Populations of many cold-water species are likely to decline this century with global warming, but declines will vary spatially and some populations will persist even under extreme climate change scenarios. Especially cold habitats could provide important refugia from both future environmental change and invasions by non-native species that prefer warmer waters. The Climate Shield website hosts geospatial data and related information that describes specific locations of cold-water refuge streams for native Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) and Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus) across the American West. Forecasts about the locations of refugia could enable the protection of key watersheds, inform support among multiple stakeholders, and provide a foundation for planning climate-smart conservation networks that improve the odds of preserving native trout populations through the 21st century. The Northern Rockies Adaptation Partnership provided a valuable forum that accelerated this work. The Great Northern and North Pacific Landscape Conservation Cooperatives generously funded the NorWeST project, which serves as the foundation for Climate Shield. The Climate Shield Cutthroat Trout and Bull Trout models were developed from fish surveys conducted at more than 4,500 locations in over 500 streams, as described in the cited peer-reviewed studies and agency reports. Resources in this dataset:Resource Title: Digital Maps and ArcGIS Shapefiles. File Name: Web Page, url: https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/boise/AWAE/projects/ClimateShield/maps.html Information is available here to download as easy-to-use digital maps (.pdf files) and ArcGIS shapefiles for all streams within the historical ranges of native trout across the northwestern U.S. The geographic areas match the NorWeST production units because those stream temperature scenarios are integral to Climate Shield.

The Japan geographic information system (GIS) market size reached USD 360.9 Million in 2024. Looking forward, IMARC Group expects the market to reach USD 765.8 Million by 2033, exhibiting a growth rate (CAGR) of 8.7% during 2025-2033.

IMARC Group provides an analysis of the key trends in each segment of the Japan geographic information system (GIS) market report, along with forecasts at the regional and country levels from 2025-2033. Our report has categorized the market based on component, function, device and end use industry.

A GPS survey by Allan Riach (Communications Officer, AAD) in September 2001 near Casey Station, Antarctica. The survey was conducted in the western part of Bailey Peninsula. Data collected included the locations of masts, points at which wire feeders change direction, aerial anchor points, a transformer and the receiver hut. Data representing aerials was derived from the locations of masts and aerial anchor points. Data representing feeders was derived from the locations of masts, points at which wire feeders change direction and the receiver hut. This dataset consists of point and line data. The data are included in the GIS data for Casey, available for download from a Related URL below. Data belonging to this dataset has dataset_id = 12. The data are formatted according to the SCAR Feature Catalogue (see Related URL below).

The global geographic information system (GIS) market size reached USD 14.4 Billion in 2024. Looking forward, IMARC Group expects the market to reach USD 37.1 Billion by 2033, exhibiting a growth rate (CAGR) of 11.1% during 2025-2033. The increasing demand for advanced solutions across the transportation, real estate, military, and agriculture sectors represents one of the primary factors bolstering the market.

IMARC Group provides an analysis of the key trends in each segment of the market, along with the geographic information system market forecast at the global, regional, and country levels for 2025-2033. Our report has categorized the market based on the component, function, device, and end use industry.

The LAEI 2016 has been superseded. Click here for the full list of releases. Emissions estimates of key pollutants (NOx, PM10, PM2.5 and CO2) by source type are included for the base year 2016. Emissions for previous years 2010 and 2013 have also been recalculated, using the latest data sources (emission factors, activity data, ...) and methodology. Emissions projected forward to 2020, 2025, and 2030 will be available soon. The area covered by the LAEI includes Greater London (the 32 London boroughs and the City of London), as well as areas outside Greater London up to the M25 motorway. These emissions have been used to estimate ground level concentrations of key pollutants NOx, NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 across Greater London for year 2016, using an atmospheric dispersion model. Air pollutant concentration maps and associated datasets are available for download. Due to the size of the LAEI database, datasets have been zipped and need to be downloaded in several parts. UPDATE 03/07/19 - The concentration maps and associated data (including population and school exposure data) have been reissued following a minor issue with the previous dataset. Please read the following note for further information: Updated LAEI 2016 Concentration Maps and Associated Data - July 2019 (.PDF - 146kB). Documentation LAEI 2016 Methodology document (.PDF - 2.8MB) Regional Background Concentrations Update (.PDF - 646.3KB) Supporting Information Key GIS geographies and road traffic flows and vehicle-kilometres for 2010, 2013 and 2016 for each vehicle type. Data are provided in Excel and GIS formats. Supporting Information - GIS geographies (.ZIP - 31.8MB) Supporting Information - Road Traffic Data - Excel (.ZIP - 211.9MB) Supporting Information - Road Traffic Data - GIS (.ZIP - 45.5MB) Grid Emissions Summary This dataset includes emissions of NOx, PM10, PM2.5 and CO2 in tonnes/year for 2010, 2013 and 2016 for each source category at a 1km grid square resolution, including summary tables for London boroughs and London zones (Central / Inner / Outer London). Data are provided in Excel and GIS formats. Emissions - Data - Excel Files (.ZIP - 20.9MB) Emissions - Data - GIS Files (.ZIP - 18.1MB) Emissions - Summary Dashboards (.ZIP - 41 KB) Emissions – Data – Excel files – Other pollutants (.ZIP - 4.7 MB) Detailed Road Transport Road transport emissions in 2010, 2013 and 2016 by vehicle type and also by pollutant. This data is presented at link level for major roads and at grid level for minor roads and cold start emissions. Data are provided in Excel and GIS formats. Emissions - Detailed Road Transport - Major Roads - Excel (.ZIP - 340.2KB) Emissions - Detailed Road Transport - Minor Roads & Cold Start - Excel (.ZIP - 25.8KB) Emissions - Detailed Road Transport - GIS (.ZIP - 436.9KB) Concentrations This dataset includes modelled 2016 ground level concentrations of annual mean NOx, NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 in µg/m3 (microgramme per cubic metre) at 20m grid resolution. For PM10, it also includes the number of daily means exceeding 50 µg/m3.Data are provided in Excel, GIS and PDF formats.

The Air, Water, and Aquatic Environments (AWAE) research program is one of eight Science Program areas within the Rocky Mountain Research Station (RMRS). Our science develops core knowledge, methods, and technologies that enable effective watershed management in forests and grasslands, sustain biodiversity, and maintain healthy watershed conditions. We conduct basic and applied research on the effects of natural processes and human activities on watershed resources, including interactions between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The knowledge we develop supports management, conservation, and restoration of terrestrial, riparian and aquatic ecosystems and provides for sustainable clean air and water quality in the Interior West. With capabilities in atmospheric sciences, soils, forest engineering, biogeochemistry, hydrology, plant physiology, aquatic ecology and limnology, conservation biology and fisheries, our scientists focus on two key research problems: Core watershed research quantifies the dynamics of hydrologic, geomorphic and biogeochemical processes in forests and rangelands at multiple scales and defines the biological processes and patterns that affect the distribution, resilience, and persistence of native aquatic, riparian and terrestrial species. Integrated, interdisciplinary research explores the effects of climate variability and climate change on forest, grassland and aquatic ecosystems. Resources in this dataset:Resource Title: Projects, Tools, and Data. File Name: Web Page, url: https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/boise/AWAE/projects.html Projects include Air Temperature Monitoring and Modeling, Biogeochemistry Lab in Colorado, Rangewide Bull Trout eDNA Project, Climate Shield Cold-Water Refuge Streams for Native Trout, Cutthroat trout-rainbow trout hybridization - data downloads and maps, Fire and Aquatic Ecosystems science, Fish and Cattle Grazing reports, Geomophic Road Analysis and Inventory Package (GRAIP) tool for erosion and sediment delivery to streams, GRAIP_Lite - Geomophic Road Analysis and Inventory Package (GRAIP) tool for erosion and sediment delivery to streams, IF3: Integrating Forests, Fish, and Fire, National forest climate change maps: Your guide to the future, National forest contributions to streamflow, The National Stream Internet network, people, data, GIS, analysis, techniques, NorWeST Stream Temperature Regional Database and Model, River Bathymetry Toolkit (RBT), Sediment Transport Data for Idaho, Nevada, Wyoming, Colorado, SnowEx, Stream Temperature Modeling and Monitoring, Spatial Statistical Modeling on Stream netowrks - tools and GIS downloads, Understanding Sculpin DNA - environmental DNA and morphological species differences, Understanding the diversity of Cottusin western North America, Valley Bottom Confinement GIS tools, Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP), Great Lakes WEPP Watershed Online GIS Interface, Western Division AFS - 2008 Bull Trout Symposium - Bull Trout and Climate Change, Western US Stream Flow Metric Dataset

Background - Interest in developing alternative sources of renewable energy to reduce dependence on oil has increased in recent years. Some sources of renewable energy being considered will include power generation infrastructure and support activities located within continental shelf waters, and potentially within deeper waters off the U.S. Pacific coast and beyond state waters (i.e., outside three nautical miles). Currently, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) is considering renewable energy proposals off the coast of Oregon, California, and Hawaii. From 1999–2002, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and Humboldt State University (HSU) worked with BOEM (formely known as the Minerals Management Service, MMS) to conduct a multi-year study that quantified the at-sea distribution of seabirds and marine mammals. The aerial at-sea survey team flew over 55,000 kilometers and counted 485,000 seabirds (67 species) and 64,000 marine mammals (19 species). The study provided resource managers with updated information on distribution and abundance patterns and compared results with information from the late 1970s to early 1980s (Briggs et al. 1981, Briggs et al. 1987, see Mason et al. 2007). The California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG; now CA Department of Fish and Wildlife, CADFW) and U.S. Navy also provided significant matching funds. Oceanographic Context - USGS-HSU surveys began in May 1999, immediately following the strong 1997–1998 El Niño event. The 1999–2002 period featured a series of cold-water, La Niña events which led some researchers to postulate that the California Current System (CCS) had undergone a fundamental climate shift, on the scale of those documented in the 1920s, mid 1940s, and mid 1970s (Schwing et al. 2002). Generally, La Niña events have corresponded with stronger than normal upwelling in the CCS, and during this period, resulted in the greatest 4-yr mean upwelling index value on record (Schwing et al. 2002). La Niñas often follow El Niños, and seabird community composition (i.e., relative species-specific abundances) in any given year off southern California, is subject to variability caused by shifts in distribution among both warm- and cool-water affiliated species (Hyrenbach and Veit 2003). In contrast to the Mason et al. (2007) surveys, Briggs et al. (1987) conducted surveys during 1975–1983, coincident with another climate shift—from cold to warm conditions throughout the CCS (Mantua et al. 1997). Briggs et al. surveyed north of Point Conception during 1980–1983, after the transition to warmer water conditions occurred in the CCS. Acknowledgements - This project was funded by BOEM through an Interagency Agreement with the U.S. Geological Survey. The authors of these GIS data require that data users contact them regarding intended use and to assist with understanding limitations and interpretation. Aerial survey fieldwork in 1999-2002 was conducted jointly by the U.S. Geological Survey (Western Ecological Research Center, California: Principal Investigators J.Y, Takekawa and D. Orthmeyer; Key Project Staff: J. Adams, J. Ackerman, W.M. Perry, J.J. Felis, and J.L. Lee) and Humboldt State University (Department of Wildlife, Arcata, California; Principal Investigators: R.T. Golightly and H.R. Carter; Project Leader: G. McChesney; Key Project Staff: J. Mason and W. McIver). Major project cooperators who actively participated in aerial at-sea surveys include the Minerals Management Service (M. Pierson, M. McCrary), California Department of Fish and Wildlife (P. Kelly), and the U.S. Navy (S. Schwartz, T. Keeney). For additional acknowledgments, see Mason et al. (2007). These data are associated with the following publication: Mason, J.W., McChesney, G.J., McIver, W.R., Carter, H.R., Takekawa, J.Y., Golightly, R.T., Ackerman, J.T., Orthmeyer, D.L., Perry, W.M., Yee, J.L. and Pierson, M.O. 2007. At-sea distribution and abundance of seabirds off southern California: a 20-Year comparison. Cooper Ornithological Society, Studies in Avian Biology Vol. 33. References - Briggs, K.T., E.W. Chu, D.B. Lewis, W.B. Tyler, R.L. Pitman, and G.L. Hunt Jr. 1981. Summary of marine mammal and seabird surveys of the Southern California Bight area 1975–1978. Volume III. Investigators’ reports. Part III. USDI Bureau of Land Management BLM/YN/SR-81/01-04 (PB81-248197) and University of California, Institute of Marine Sciences, Santa Cruz, CA. Briggs, K.T., W.B. Tyler, D.B. Lewis, and D.R. Carlson. 1987. Bird communities at sea off California: 1975–1983. Studies in Avian Biology 11. Schwing, F.B., T. Murphree, and P.M. Green. 2002. The Northern Oscillation Index (NOI): a new climate index for the northeast Pacific. Progress in Oceanography 53: 115-139. Hyrenbach, K.D. and R.R. Veit. 2003. Ocean warming and seabird communities of the southern California Current System (1987–98): response at multiple temporal scales. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 50: 2537-2565. Mantua, N.J., Hare, S.R., Zhang, Y., Wallace, J.M. and Francis, R.C. 1997. A Pacific interdecadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon production. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 78: 1069-1079. ESRI. ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10. Redlands, CA: Environmental Systems Research Institute. Mason, J.W., McChesney, G.J., McIver, W.R., Carter, H.R., Takekawa, J.Y., Golightly, R.T., Ackerman, J.T., Orthmeyer, D.L., Perry, W.M., Yee, J.L. and Pierson, M.O. 2007. At-sea distribution and abundance of seabirds off southern California: a 20-Year comparison. Cooper Ornithological Society, Studies in Avian Biology Vol. 33.

Documentation LAEI Summary Note 2022 (.PDF - 1.47 MB) Supporting Information Key GIS geographies and road traffic flows and vehicle-kilometres for 2022 for each vehicle type. Data are provided in Excel and GIS formats. Supporting Information - GIS geographies (.ZIP - 2.5 MB) Supporting Information - Major Roads Traffic Data - Excel (.XLSX - 6.4 MB) Supporting Information - Major Roads Traffic Data - GIS (.GPKG - 22.6 MB) Grid Emissions Summary This dataset includes emissions of key pollutants NOx, PM10, PM2.5 and CO2, and a range of additional pollutants (SO2, CH4, VOC...) in tonnes/year for 2016, 2019, 2022, 2025 and 2030 for each source category at a 1km grid square resolution (further split to follow all London borough boundaries). It includes emission summary tables for London boroughs and London zones (Central / Inner / Outer London). Data are provided in Excel and GIS formats. Emissions - Data - Excel Files (.ZIP - 109.2 MB) Emissions - Data - GIS Files (.ZIP - 81.2 MB) Emissions - Summary Dashboards (.ZIP - 17.9 MB) Detailed Road Transport Road transport NOx, PM10, PM2.5 and CO2 emissions in 2022 by vehicle type. PM emissions include split by exhaust, break wear and tyre wear. This data is provided at link level for major roads and at grid level for minor roads and cold start emissions. Data are provided in Excel and several GIS formats. Emissions - Detailed Road Transport - Major Roads - Geopackage GPKG (.ZIP - 162.2 MB) Emissions - Detailed Road Transport - Major Roads - Geodatabase GDB (.ZIP - 135.5 MB) Emissions - Detailed Road Transport - Major Roads - Mapinfo TAB (.ZIP - 126.5 MB) Emissions - Detailed Road Transport - Major Roads - ESRI SHP (.ZIP - 144.6 MB)

GIS Cable Termination Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global GIS Cable Termination market size reached USD 1.38 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 6.1% from 2025 to 2033. By the end of the forecast period, the market is expected to achieve a value of approximately USD 2.34 billion by 2033. This robust growth is primarily driven by the increasing demand for reliable and efficient power transmission and distribution infrastructure, the rapid expansion of smart grid projects, and the ongoing modernization of electrical networks across both developed and emerging economies. As per the latest research, these factors are set to drive sustained investments in GIS cable termination solutions worldwide.

One of the most significant growth drivers for the GIS Cable Termination market is the accelerating shift towards urbanization and industrialization, particularly in Asia Pacific and parts of the Middle East. The expansion of urban centers and industrial hubs necessitates the deployment of advanced electrical infrastructure capable of handling higher voltages and ensuring uninterrupted power supply. GIS cable terminations, known for their ability to provide safe, reliable, and compact connections within Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) systems, are being increasingly adopted in newly constructed substations and retrofit projects. The rapid adoption of renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, also contributes to the market’s expansion, as these installations require high-performance cable terminations to integrate variable energy sources into the grid efficiently.

Technological advancements have further catalyzed the growth of the GIS Cable Termination market. Innovations in insulation materials, enhanced installation techniques, and the development of maintenance-free and environmentally friendly products have significantly improved the performance and reliability of cable terminations. Heat shrink, cold shrink, and plug-in technologies have enabled easier and safer installations, reducing downtime and operational risks. Additionally, the increasing focus on minimizing transmission losses and improving grid resilience has prompted utilities and industrial operators to invest in state-of-the-art GIS cable terminations, which offer superior electrical and mechanical properties compared to traditional solutions. This trend is expected to continue as digitalization and automation become more prevalent in the power sector.

Another crucial factor fueling market growth is the stringent regulatory landscape governing electrical safety and energy efficiency. Governments and regulatory bodies worldwide are implementing strict standards for grid reliability, environmental protection, and operational safety, compelling utilities and industries to upgrade their existing infrastructure. GIS cable terminations, which comply with international standards such as IEC and IEEE, are increasingly favored for their ability to meet these requirements while supporting high-voltage operations in confined spaces. Moreover, the growing adoption of underground and subsea power transmission projects, particularly in urban and environmentally sensitive areas, is driving demand for advanced cable termination solutions that ensure long-term stability and minimal maintenance.

Regionally, Asia Pacific dominates the GIS Cable Termination market, accounting for a significant share of global revenue in 2024. The region’s leadership is attributed to its large-scale infrastructure projects, rapid urbanization, and expanding renewable energy capacity. North America and Europe follow closely, driven by grid modernization initiatives, the replacement of aging infrastructure, and a strong focus on energy efficiency and sustainability. Meanwhile, the Middle East & Africa and Latin America are emerging as promising markets, bolstered by ongoing investments in power generation and transmission projects. Overall, the regional dynamics are shaped by varying levels of economic development, regulatory frameworks, and investment priorities, making the GIS Cable Termination market a truly global and competitive landscape.

Update August 2025: The LAEI 2019 has now been superseded. Click here to access the LAEI 2022 data The LAEI 2019 is the latest version of the London Atmospheric Emissions Inventory and replaces previous versions of the inventory. Emissions estimates of key pollutants (NOx, PM10, PM2.5 and CO2) by source type are included for the base year 2019 and forecast years 2025 and 2030. Emissions for previous years 2013 and 2016 have also been revised, using the latest data sources (emission factors, activity data, ...) where available, and changes in methodology where relevant. The area covered by the LAEI includes Greater London (the 32 London boroughs and the City of London), as well as areas outside Greater London up to the M25 motorway. These emissions have been used to estimate ground level concentrations of key pollutants NOx, NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 across Greater London for years 2019, 2025 and 2030 using an atmospheric dispersion model. Air pollutant concentration maps and associated datasets are available for download. Due to the size of the LAEI database, datasets are provided in several parts and provided as ZIP files. Update 24 04 2023: Emissions and Concentration Maps for forecast years 2025 and 2030 have been added. Road Transport emissions for Major Roads, Minor Roads and Cold Start are now also available as Excel files. Documentation LAEI Summary Note (.PDF - 3.4 MB) Supporting Information Key GIS geographies and road traffic flows and vehicle-kilometres for 2019 for each vehicle type. Data are provided in Excel and GIS formats. Supporting Information - GIS geographies (.ZIP - 2.5 MB) Supporting Information - Road Traffic Data - Excel (.ZIP - 22.4 MB) Supporting Information - Road Traffic Data - GIS (.ZIP - 9.7 MB) Grid Emissions Summary This dataset includes emissions of key pollutants NOx, PM10, PM2.5 and CO2, and a range of additional pollutants (SO2, CH4, VOC...) in tonnes/year for 2013, 2016, 2019, 2025 and 2030 for each source category at a 1km grid square resolution (further split to follow all London borough boundaries). It includes emission summary tables for London boroughs and London zones (Central / Inner / Outer London). Data are provided in Excel and GIS formats. Update 26 07 2022 : Please note that emission totals have been slightly revised to correct emissions for Rail and Construction NRMM Exhaust (for CO2) and Industrial / Commercial Heat and Power sources (for all pollutants). Please refer to the Emissions - Data - Excel File below for further information.  Emissions - Data - Excel Files (.ZIP - 96.4 MB) Emissions - Data - GIS Files (.ZIP - 76.2 MB) Emissions - Summary Dashboards (.ZIP - 3.16 MB) Detailed Road Transport Road transport NOx, PM10, PM2.5 and CO2 emissions in 2019, 2025 and 2030 by vehicle type. PM emissions include split by exhaust, break wear and tyre wear. This data is provided at link level for major roads and at grid level for minor roads and cold start emissions. Data are provided in Excel and several GIS formats. Emissions - Detailed Road Transport - Major Roads - Geopackage GPKG (.ZIP - 321.2 MB) Emissions - Detailed Road Transport - Major Roads - Mapinfo TAB (.ZIP - 288.7 MB) Emissions - Detailed Road Transport - Major Roads - ESRI SHP (.ZIP - 303.6 MB) Emissions - Detailed Road Transport - Major Roads - Excel (.ZIP - 327.2MB) Emissions - Detailed Road Transport - Minor Roads - Excel (.ZIP - 15.4 MB) Emissions - Detailed Road Transport - Cold Start - Excel (.ZIP - 3.0 MB) Concentrations This dataset includes modelled 2019, 2025 and 2030 ground level concentrations of annual mean NOx, NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 in µg/m3 (microgramme per cubic metre) at 20m grid resolution. For PM10, it also includes the number of daily means exceeding 50 µg/m3. Data are provided in CSV, GIS (ESRI) and PDF formats. Concentrations - Data - ASCII Files (.ZIP - 393.3 MB) Concentrations - Data - Excel Files (.ZIP - 536.4 MB) Concentrations - Data - GIS Files (.ZIP - 391.9 MB). Includes GIS files in ESRI format to visualise the concentrations in a GIS software (ArcGIS) Concentrations - Maps 2019 - PDF / Image Files (19.2 MB) Concentrations - Maps 2025 - PDF / Image Files (29.9 MB) Concentrations - Maps 2030 - PDF / Image Files (22.6 MB)

The LAEI 2022 is the latest version of the London Atmospheric Emissions Inventory and replaces previous versions of the inventory.

Emissions estimates of key pollutants (NO_x, PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and CO₂) by source type are included for the base year 2022. Emissions for previous years 2016 and 2019, and forecast years forecast years 2025 and 2030 have also been revised for a number of sources, using the latest data sources (emission factors, activity data, ...) where available, and/or changes in methodology where relevant.

The area covered by the LAEI includes Greater London (the 32 London boroughs and the City of London), as well as areas outside Greater London up to the M25 motorway.

These emissions have been used to estimate ground level concentrations of key pollutants NO_x, NO₂, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 across Greater London for years 2022 using an atmospheric dispersion model. Air pollutant concentration maps and associated datasets are being finalised and will be available for download within the next few weeks.

Due to the size of the LAEI database, most datasets are provided in several parts, as compressed ZIP files.

Documentation

• "https://data.london.gov.uk/download/8d678913-6d58-4d72-9865-fef3ec84e047/8bc8b62a-17d0-42e8-9588-7e20f55a3b13/LAEI%202022%20Summary%20Note%20August%202025.pdf" target="_blank"> LAEI Summary Note 2022 (.PDF - 1.47 MB)

Supporting Information Key GIS geographies and road traffic flows and vehicle-kilometres for 2022 for each vehicle type. Data are provided in Excel and GIS formats.

• "https://data.london.gov.uk/download/8d678913-6d58-4d72-9865-fef3ec84e047/c50c1606-9ede-47c5-a85a-94158a9a899f/LAEI2022-Supporting-Information-GIS-Files.zip" target="_blank"> Supporting Information - GIS geographies (.ZIP - 2.5 MB)
• "https://data.london.gov.uk/download/8d678913-6d58-4d72-9865-fef3ec84e047/17a2c3b1-c5b7-47a9-9fa0-0c8454c4b590/LAEI2022-major-roads-flows-and-speeds.xlsx" target="_blank"> Supporting Information - Major Roads Traffic Data - Excel (.XLSX - 6.4 MB)
• "https://data.london.gov.uk/download/8d678913-6d58-4d72-9865-fef3ec84e047/8475dd44-d461-437a-95d8-df417f47a63c/LAEI2022-major-roads-flows-and-speeds.gpkg" target="_blank"> Supporting Information - Major Roads Traffic Data - GIS (.GPKG - 22.6 MB)

Grid Emissions Summary This dataset includes emissions of key pollutants NO_x, PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and CO₂, and a range of additional pollutants (SO₂, CH₄, VOC...) in tonnes/year for 2016, 2019, 2022, 2025 and 2030 for each source category at a 1km grid square resolution (further split to follow all London borough boundaries). It includes emission summary tables for London boroughs and London zones (Central / Inner / Outer London). Data are provided in Excel and GIS formats.

• "https://data.london.gov.uk/download/8d678913-6d58-4d72-9865-fef3ec84e047/f61244c6-161c-4a03-ab23-d69868cfad8f/LAEI-2022-Emissions-Summary.zip" target="_blank"> Emissions - Data - Excel Files (.ZIP - 109.2 MB)
• "https://data.london.gov.uk/download/8d678913-6d58-4d72-9865-fef3ec84e047/8683e151-7714-4a0f-bb4a-c29507ad124d/LAEI2022-Emissions-Summary-GIS-Files.zip" target="_blank"> Emissions - Data - GIS Files (.ZIP - 81.2 MB)
• "https://data.london.gov.uk/download/8d678913-6d58-4d72-9865-fef3ec84e047/8da23dcd-8b42-4499-b870-a0d3a9497bcb/LAEI2022-Emissions-Summary-Dashboards.zip" target="_blank"> Emissions - Summary Dashboards (.ZIP - 17.9 MB)

Detailed Road Transport Road transport NO_x, PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and CO₂ emissions in 2022 by vehicle type. PM emissions include split by exhaust, break wear and tyre wear. This data is provided at link level for major roads and at grid level for minor roads and cold start emissions. Data are provided in Excel and several GIS formats.

• Emissions - Detailed Road Transport - Major Roads - Geopackage GPKG (.ZIP - 1

Climate - in terms of temperature, precipitation and continentality - is a primary determinant in the distribution of vegetation. Salvador Rivas-Martinez and Salvador Rivas-Saenz (2004) developed a global bioclimatic classification system that quantifies key bioclimatic indices reflective of vegetation distributions. These indices can be used to model thermotypes (i.e. hot-cold gradients) and ombrotypes (i.e. wet-dry gradients). Their model was translated into GIS spatial algorithms during modeling of the US ES bioclimate data (Warner et. al. 2008). These spatial models were used (with minor adaptations) with Worldclim climatological data (Hijmans et. al. 2005) to model/map thermotypes and ombrotypes. These two maps were then combined into an isobioclimate map with a total of 157 composite classes. The African isobioclimate data was developed as a primary input dataset for an African Ecological Footprint mapping project undertaken by the U.S. Geological Survey and The Nature Conservancy. The project used a biophysical stratification approach - combining isobioclimate, surficial lithology, land surface forms, landcover, topographic moisture potential, and biogeographic ecological divisions - to generate ecological footprints. The composition and distribution of these unique footprints of the physical and biological landscape was then reviewed by regional vegetation and landscape ecology experts and attributed (labeled) to an intermediate scale African ecosystem class.

Forest Ecosystem Dynamics (FED) Project Spatial Data Archive: County Soil Survey Data with Attributes

The Biospheric Sciences Branch (formerly Earth Resources Branch) within the Laboratory for Terrestrial Physics at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center and associated University investigators are involved in a research program entitled Forest Ecosystem Dynamics (FED) which is fundamentally concerned with vegetation change of forest ecosystems at local to regional spatial scales (100 to 10,000 meters) and temporal scales ranging from monthly to decadal periods (10 to 100 years). The nature and extent of the impacts of these changes, as well as the feedbacks to global climate, may be addressed through modeling the interactions of the vegetation, soil, and energy components of the boreal ecosystem.

The Howland Forest research site lies within the Northern Experimental Forest of International Paper. The natural stands in this boreal-northern hardwood transitional forest consist of spruce-hemlock-fir, aspen-birch, and hemlock-hardwood mixtures. The topography of the region varies from flat to gently rolling, with a maximum elevation change of less than 68 m within 10 km. Due to the region's glacial history, soil drainage classes within a small area may vary widely, from well drained to poorly drained. Consequently, an elaborate patchwork of forest communities has developed, supporting exceptional local species diversity.

Additionally, almost 450 ha of the surrounding area consists of bogs and other wetlands. Generally, the soils throughout the forest are glacial tills, acid in reaction, with low fertility and high organic composition. These soils are classified primarily within three suborders: orthods, orchrepts, and aquepts. The climate is chiefly cold, humid, and continental and the region exhibits a snowpack of up to 2 m from December through March.

The original soil polygons were obtained by digitizing a 1963 USDA General Soil Map of Penobscot County, Maine. All of the soil symbols used were taken directly off of the county soil map. Data from the State Soil Geographic Database (STATSGO) were cross-matched. The county symbol was chosen as the identifier, and a STATGO identifier that best "fits" the county soil identifier was selected. The original maps used for the digitization came in 6 map sheets. All of the sheets were digitized, corrected, edge-matched, and appended. Once this was finished, topology was built, new items and attributes were added.

The data in its current form can be used to delineate basic soil groups. However, because the STATSGO map unit identifier is located in each polygon the user can link any of the other STATSGO data sets depending on the desired information. The identifier is the key for creating a very detailed and thorough soils data set. Once linked the data can be used for ecological modeling, resource management, and many other applications.

The OHSEM Open Warming Centers View is part of the emergency management infrastructure in Montgomery County, Texas. It provides real-time information on warming centers that are currently open during cold-related emergencies. The dataset includes key attributes such as center locations, operating hours, and available amenities, sourced from Montgomery County OHSEM. This view is designed to assist residents and emergency responders in locating accessible warming centers to mitigate cold-related risks during emergencies.

During this activity students learn about the key fronts of World War I and the impact of US involvement.THE U.S. HISTORY GEOINQUIRY COLLECTIONhttp://www.esri.com/geoinquiriesTo support Esri’s involvement in the White House ConnectED Initiative, GeoInquiry instructional materials using ArcGIS Online for Earth Science education are now freely available. The U.S. History GeoInquiry collection contains 15 free, web-mapping activities that correspond and extend map-based concepts in leading high school U.S. History textbooks. The activities use a standard inquiry-based instructional model, require only 15 minutes for a teacher to deliver, and are device agnostic. The activities harmonize with the C3 curriculum standards for social studies education. Activity topics include:· The Great Exchange· The 13 Colonies - 1700s· The War Before Independence (The American Revolution)· The War of 1812· Westward, ho! (Trails west)· The Underground Railroad· From Compromise to Conflict· A nation divided: The Civil War· Native American Lands· Steel and the birth of a city (natural resources)· World War I· Dust Bowl· A day that lived in infamy (Pearl Harbor)· Operation Overlord - D-Day· Hot spots in the Cold WarTeachers, GeoMentors, and administrators can learn more at http://www.esri.com/geoinquiries.