In 1991, the birth rate for girls aged 10 to 14 years in the United States stood at 1.4 births per every thousand girls. Since 1991, this rate has consistently decreased, dropping to .2 in the year 2023. This statistic depicts the number of births per thousand U.S. females aged 10 to 14 years between 1991 and 2023. Teenage pregnancy and contraception Over the years, the rate of teenage pregnancy and birth has declined in the United States, most likely due to lower rates of sexual activity in this age group as well as increased use of birth control methods. However, the use and accessibility of contraceptives remains a problem in many parts of the United States. For example, in 2021, only 21 percent of sexually active high school students reported using the birth control pill to prevent pregnancy before their last sexual intercourse. This rate was highest among white high students and lowest among Black students, with only 11 percent reporting use of the birth control pill before their last intercourse. Condom use is more prevalent among high school students than use of the pill, but still only just over half of high school students reported using a condom the last time they had sex as of 2021. Disparities in teenage pregnancy Although rates have decreased over the past decades, teenage pregnancy and birth rates in the U.S. are still higher than in other Western countries. Geographic, racial, and ethnic disparities in teen birth rates are still prevalent within the country. In 2023, teenage birth rates were highest among Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islanders. Other contributing factors to high teen birth rates also include poor socioeconomic conditions, low education, and low-income status.

Number of teen pregnancies and rates per 1,000 females, by pregnancy outcome (live births, induced abortions, or fetal loss), by age groups 15 to 17 years and 18 to 19 years, 1998 to 2000.

In 2023, the birth rate among teenagers and young adult women aged 15 to 19 stood at 13.1 births per every thousand women. This statistic shows the U.S. birth rate among teenagers and young adult women, aged 15-19 years, between 1991 and 2023. Teenage pregnancy and birth Teenage pregnancy and births are related to a number of negative outcomes. Babies born to teenage mothers are more likely to be premature and have a low birth weight, and teen mothers often experience gestational hypertension and anemia. Additionally, there are significant adverse effects on socioeconomic and educational outcomes for teenage parents. Teenage pregnancy is usually unplanned and due to the negative consequences mentioned above the ratio of legal abortions to live births in the United States is highest among teenagers. In 2022, there were 374 legal abortions per 1,000 live births among girls and young women aged 15 to 19 years, compared a ratio of 284 legal abortions per 1,000 live births among women aged 20 to 24 years. Contraceptive use among teens Contraceptive use is the best way for sexually active teenagers to avoid unwanted pregnancies, but use and accessibility remain problems in the United States. In 2021, only 23 percent of high school girls in the U.S. used the birth control pill to prevent pregnancy before their last sexual intercourse. Use of the birth control pill to prevent pregnancy is highest among white teenagers and lowest among Black teenagers, with only 11 percent of Black teenagers reporting use in 2021. Condom use is more common among high school students, but still only around half of sexually active students reported using a condom during their last sexual intercourse in 2021.

Number and percentage of live births, by age group of mother, 1991 to most recent year.

In 2022, the rate of abortion among adolescent women aged 19 years in the United States was around 12.4 per 1,000 population. Abortion in the United States remains a controversial and divisive subject. In 2022, the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade, the historic court ruling that gave women the right to abortion. Now states are allowed to completely ban the procedure if they so choose. However, despite the ruling and subsequent abortion bans in many states, polls show the majority of U.S. adults still favor the legalization of abortion. How many abortions are there in the U.S. per year? In 2022, there were around 613,000 legal abortions in the United States. This was one of the lowest numbers recorded since the Roe v. Wade ruling in 1973. The rate of abortions per 100 live births in 2022 was 19.9, a significant decrease from a rate of 30.6 reported in 1997. The states with the highest rates of abortion in 2022 were New Mexico, Illinois, and Kansas, while Missouri and South Dakota had the lowest rates. Abortion among adolescents The rate of abortion among adolescent women in the United States aged 15 to 19 years has also decreased over the past decade. In 2013, there were around 8.2 abortions among adolescent women per 1,000 population. By the year 2022, this figure had dropped to 5.4 per 1,000 population. The majority of abortions among adolescents occur at week nine or less of gestation. The birth control pill is one of the safest and most effective ways to prevent unwanted pregnancy, but only around 23 percent of female high school students who were sexually active were using the pill in 2021.

BackgroundSchool dropout has been linked to early pregnancy and marriage but less is known about the effect of school performance. We aimed to assess whether school performance influenced age at sexual debut, pregnancy and marriage, and from what age school drop-out and performance were associated with these later life events.MethodsData from 2007–2016 from a demographic surveillance site in northern Malawi with annual updating of schooling status and grades, and linked sexual behaviour surveys, were analysed to assess the associations of age-specific school performance (measured as age-for-grade) and status (in or out of school) on subsequent age at sexual debut, pregnancy and marriage. Landmark analysis with Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios of sexual debut, pregnancy and marriage by schooling at selected (landmark) ages, controlling for socio-economic factors.ResultsInformation on at least one outcome was available for >16,000 children seen at ages 10–18. Sexual debut was available on a subset aged ≥15 by 2011. For girls, being out of school was strongly associated with earlier sexual debut, pregnancy and marriage. For example, using schooling status at age 14, compared to girls in primary, those who had dropped out had adjusted hazard ratios of subsequent sexual debut, pregnancy and marriage of 5.39 (95% CI 3.27–8.86), 2.39 (1.82–3.12), and 2.76 (2.08–3.67) respectively. For boys, the equivalent association with sexual debut was weak, 1.92 (0.81–4.55), but that with marriage was strong, 3.74 (2.28–6.11), although boys married later. Being overage-for-grade was not associated with sexual debut for girls or boys. For girls, being overage-for-grade from age 10 was associated with earlier pregnancy and marriage (e.g. adjusted hazard ratio 2.84 (1.32–6.17) for pregnancy and 3.19 (1.47–6.94) for marriage, for those ≥3 years overage compared to those on track at age 10). For boys, overage-for-grade was associated with earlier marriage from age 12, with stronger associations at older ages (e.g. adjusted hazard ratio 2.41 (1.56–3.70) for those ≥3 years overage compared to those on track at age 14). For girls ≥3 years overage at age 14, 39% were pregnant before they were 18, compared to 18% of those who were on track. The main limitation was the use of reported ages of sexual debut, pregnancy and marriage.ConclusionsSchool progression at ages as young as 10 can predict teenage pregnancy and marriage, even after adjusting for socio-economic factors. Early education interventions may reduce teenage pregnancy and marriage as well as improving learning.

The number of births registered among women and girls younger than 20 in Mexico has been continuously decreasing since 2010. In 2022, roughly 266,960 pregnancies were carried to term by teenagers who had not reached the age of 20.

As of 2022, approximately four percent of females aged 14 to 19 years in South Africa stated that they were going through different stages of pregnancy within the last 12 months. The prevalence of pregnancy increased with age. While 0.3 percent of young women aged 14 stated that they were pregnant, the number of 19 year old pregnant women was over 10 percent. Furthermore, pregnancy in the age group 14-19 years rose by 1.1 percent since 2021.

In 2020, the District of Columbia had the highest teenage pregnancy rate in the United States, followed by Mississippi and Arkansas. At that time, there were around 45 pregnancies among teens aged 15 to 19 per 1,000 in the District of Columbia. Teenage pregnancy Teenage pregnancy rates in the United States have decreased in recent years. In 2020, there were around 26.7 teenage pregnancies per 1,000 women aged 15 to 19 years. This number was almost 118 per 1,000 women in the year 1990. It is believed that the causes of this decrease include more teens abstaining from sex and increased use of birth control among those teens who are sexually active. Contraception use The use of contraception among sexually active teens is vital in reducing the rates of teen pregnancy. However, in 2021, only 52 percent of sexually active teens reported they used a condom during their last sexual intercourse. Furthermore, only 23 percent of sexually active female high school students were using the birth control bill to prevent pregnancy. Access to contraception and taboos surrounding teen sexual activity remain barriers to contraceptive use among teens in many areas of the United States.

BackgroundUndernutrition–before, during and after pregnancy endangers the health and well-being of the mother and contributes to sub-optimal fetal development and growth. A non-randomized controlled evaluation was undertaken to assess the impact of engaging federations of women’s group on coverage of nutrition interventions and on nutrition status of women in the designated poverty pockets of three Indian states—Bihar, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha.MethodThe impact evaluation is based on two rounds of cross-sectional data from 5 resource poor blocks across 3 States, assigning 162 villages to the intervention arm and 151 villages to the control arm. The cross-sectional baseline (2016–17) and endline survey (2021–22) covered a total of 10491 adolescent girls (10–19 years), 4271 pregnant women (15–49 years) and 13521 mothers of children under age two years (15–49 years). Exposure was defined based on participation in the participatory learning and action meetings, and fixed monthly health camps (Adolescent Health Days (AHDs) and Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition Days (VHSNDs)). Logistic regression models were applied to establish the association between exposure to programme activities and improvement in coverage of nutrition interventions and outcomes.ResultsIn the intervention area at endline, 27–38% of women participated in the participatory learning and action meetings organized by women’s groups. Pregnant women participating in programme activities were two times more likely to receive an antenatal care visit in the first trimester of pregnancy (Odds ratio: 2.55 95% CI-1.68–3.88), while mothers of children under 2 were 60% more likely to receive 4 ANC visits (Odds ratio: 1.61, 95% CI- 1.30–2.02). Odds of consuming a diversified diet was higher among both pregnant women (Odds ratio: 2.05, 95% CI- 1.41–2.99) and mother of children under 2 years of age (Odds ratio: 1.38, 95% CI- 1.08–1.77) among those participating in programme activities in the intervention arm. Access to commodities for WASH including safe sanitation services (Odds ratio: 1.80, 95% CI- 1.38–2.36) and sanitary pads (Odds ratio: 1.64, 95% CI- 1.20–2.22) was higher among adolescent girls participating in programme activities.ConclusionWomen’s groups led participatory learning and action approaches coupled with strengthening of the supply side delivery mechanisms resulted in higher coverage of health and nutrition services. However, we found that frequency of participation was low and there was limited impact on the nutritional outcomes. Therefore, higher frequency of participation in programme activities is recommended to modify behaviour and achieve quick gains in nutritional outcomes.

In 1990, there were around *** teen pregnancies among teens aged 18 to 19 years per 1,000 women in the United States. This rate had decreased to about ** per 1,000 by the year 2020. This statistic depicts the U.S. pregnancy rate among teenagers from 1973 to 2020, by age group.

IntroductionPregnant or parenting adolescent girls and young women (PPYW) are at greater risk of sexual exposure to HIV than their peers, yet tailored HIV prevention efforts for PPYW remain limited.MethodsWe analysed cross-sectional data (2020–2023) from a sample of PPYW (median age 21.5, IQR = 20.3–22.5) in the Eastern Cape, South Africa.ResultsApproximately 88% of PPYW who were HIV-negative (n = 646) had a HIV test in the last few years. Of these—58% knew about PrEP (n = 328). Of those who knew about PrEP, 31% had ever been offered PrEP (n = 100; 15% of HIV-negative PPYW), and 62% of those who were offered PrEP had ever taken PrEP (n = 62; 10% of HIV-negative PPYW). Compared to PPYW who have not had a HIV test in the last few years, PPYW who had accessed HIV testing were more likely to be aware of PrEP (aOR = 2.39, 95% CI:1.44–3.97, p = 0.001), have been offered PrEP (aOR = 2.96, 95% CI:1.16–7.55, p = 0.023), and taken PrEP (aOR = 4.57, 95% CI:1.09–19.16, p = 0.038).ConclusionsThis study highlights missed opportunities in PrEP delivery and offers recommendations to enhance PrEP awareness and uptake among PPYW. Despite high HIV testing rates in this key population, awareness of PrEP, its offer, and uptake remain low.

Introduction: Cadmium is a pervasive toxic metal that remains a public health concern and exposure in early life has been associated with growth deficits in infancy and childhood. Growth during adolescence also may be sensitive to effects of cadmium exposure, given the changes in distribution of lean and adipose tissue that vary by sex during puberty. This study examines whether prenatal and concurrent cadmium exposures are associated with adiposity measures at ages 8–15 years in a well-characterized birth cohort.Methods: The sample included 185 participants from the ELEMENT birth cohorts in Mexico City with complete data on urinary cadmium exposures, anthropometry and covariates [child age and sex, household socioeconomic status, and maternal smoking history and body mass index (BMI)]. Maternal third trimester and adolescent urines were analyzed for cadmium using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer. Trained personnel obtained anthropometry including height, weight, waist circumference and subscapular, suprailiac, and triceps skinfold thickness. BMI z-scores for age and sex were calculated using the World Health Organization's reference standard. Linear regression models were used to estimate the association of prenatal and concurrent urinary cadmium levels with adolescent anthropometry, adjusting for covariates.Results: Among 87 males and 98 females, median age was 10 years (IQR 9 –11 years). Pregnant women and children had median urinary cadmium concentrations of 0.19 μg/L (IQR 0.12– 0.27 μg/L) and 0.14 μg/L (IQR 0.11– 0.18 μg/L), respectively. Regression models showed inverse relationships between prenatal cadmium exposure and adolescent adiposity. An IQR increase in prenatal cadmium was associated with percent decreases in BMI z-score (−27%, p = 0.01), waist circumference (−3%, p = 0.01), and subscapular (−11%, p = 0.01), suprailiac (−11%, p = 0.02), and triceps (−8%, p < 0.01) skinfold thickness. When stratified by sex, these relationships remained statistically significant in females but not males.Conclusions: Prenatal cadmium exposure was negatively associated with measures of both abdominal and peripheral adiposity in girls, but not in boys. These results emphasize the sex-dependent effects of in utero cadmium exposure on adiposity in adolescence.

Access to nutrition specific and nutrition sensitive intervention package for adolescent girls age 10–19 years across intervention and control area at baseline (2016) and endline (2021) by participation status in AHD and PLA meeting.

In 2022, Bulgaria had the highest share of births to teenage mothers in Europe, at almost 10.2 percent of all births in the country. Furthermore, in Slovakia and Moldova, over five percent of births in both countries were to mothers aged below 20 years. The share of teenage births was particularly low in Switzerland, Andorra, and Norway. Falling teenage births In Europe, the share of births to teenage mothers has been trending downwards. Across the whole European region, the share of adolescent births fell from almost *** percent in 1980 to ***** percent in 2021. More specifically, in the European Union, teenagers accounted for fewer than *** percent of all births in 2021. Access to contraception In developed countries, the average age for women giving birth has increased over time, and in general, women are choosing to have fewer children. One of the main reasons is improved access to contraception, which allows women greater autonomy over their bodies. Luxembourg, which was rated as having the best access to modern contraception, also has the highest average childbearing age in Europe. Next on the contraception ranking; Belgium, France, and the UK also had a mean age of around ** for mothers.

Abstract

The BFHS-II was a national sample survey designed to provide information on fertility, family planning, and health in Botswana. The BFHS-II involved interviewing a randomly selected group of women between 15 and 49 years of age. These women were asked questions about their background, the children they had given births to, their knowledge and use of family planning methods, some health matters and other information which will be helpful to policy-makers and administrators in the health and family planning areas.

The objectives of the BFHS-II are to provide information on family planning awareness, approval and use, basic indicators of maternal and child health, and other topics related to family health. In addition, the BFHS-II complements the data collected in the BDS, by obtaining information needed to explore trends in fertility and mortality, and to examine the factors that influence these basic demographic indicators, particularly, the proximate determinants of fertility.

Specific objectives are: - To collect information on fertility and family planning; - To find out what type of women are likely to have more or fewer children or to use or not use family planning; - To collect information on certain health-related matters such as antenatal checkups, supervised deliveries, postnatal care, brcastfeeding, immunisation, and diarrhoea treatment; - To develop skills in conducting periodic surveys designed to monitor changes in demographic rates, health status, and the use of family planning; and - To provide internationally comparable data which can be used by researchers investigating topics related to fertility, mortality and maternal-child health.

MAIN RESULTS

• The BFHS-II found that current fertility levels in Botswana remain high; however, the results show a decline in fertility in recent years.
• The BFHS-II found that traditional practices of breastfeeding and post-partum abstinence continue to be important factors in protecting women from a subsequent pregnancy. However, there is evidence that the duration of these practices is being curtailed among urban women.
• Knowledge of family planning methods and of places to obtain them is critical in the decision whether to use family planning and which method to use. The BFHS-II found that the MCH/FP programme has been quite successful in educating women about family planning.
• Use of contraception is the most important measurement of success in a family planning programme. The BFHS-II found that more than half of Batswana women have used a modern method of family planning at sometime and three out of ten women are currently using a contraceptive method to delay or avoid a birth.
• The BFHS-II found that women who are not currently using family planning, but do not wish to become pregnant soon, report a number of barriers to using family planning. A significant number of these women do intend to use family planning in the future.
• The BFHS-II also looked at the issue of women's perceptions about their partner's attitudes toward family planning. Within couples, male approval is much lower than that of females, although the reported level of partner's approval has increased since 1984.
• The BFHS-II results suggest that Batswana women have a growing interest in spacing births but continue to have a preference for many children.
• The BFHS-II documents that many women had a birth sooner that they would have liked although only a minority of women had another birth when they preferred not to have any more children.
• Women can be considered in need of family planning if they are not currently using a method of contraception and either want no more births or want to postpone the next birth for two or more years. The BFHS-II found that 45 percent of women in union are in need of family planning.
• Since teenage pregnancy places the health and welfare of teenagers and their births at risk, the Government of Botswana encourages women to wait until age 20 before their first pregnancy. The BFHS-II found that nearly one-quarter of teenagers had at least one birth and an additional 5 percent were pregnant with their first child at the time of the survey.
• The BFHS-II also documents that the MCH/FP programme has made a successful contribution to the reduction of infant and child mortality, though children of mothers with no education and children born soon after a previous birth have higher mortality rates.
• The BFHS-II documents that maternal and child health services are widely used by women in Botswana and the programme has expanded significantly since 1984.
• The BFHS-II found that a significant proportion of ill children received appropriate treatment. Although a large proportion of children who suffered from diarrhoea were treated with oral rehydration therapy, of concern is the significant proportion for whom fluid and food intake was cut down during the diarrhoeal episode.
• The BFHS-II included questions on knowledge of AIDS, the ways the disease is transmitted, who is at highest risk, and behaviors that will help someone avoid the disease. In the absence of either a vaccine or a cure for AIDS, education about prevention is the main strategy for combatting the epidemic. Nearly all women interviewed in the BFHS-II had heard of AIDS. However, many women lack correct information or have misconceptions about the disease.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The results of the 1984 BFHS showed that the Botswana MCH/FP programme has made considerable progress in providing health and contraceptive services to women of childbearing age. The 1988 BFHS (BFHS-II) confirms this and documents the further progress made between 1984 and 1988. The results of the BFHS-II indicate that utilization of MCH services has increased, along with knowledge and use of family planning. However, the 1988 findings also point to areas of the MCH/FP programme that need improvement.

I. An area where additional effort is needed is in Information, Education, and Communication (also recommended in 1984): - Counselling services should be strengthened so that they are better able to disseminate information about family planning and dispel misconceptions women have regarding the use of contraception. The strengthening of the services should be targeted not only towards clients but also health workers. - Information, education, and communication (IEC) activities at the district level need strengthening by training or designating officers specifically to carry out these services.

II. Outstanding recommendations from the 1984 BFHS should continue to receive emphasis: - Further efforts should be directed toward educating and counseling teenagers (both boys and girls) about responsible sexual behavior. - Additional attention should be placed on informing men about the health and other benefits of family planning. Emphasis should be placed on the importance of couple communication in this area and on the fact that childbearing is the joint responsibility of the couple and not the choice of the man or woman alone. - Stress should continue to be placed on the health benefits of traditional practices such as breastfeeding and post-partum abstinence.

IEC materials targeting special population subgroups, e.g., illiterate women, should be developed. - Emphasis should be placed on identifying women in need of family planning services, particularly those concerned about limiting their family size. Counseling about family planning during the provision of antenatal and post-partum services is a key mechanism in reaching these women. - Potential acceptors should be counseled about the most appropriate methods for their age, life situation and fertility intentions. - Research should be undertaken to further investigate the determinants and consequences of adolescent childbearing. - Acceptors should be informed about possible side effects associated with the method they adopt, and follow-up of acceptors should be emphasized to reduce the levels of discontinuation due to side effects.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Women age 15-49

Universe

The population covered by the 1994 ZDHS is defined as the universe of all eligible women, defined as those age 15-49 years who spent the night prior to the household interview in the selected household, irrespective of whether they were usual members of the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

Comparison of the age distribution of the women in the BFHS-II sample with the distribution of women 15-49 in the 1981 census and 1984 Botswana Family Health Survey (BFHS). The BFHS-II sample has a greater concentration of women at the ages 20-34 than the other two data sets. There is apparent under-sampling of teenagers in both the 1984 BFHS and the 1988 BFHS-II. An examination of the distribution of household members by age and sex enumerated in the BFHS-II household listing indicates a greater than expected number of women in the 10- 14 age group for females and a dearth in the 15-19 age group. Some interviewers may have recorded women in the 15-19 year age group as having a younger age in the household listing in order to make them ineligible for the individual interview and thus lighten their work load. Similarly, it was also found that females in the 45-49 age group was under-enumerated relative to the 50-54 age group.

The greater concentration of women in the prime reproductive ages in the BFHS-II may also result from the fact that interviewers were more successful in interviewing women in selected households in the urban areas, where more young women are found. One consequence of the greater concentration of younger women is that estimates of contraceptive prevalence may be higher, and

This table contains 66096 series, with data for years 2005 - 2005 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years). This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (160 items: Canada; Newfoundland and Labrador; Eastern Regional Integrated Health Authority; Newfoundland and Labrador; Central Regional Integrated Health Authority; Newfoundland and Labrador ...) Age group (3 items: Total; 12 to 17 years; 15 to 17 years; 12 to 14 years ...) Sex (3 items: Both sexes; Females; Males ...) Self-reported youth body mass index (BMI) (6 items: Total population for the variable self-reported youth body mass index; Self-reported youth body mass index; neither overweight nor obese; Self-reported youth body mass index; obese; Self-reported youth body mass index; overweight ...) Characteristics (8 items: Number of persons; Low 95% confidence interval; number of persons; High 95% confidence interval; number of persons; Coefficient of variation for number of persons ...).

ContextMaternal pre-pregnancy obesity may increase the risk of childhood obesity but it is unknown whether other metabolic factors in early pregnancy such as lipid profile and hypertension are associated with offspring cardiometabolic traits.ObjectiveOur objective was to investigate whether fasting lipid, glucose, and insulin levels during early pregnancy and maternal pre-pregnancy weight status, are associated with offspring adiposity measures, lipid levels and blood pressure at preschool age.Design and MethodsThe study included 618 mother-child pairs of the pregnancy cohort “Rhea” study in Crete, Greece. Pregnant women were recruited at the first prenatal visit (mean: 12weeks, SD: 0.7). A subset of 348 women provided fasting serum samples for glucose and lipid measurements. Outcomes measures were body mass index, abdominal circumference, sum of skinfold thickness, and blood pressure measurements at 4 years of age. A subsample of 525 children provided non-fasting blood samples for lipid measurements.ResultsPre-pregnancy overweight/obesity was associated with greater risk of offspring overweight/obesity (RR: 1.83, 95%CI: 1.19, 2.81), central adiposity (RR: 1.97, 95%CI: 1.11, 3.49), and greater fat mass by 5.10mm (95%CI: 2.49, 7.71) at 4 years of age. These associations were more pronounced in girls. An increase of 40mg/dl in fasting serum cholesterol levels in early pregnancy was associated with greater skinfold thickness by 3.30mm (95%CI: 1.41, 5.20) at 4 years of age after adjusting for pre-pregnancy BMI and several other confounders. An increase of 10mmHg in diastolic blood pressure in early pregnancy was associated with increased risk of offspring overweight/obesity (RR: 1.22, 95%CI: 1.03, 1.45), and greater skinfold thickness by 1.71mm (95% CI: 0.57, 2.86) at 4 years of age.ConclusionsMetabolic dysregulation in early pregnancy may increase the risk of obesity at preschool age.

Age, Tanner stage and signs of puberty in the children (n = 117) at inclusion at 5–10 years of age.

Access to nutrition specific and nutrition sensitive intervention package among mothers with children under 2 years of age across intervention and control areas at baseline (2016) and endline (2021) by participation status in VHSND and PLA meeting.