stage, and sampling of dwelling units (DUs) with systematic sampling in the second stage.After allocating the sample to the provinces, the sample was further stratified by geography (primary stratification), and by population attributes using Census 2011 data (secondary stratification).

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview

Research instrument

Data was collected with a household questionnaire and a questionnaire administered to a household member to elicit information on household members.

Data appraisal

Since 2019, the questionnaire for the GHS series changed and the variables were also renamed. For correspondence between old names (GHS pre-2019) and new name (GHS post-2019), see the document ghs-2019-variables-renamed.

Abstract

The General Household Survey-Panel (GHS-Panel) is implemented in collaboration with the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) team as part of the Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (ISA) program. The objectives of the GHS-Panel include the development of an innovative model for collecting agricultural data, interinstitutional collaboration, and comprehensive analysis of welfare indicators and socio-economic characteristics. The GHS-Panel is a nationally representative survey of approximately 5,000 households, which are also representative of the six geopolitical zones. The 2023/24 GHS-Panel is the fifth round of the survey with prior rounds conducted in 2010/11, 2012/13, 2015/16 and 2018/19. The GHS-Panel households were visited twice: during post-planting period (July - September 2023) and during post-harvest period (January - March 2024).

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Households • Individuals • Agricultural plots • Communities

Universe

The survey covered all de jure households excluding prisons, hospitals, military barracks, and school dormitories.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The original GHS‑Panel sample was fully integrated with the 2010 GHS sample. The GHS sample consisted of 60 Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) or Enumeration Areas (EAs), chosen from each of the 37 states in Nigeria. This resulted in a total of 2,220 EAs nationally. Each EA contributed 10 households to the GHS sample, resulting in a sample size of 22,200 households. Out of these 22,200 households, 5,000 households from 500 EAs were selected for the panel component, and 4,916 households completed their interviews in the first wave.

After nearly a decade of visiting the same households, a partial refresh of the GHS‑Panel sample was implemented in Wave 4 and maintained for Wave 5. The refresh was conducted to maintain the integrity and representativeness of the sample. The refresh EAs were selected from the same sampling frame as the original GHS‑Panel sample in 2010. A listing of households was conducted in the 360 EAs, and 10 households were randomly selected in each EA, resulting in a total refresh sample of approximately 3,600 households.

In addition to these 3,600 refresh households, a subsample of the original 5,000 GHS‑Panel households from 2010 were selected to be included in the new sample. This “long panel” sample of 1,590 households was designed to be nationally representative to enable continued longitudinal analysis for the sample going back to 2010. The long panel sample consisted of 159 EAs systematically selected across Nigeria’s six geopolitical zones.

The combined sample of refresh and long panel EAs in Wave 5 that were eligible for inclusion consisted of 518 EAs based on the EAs selected in Wave 4. The combined sample generally maintains both the national and zonal representativeness of the original GHS‑Panel sample.

Sampling deviation

Although 518 EAs were identified for the post-planting visit, conflict events prevented interviewers from visiting eight EAs in the North West zone of the country. The EAs were located in the states of Zamfara, Katsina, Kebbi and Sokoto. Therefore, the final number of EAs visited both post-planting and post-harvest comprised 157 long panel EAs and 354 refresh EAs. The combined sample is also roughly equally distributed across the six geopolitical zones.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

The GHS-Panel Wave 5 consisted of three questionnaires for each of the two visits. The Household Questionnaire was administered to all households in the sample. The Agriculture Questionnaire was administered to all households engaged in agricultural activities such as crop farming, livestock rearing, and other agricultural and related activities. The Community Questionnaire was administered to the community to collect information on the socio-economic indicators of the enumeration areas where the sample households reside.

GHS-Panel Household Questionnaire: The Household Questionnaire provided information on demographics; education; health; labour; childcare; early child development; food and non-food expenditure; household nonfarm enterprises; food security and shocks; safety nets; housing conditions; assets; information and communication technology; economic shocks; and other sources of household income. Household location was geo-referenced in order to be able to later link the GHS-Panel data to other available geographic data sets (forthcoming).

GHS-Panel Agriculture Questionnaire: The Agriculture Questionnaire solicited information on land ownership and use; farm labour; inputs use; GPS land area measurement and coordinates of household plots; agricultural capital; irrigation; crop harvest and utilization; animal holdings and costs; household fishing activities; and digital farming information. Some information is collected at the crop level to allow for detailed analysis for individual crops.

GHS-Panel Community Questionnaire: The Community Questionnaire solicited information on access to infrastructure and transportation; community organizations; resource management; changes in the community; key events; community needs, actions, and achievements; social norms; and local retail price information.

The Household Questionnaire was slightly different for the two visits. Some information was collected only in the post-planting visit, some only in the post-harvest visit, and some in both visits.

The Agriculture Questionnaire collected different information during each visit, but for the same plots and crops.

The Community Questionnaire collected prices during both visits, and different community level information during the two visits.

Cleaning operations

CAPI: Wave five exercise was conducted using Computer Assisted Person Interview (CAPI) techniques. All the questionnaires (household, agriculture, and community questionnaires) were implemented in both the post-planting and post-harvest visits of Wave 5 using the CAPI software, Survey Solutions. The Survey Solutions software was developed and maintained by the Living Standards Measurement Unit within the Development Economics Data Group (DECDG) at the World Bank. Each enumerator was given a tablet which they used to conduct the interviews. Overall, implementation of survey using Survey Solutions CAPI was highly successful, as it allowed for timely availability of the data from completed interviews.

DATA COMMUNICATION SYSTEM: The data communication system used in Wave 5 was highly automated. Each field team was given a mobile modem which allowed for internet connectivity and daily synchronization of their tablets. This ensured that head office in Abuja had access to the data in real-time. Once the interview was completed and uploaded to the server, the data was first reviewed by the Data Editors. The data was also downloaded from the server, and Stata dofile was run on the downloaded data to check for additional errors that were not captured by the Survey Solutions application. An excel error file was generated following the running of the Stata dofile on the raw dataset. Information contained in the excel error files were then communicated back to respective field interviewers for their action. This monitoring activity was done on a daily basis throughout the duration of the survey, both in the post-planting and post-harvest.

DATA CLEANING: The data cleaning process was done in three main stages. The first stage was to ensure proper quality control during the fieldwork. This was achieved in part by incorporating validation and consistency checks into the Survey Solutions application used for the data collection and designed to highlight many of the errors that occurred during the fieldwork.

The second stage cleaning involved the use of Data Editors and Data Assistants (Headquarters in Survey Solutions). As indicated above, once the interview is completed and uploaded to the server, the Data Editors review completed interview for inconsistencies and extreme values. Depending on the outcome, they can either approve or reject the case. If rejected, the case goes back to the respective interviewer’s tablet upon synchronization. Special care was taken to see that the households included in the data matched with the selected sample and where there were differences, these were properly assessed and documented. The agriculture data were also checked to ensure that the plots identified in the main sections merged with the plot information identified in the other sections. Additional errors observed were compiled into error reports that were regularly sent to the teams. These errors were then corrected based on re-visits to the household on the instruction of the supervisor. The data that had gone through this first stage of cleaning was then approved by the Data Editor. After the Data Editor’s approval of the interview on Survey Solutions server, the Headquarters also reviews and depending on the outcome, can either reject or approve.

The third stage of cleaning involved a comprehensive review of the final raw data following the first and second stage cleaning. Every variable was examined individually for (1) consistency with other sections and variables, (2) out of range responses, and (3) outliers. However, special care was taken to avoid making strong assumptions when resolving potential errors. Some minor errors remain in the data where the diagnosis and/or solution were unclear to the data cleaning team.

Response

Abstract

The objective of the Nigeria NLPS Phase 2 is to monitor in real-time how the Nigerian households are coping with national and global crises and their effects on the welfare and livelihoods of the households. The households in the Phase 2 are drawn from the sample of households interviewed in GHS-Panel 2018/19 including those interviewed during the Phase 1. This survey has become a flexible tool that contributes to filling critical gaps in information that could be used by the Nigerian government and stakeholders to help design policies to mitigate the negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, the oil prices crises, inflation and global value chain crises, among others. The Nigeria NLPS Phase 2 is designed to accommodate the evolving nature of the crises, including revision of the questionnaire on a bi-monthly basis.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individuals

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

BASELINE (ROUND 1): Wave 4 of the GHS-Panel conducted in 2018/19 served as the frame for the Nigeria NLPS surveys. The GHS-Panel sample includes 4,976 households that were interviewed in the post-harvest visit of the fourth wave in January/February 2019. This sample of households is representative nationally as well as across the 6 geopolitical Zones that divide up the country. In every visit of the GHS-Panel, phone numbers are collected from interviewed households for up to 4 household members and 2 reference persons who are in close contact with the household in order to assist in locating and interviewing households who may have moved in subsequent waves of the survey. This comprehensive set of phone numbers as well as the already well-established relationship between NBS and the GHS-Panel households made this an ideal frame from which to conduct the NLPS in Nigeria.

Among the 4,976 households interviewed in the post-harvest visit of the GHS-Panel in 2019, 4,934 (99.2%) provided at least one phone number. Around 90 percent of these households (4,440) provided a phone number for at least one household member while the remaining 10 percent only provided a phone number for a reference person. For the second phase of the NLPS, all 4,440 GHS-Panel households with household member contact details were included in the sample to be contacted. This included the sample of households from the first phase of the NLPS who had household member contact details (2,701 of 3,000). Based on the response rate in the first phase of the NLPS of 65 percent, this was expected to yield an interviewed sample of nearly 2,900 households that is both nationally representative as well as representative of urban and rural areas of the country.

ROUND 2: Interviewers attempted to contact and interview all 2,922 households that were successfully interviewed in the baseline (round 1) of the NLPS Phase 2. The second round of the NLPS Phase 2 also included individual-level data collection on the migration history of household members. For the migration module, information on adult (15 years or older) members of the household was targeted, including respondents that fall into this age range. However, information was not captured for all adult members. In order to limit the burden for respondents and interviewers in cases where the number of adult members is large, a maximum of 6 household members were selected (in addition to the main respondent) to capture information on migration. Therefore, for households with less than 6 adult members, all eligible members were included. However, 93 percent of interviewed households had 6 or less adult members and only 7 percent had more than six. For the 7 percent with more than 6 adult members, 6 members were randomly selected from among the pool of eligible members. The selection was stratified by sex with an equal split of 3 male and 3 females was targeted, depending on the pool of eligible males and females. However, the application of selection as relatively rare.

ROUND 3: Interviewers attempted to contact and interview all 2,811 households that were successfully interviewed in the baseline (round 1) of the NLPS Phase 2, excluding 41 households that refused in Round 2. The third round of the NLPS Phase 2 also included individual-level data collection on employment and job history of household members. For the employment and job history modules, information on adult (15 years or older) members of the household was targeted, including respondents that fall into this age range. However, information was not captured for all adult members. In order to limit the burden for respondents and interviewers in cases where the number of adult members is large, a maximum of 4 household members were selected (in addition to the main respondent) to capture information on employment and job history. Therefore, for households with less than 4 adult members, all eligible members were included.

However, 90 percent of interviewed households had 4 or less adult members and only 10 percent had more than four. For the 10 percent with more than 4 adult members, 4 members were randomly selected from among the pool of eligible members. The selection was stratified by sex with an equal split of 2 male and 2 females was targeted, depending on the pool of eligible males and females. The selection of eligible household members in Round 3 was conditional to the selection conducted in Round 2 for the migration module. In that round, up to 6 household members were selected (15 years or older) to answer the migration module. However, the application of selection as relatively rare.

ROUND 4: Interviewers attempted to contact and interview all 2,852 households that were successfully interviewed in the baseline (round 1) of the NLPS Phase 2, excluding 70 households that refused in previous rounds of the survey.

ROUND 5: Interviewers attempted to contact and interview 2,824 households consisting of households that were successfully interviewed in the baseline (round 1) of the NLPS Phase 2 excluding 98 households that refused in previous rounds of the survey.

ROUND 6: Interviewers attempted to contact and interview 2,799 households consisting of households that were successfully interviewed in the baseline (round 1) of the NLPS Phase 2 excluding 123 households that refused in previous rounds of the survey.

ROUND 7: Interviewers attempted to contact and interview 2,784 households consisting of households that were successfully interviewed in the baseline (round 1) of the NLPS Phase 2 excluding 138 households that refused in previous rounds of the survey.

ROUND 8: Interviewers attempted to contact and interview 2,771 households consisting of households that were successfully interviewed in the baseline (round 1) of the NLPS Phase 2 excluding 151 households that refused in previous rounds of the survey.

ROUND 9: Interviewers attempted to contact and interview 2,753 households consisting of households that were successfully interviewed in the baseline (round 1) of the NLPS Phase 2 excluding 169 households that refused in previous rounds of the survey.

ROUND 10: Interviewers attempted to contact and interview 2,743 households consisting of households that were successfully interviewed in the baseline (round 1) of the NLPS Phase 2 excluding 179 households that refused in previous rounds of the survey.

ROUND 11: Interviewers attempted to contact and interview 2,732 households consisting of households that were successfully interviewed in the baseline (round 1) of the NLPS Phase 2 excluding 190 households that refused in previous rounds of the survey.

ROUND 12: Interviewers attempted to contact and interview 2,724 households consisting of households that were successfully interviewed in the baseline (round 1) of the NLPS Phase 2 excluding 198 households that refused in previous rounds of the survey.

ROUND 13: Interviewers attempted to contact and interview 2,714 households consisting of households that were successfully interviewed in the baseline (round 1) of the NLPS Phase 2 excluding 208 households that refused in previous rounds of the survey.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Telephone Interview [cati]

Research instrument

BASELINE (ROUND 1): One questionnaire, the Household Questionnaire, was administered to all households in the sample. The Household Questionnaire provides information on demographics; access to health services; employment and non-farm enterprise; and COVID-19 vaccine.

ROUND 2: One questionnaire, the Household Questionnaire, was administered to all households in the sample. The Household Questionnaire provides information on demographics; migration; employment; and household migrants.

ROUND 3: One questionnaire, the Household Questionnaire, was administered to all households in the sample. The Household Questionnaire provides information on demographics; access to health services; employment; job history; and COVID-19 vaccine.

ROUND 4: One questionnaire, the Household Questionnaire, was administered to all households in the sample. The Household Questionnaire provides information on demographics; access to health services; petrol; employment; credit; and economic sentiments. While the Household Questionnaire was administered to all the sample households, economic sentiments questions were asked to only half of the sample households (randomly selected).

ROUND 5: One questionnaire, the Household Questionnaire, was administered to all households in the sample. The Household Questionnaire provides information on demographics; access to health services; employment; COVID-19 vaccine; economic sentiments; and farmer screening. While the Household Questionnaire was administered to all the sample households,

Singapore Outside the Labour Force: Resident: Male: Age 25-29 data was reported at 15.500 Person th in 2024. This records a decrease from the previous number of 17.900 Person th for 2023. Singapore Outside the Labour Force: Resident: Male: Age 25-29 data is updated yearly, averaging 8.200 Person th from Jun 1990 (Median) to 2024, with 35 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 17.900 Person th in 2023 and a record low of 4.100 Person th in 1996. Singapore Outside the Labour Force: Resident: Male: Age 25-29 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Manpower. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Singapore – Table SG.G079: Labour Force Survey: Ref. General Household Survey (GHS): Outside the Labour Force.

Singapore Outside the Labour Force: Resident: Female: Age 35-39 data was reported at 19.400 Person th in 2024. This records an increase from the previous number of 19.100 Person th for 2023. Singapore Outside the Labour Force: Resident: Female: Age 35-39 data is updated yearly, averaging 42.600 Person th from Jun 1990 (Median) to 2024, with 35 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 65.200 Person th in 1995 and a record low of 19.100 Person th in 2023. Singapore Outside the Labour Force: Resident: Female: Age 35-39 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Manpower. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Singapore – Table SG.G079: Labour Force Survey: Ref. General Household Survey (GHS): Outside the Labour Force.

Singapore Unemployed Person: Resident: Male: Age 65-69 data was reported at 2.400 Person th in 2024. This records an increase from the previous number of 2.000 Person th for 2023. Singapore Unemployed Person: Resident: Male: Age 65-69 data is updated yearly, averaging 2.600 Person th from Jun 2019 (Median) to 2024, with 6 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.600 Person th in 2020 and a record low of 2.000 Person th in 2023. Singapore Unemployed Person: Resident: Male: Age 65-69 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Manpower. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Singapore – Table SG.G077: Labour Force Survey: Ref. General Household Survey (GHS): Unemployment.

Singapore EP: SSOC 2020: Resident: Clerical Support Workers data was reported at 209.600 Person th in 2024. This records an increase from the previous number of 207.800 Person th for 2023. Singapore EP: SSOC 2020: Resident: Clerical Support Workers data is updated yearly, averaging 242.950 Person th from Jun 2011 (Median) to 2024, with 14 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 271.800 Person th in 2013 and a record low of 207.800 Person th in 2023. Singapore EP: SSOC 2020: Resident: Clerical Support Workers data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Manpower. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Singapore – Table SG.G071: Labour Force Survey: Ref. General Household Survey (GHS): Employment: By Occupation: SSOC 2020.

Singapore EP: SSOC 2020: Resident: Male: Associate Professionals & Technicians data was reported at 241.500 Person th in 2024. This records a decrease from the previous number of 246.300 Person th for 2023. Singapore EP: SSOC 2020: Resident: Male: Associate Professionals & Technicians data is updated yearly, averaging 230.800 Person th from Jun 2011 (Median) to 2024, with 14 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 246.300 Person th in 2023 and a record low of 182.600 Person th in 2011. Singapore EP: SSOC 2020: Resident: Male: Associate Professionals & Technicians data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Manpower. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Singapore – Table SG.G071: Labour Force Survey: Ref. General Household Survey (GHS): Employment: By Occupation: SSOC 2020.

EP：SSOC 2020：居民：男性：助理专业技术人员在06-01-2024达241.500千人，相较于06-01-2023的246.300千人有所下降。EP：SSOC 2020：居民：男性：助理专业技术人员数据按年更新，06-01-2011至06-01-2024期间平均值为230.800千人，共14份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于06-01-2023，达246.300千人，而历史最低值则出现于06-01-2011，为182.600千人。CEIC提供的EP：SSOC 2020：居民：男性：助理专业技术人员数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Ministry of Manpower，数据归类于全球数据库的新加坡 – Table SG.G071: Labour Force Survey: Ref. General Household Survey (GHS): Employment: By Occupation: SSOC 2020。