One important reason for performing GIS analysis is to determine proximity. Often, this type of analysis is done using vector data and possibly the Buffer or Near tools. In this course, you will learn how to calculate distance using raster datasets as inputs in order to assign cells a value based on distance to the nearest source (e.g., city, campground). You will also learn how to allocate cells to a particular source and to determine the compass direction from a cell in a raster to a source.What if you don't want to just measure the straight line from one place to another? What if you need to determine the best route to a destination, taking speed limits, slope, terrain, and road conditions into consideration? In cases like this, you could use the cost distance tools in order to assign a cost (such as time) to each raster cell based on factors like slope and speed limit. From these calculations, you could create a least-cost path from one place to another. Because these tools account for variables that could affect travel, they can help you determine that the shortest path may not always be the best path.After completing this course, you will be able to:Create straight-line distance, direction, and allocation surfaces.Determine when to use Euclidean and weighted distance tools.Perform a least-cost path analysis.

GIS Layers used to create the hunting habitat model, which include Cattle density, Distance from edge, Dominant landcover, Forest edge density, Forest patch size, Improved pasture patch size, Landcover, and Percent forest cover. Area of analysis defined by Minimum Convex Polygons created from Florida panther GPS data.

This repository contains the methods accompanying the paper 'A spatial model of cognitive distance in cities' (under review). The repository consists of three files.The main methods are found in the Python Jupyter notebook ('Cognitive Distance Anon'). This includes methods for estimating the effect of urban features (landmarks, land uses), intersections, turns, and network density on cognitive distance. The notebook clearly highlights the parameters used in defining the effect of each facet. The notebook also contains methods for calculating cognitive distance for a range of cities, drawing down GIS data for each city from OpenStreetMap using the OSMNx library. For each city, 500 random routes are calculated and distances extracted. The notebook contains additional methods relating to the generation of data visualisations used in the paper.The calculation of cognitive distance is supported by an additional functional package, landmark_functions.py. This code contains additional methods for landmark identification from OpenStreetMap data. This classification is based on the physical, pragmatic, and cultural components of each building within the dataset.The text file (test_cities.txt) contains the cities and coordinates used in estimation of cognitive distance, as documented in the paper.

California's Central Valley ranges from the mountain fronts toward a central trough, mainly defined by the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers, and the relative distance from trough to valley edges is of interest. This data release provides supplemental data for the USGS Professional Paper 1766, titled Groundwater Availability of the Central Valley Aquifer, California and provides geographic information systems (GIS) datasets containing this relative distance grid and supporting data. Included in this data release are shapefiles used to define the Central Valley study area, the Central Valley trough, and a relative distance grid that may be used to spatially define other GIS data into zones between the edge of the Central Valley and the trough. These relative distances were calculated as part of groundwater availability study documented in the Professional Paper, for a 30 x 30-meter cell size grid for the Central Valley. The edge of the valley was represented by the boundary of the valley fill deposits and was assigned an arbitrary value of 1000. The valley trough was represented by the division of California's Department of Water Resource's groundwater subbasins from west to east, from the intersection of Enterprise, Anderson, and Millville subbasins in the north to the Westside and Kings subbasins in the south with an extended line through historic lakes Tulare, Buena Vista, and Kern. This valley trough was assigned a value of 0 which included the boundaries of the historic lakes.

This maps shows distance from each subdivision and condominium to the nearest park entry point.

The Long Distance Trails line data layer represents trails in Massachusetts that are longer than 25 miles. The data were created for the purpose of regional planning and mapping by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management (DEM), now the Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR) and was modified for the DEM by the University of Massachusetts in 1997. DCR updated most of the trails with more accurate source data in 2015.More details...Feature service also available.

Dataset for the textbook Computational Methods and GIS Applications in Social Science (3rd Edition), 2023 Fahui Wang, Lingbo Liu Main Book Citation: Wang, F., & Liu, L. (2023). Computational Methods and GIS Applications in Social Science (3rd ed.). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003292302 KNIME Lab Manual Citation: Liu, L., & Wang, F. (2023). Computational Methods and GIS Applications in Social Science - Lab Manual. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003304357 KNIME Hub Dataset and Workflow for Computational Methods and GIS Applications in Social Science-Lab Manual Update Log If Python package not found in Package Management, use ArcGIS Pro's Python Command Prompt to install them, e.g., conda install -c conda-forge python-igraph leidenalg NetworkCommDetPro in CMGIS-V3-Tools was updated on July 10,2024 Add spatial adjacency table into Florida on June 29,2024 The dataset and tool for ABM Crime Simulation were updated on August 3, 2023, The toolkits in CMGIS-V3-Tools was updated on August 3rd,2023. Report Issues on GitHub https://github.com/UrbanGISer/Computational-Methods-and-GIS-Applications-in-Social-Science Following the website of Fahui Wang : http://faculty.lsu.edu/fahui Contents Chapter 1. Getting Started with ArcGIS: Data Management and Basic Spatial Analysis Tools Case Study 1: Mapping and Analyzing Population Density Pattern in Baton Rouge, Louisiana Chapter 2. Measuring Distance and Travel Time and Analyzing Distance Decay Behavior Case Study 2A: Estimating Drive Time and Transit Time in Baton Rouge, Louisiana Case Study 2B: Analyzing Distance Decay Behavior for Hospitalization in Florida Chapter 3. Spatial Smoothing and Spatial Interpolation Case Study 3A: Mapping Place Names in Guangxi, China Case Study 3B: Area-Based Interpolations of Population in Baton Rouge, Louisiana Case Study 3C: Detecting Spatiotemporal Crime Hotspots in Baton Rouge, Louisiana Chapter 4. Delineating Functional Regions and Applications in Health Geography Case Study 4A: Defining Service Areas of Acute Hospitals in Baton Rouge, Louisiana Case Study 4B: Automated Delineation of Hospital Service Areas in Florida Chapter 5. GIS-Based Measures of Spatial Accessibility and Application in Examining Healthcare Disparity Case Study 5: Measuring Accessibility of Primary Care Physicians in Baton Rouge Chapter 6. Function Fittings by Regressions and Application in Analyzing Urban Density Patterns Case Study 6: Analyzing Population Density Patterns in Chicago Urban Area >Chapter 7. Principal Components, Factor and Cluster Analyses and Application in Social Area Analysis Case Study 7: Social Area Analysis in Beijing Chapter 8. Spatial Statistics and Applications in Cultural and Crime Geography Case Study 8A: Spatial Distribution and Clusters of Place Names in Yunnan, China Case Study 8B: Detecting Colocation Between Crime Incidents and Facilities Case Study 8C: Spatial Cluster and Regression Analyses of Homicide Patterns in Chicago Chapter 9. Regionalization Methods and Application in Analysis of Cancer Data Case Study 9: Constructing Geographical Areas for Mapping Cancer Rates in Louisiana Chapter 10. System of Linear Equations and Application of Garin-Lowry in Simulating Urban Population and Employment Patterns Case Study 10: Simulating Population and Service Employment Distributions in a Hypothetical City Chapter 11. Linear and Quadratic Programming and Applications in Examining Wasteful Commuting and Allocating Healthcare Providers Case Study 11A: Measuring Wasteful Commuting in Columbus, Ohio Case Study 11B: Location-Allocation Analysis of Hospitals in Rural China Chapter 12. Monte Carlo Method and Applications in Urban Population and Traffic Simulations Case Study 12A. Examining Zonal Effect on Urban Population Density Functions in Chicago by Monte Carlo Simulation Case Study 12B: Monte Carlo-Based Traffic Simulation in Baton Rouge, Louisiana Chapter 13. Agent-Based Model and Application in Crime Simulation Case Study 13: Agent-Based Crime Simulation in Baton Rouge, Louisiana Chapter 14. Spatiotemporal Big Data Analytics and Application in Urban Studies Case Study 14A: Exploring Taxi Trajectory in ArcGIS Case Study 14B: Identifying High Traffic Corridors and Destinations in Shanghai Dataset File Structure 1 BatonRouge Census.gdb BR.gdb 2A BatonRouge BR_Road.gdb Hosp_Address.csv TransitNetworkTemplate.xml BR_GTFS Google API Pro.tbx 2B Florida FL_HSA.gdb R_ArcGIS_Tools.tbx (RegressionR) 3A China_GX GX.gdb 3B BatonRouge BR.gdb 3C BatonRouge BRcrime R_ArcGIS_Tools.tbx (STKDE) 4A BatonRouge BRRoad.gdb 4B Florida FL_HSA.gdb HSA Delineation Pro.tbx Huff Model Pro.tbx FLplgnAdjAppend.csv 5 BRMSA BRMSA.gdb Accessibility Pro.tbx 6 Chicago ChiUrArea.gdb R_ArcGIS_Tools.tbx (RegressionR) 7 Beijing BJSA.gdb bjattr.csv R_ArcGIS_Tools.tbx (PCAandFA, BasicClustering) 8A Yunnan YN.gdb R_ArcGIS_Tools.tbx (SaTScanR) 8B Jiangsu JS.gdb 8C Chicago ChiCity.gdb cityattr.csv ...

Sight Distance Data collected by Furgo. Dataset contains only Dalton Highway data.

The dataset and the validation are fully described in a Nature Scientific Data Descriptor https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-019-0265-5

If you want to use this dataset in an interactive environment, then use this link https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/GeographerAtLarge/TravelTime/HEAD

The following text is a summary of the information in the above Data Descriptor.

The dataset is a suite of global travel-time accessibility indicators for the year 2015, at approximately one-kilometre spatial resolution for the entire globe. The indicators show an estimated (and validated), land-based travel time to the nearest city and nearest port for a range of city and port sizes.

The datasets are in GeoTIFF format and are suitable for use in Geographic Information Systems and statistical packages for mapping access to cities and ports and for spatial and statistical analysis of the inequalities in access by different segments of the population.

These maps represent a unique global representation of physical access to essential services offered by cities and ports.

The datasets travel_time_to_cities_x.tif (where x has values from 1 to 12) The value of each pixel is the estimated travel time in minutes to the nearest urban area in 2015. There are 12 data layers based on different sets of urban areas, defined by their population in year 2015 (see PDF report).

travel_time_to_ports_x (x ranges from 1 to 5)

The value of each pixel is the estimated travel time to the nearest port in 2015. There are 5 data layers based on different port sizes.

Format Raster Dataset, GeoTIFF, LZW compressed Unit Minutes

Data type Byte (16 bit Unsigned Integer)

No data value 65535

Flags None

Spatial resolution 30 arc seconds

Spatial extent

Upper left -180, 85

Lower left -180, -60 Upper right 180, 85 Lower right 180, -60 Spatial Reference System (SRS) EPSG:4326 - WGS84 - Geographic Coordinate System (lat/long)

Temporal resolution 2015

Temporal extent Updates may follow for future years, but these are dependent on the availability of updated inputs on travel times and city locations and populations.

Methodology Travel time to the nearest city or port was estimated using an accumulated cost function (accCost) in the gdistance R package (van Etten, 2018). This function requires two input datasets: (i) a set of locations to estimate travel time to and (ii) a transition matrix that represents the cost or time to travel across a surface.

The set of locations were based on populated urban areas in the 2016 version of the Joint Research Centre’s Global Human Settlement Layers (GHSL) datasets (Pesaresi and Freire, 2016) that represent low density (LDC) urban clusters and high density (HDC) urban areas (https://ghsl.jrc.ec.europa.eu/datasets.php). These urban areas were represented by points, spaced at 1km distance around the perimeter of each urban area.

Marine ports were extracted from the 26th edition of the World Port Index (NGA, 2017) which contains the location and physical characteristics of approximately 3,700 major ports and terminals. Ports are represented as single points

The transition matrix was based on the friction surface (https://map.ox.ac.uk/research-project/accessibility_to_cities) from the 2015 global accessibility map (Weiss et al, 2018).

Code The R code used to generate the 12 travel time maps is included in the zip file that can be downloaded with these data layers. The processing zones are also available.

Validation The underlying friction surface was validated by comparing travel times between 47,893 pairs of locations against journey times from a Google API. Our estimated journey times were generally shorter than those from the Google API. Across the tiles, the median journey time from our estimates was 88 minutes within an interquartile range of 48 to 143 minutes while the median journey time estimated by the Google API was 106 minutes within an interquartile range of 61 to 167 minutes. Across all tiles, the differences were skewed to the left and our travel time estimates were shorter than those reported by the Google API in 72% of the tiles. The median difference was −13.7 minutes within an interquartile range of −35.5 to 2.0 minutes while the absolute difference was 30 minutes or less for 60% of the tiles and 60 minutes or less for 80% of the tiles. The median percentage difference was −16.9% within an interquartile range of −30.6% to 2.7% while the absolute percentage difference was 20% or less in 43% of the tiles and 40% or less in 80% of the tiles.

This process and results are included in the validation zip file.

Usage Notes The accessibility layers can be visualised and analysed in many Geographic Information Systems or remote sensing software such as QGIS, GRASS, ENVI, ERDAS or ArcMap, and also by statistical and modelling packages such as R or MATLAB. They can also be used in cloud-based tools for geospatial analysis such as Google Earth Engine.

The nine layers represent travel times to human settlements of different population ranges. Two or more layers can be combined into one layer by recording the minimum pixel value across the layers. For example, a map of travel time to the nearest settlement of 5,000 to 50,000 people could be generated by taking the minimum of the three layers that represent the travel time to settlements with populations between 5,000 and 10,000, 10,000 and 20,000 and, 20,000 and 50,000 people.

The accessibility layers also permit user-defined hierarchies that go beyond computing the minimum pixel value across layers. A user-defined complete hierarchy can be generated when the union of all categories adds up to the global population, and the intersection of any two categories is empty. Everything else is up to the user in terms of logical consistency with the problem at hand.

The accessibility layers are relative measures of the ease of access from a given location to the nearest target. While the validation demonstrates that they do correspond to typical journey times, they cannot be taken to represent actual travel times. Errors in the friction surface will be accumulated as part of the accumulative cost function and it is likely that locations that are further away from targets will have greater a divergence from a plausible travel time than those that are closer to the targets. Care should be taken when referring to travel time to the larger cities when the locations of interest are extremely remote, although they will still be plausible representations of relative accessibility. Furthermore, a key assumption of the model is that all journeys will use the fastest mode of transport and take the shortest path.

Comparison of models relating geographic distance and habitat continuity to genetic distance.

This folder contains five datasets. One dataset ('Potential.csv') characterizes the potential for eight different holiday styles (city tourism, culture tourism, nature tourism, event tourism, sports tourism, sea, sun and sand tourism, wellness tourism and visiting relatives) in the European Union (EU28) at the NUTS2 level, quantified using spatial data indicating the presence and attractiveness of specific assets. Three datasets ('Number of trips.csv', 'Total distance traveled.csv', 'Total CO2e emissions.csv') characterize leisure travel flows for these eight holiday styles, within and between the NUTS regions of the EU28. Flows are expressed in terms of number of trips, total distance travelled, and aggregate carbon emissions, and are provided by origin region-destination region pair. In all three datasets, flows are also classified into three transport options: air, rail, and road. Each transport option is multimodal, which matters for the calculation of carbon emissions. Therefore, the total distance and carbon emissions are also distributed between different transport modes (car, airplane, train, ferry). For example, the column CO2_AIR_car contains the aggregated carbon emissions of car trips to and from the airport in the origin and destination regions. One dataset ('Spatial patterns (trips) gis.csv') can be open with a gis software using the WKT to visualise and plot the spatial patterns of the flows per holiday style. Note that the input data used to calculate these three datasets are from different years (e.g. we used the average number of trips between EU countries over the period 2010-2018 (Eurostat) to correct for inconsistencies in reporting), so they reflect an average situation rather than the situation in a specific year.

Displays the 100-foot and 200-foot minimum required separation distances for active Public Water System (PWS) sources in Alaska, as per Drinking Water Regulations 18 AAC 80.020, https://dec.alaska.gov/eh/dw/regulations/.

Accessibility is defined as the travel time to a location of interest using land (road/off road) or water (navigable river, lake and ocean) based travel. This accessibility is computed using a cost-distance algorithm which computes the “cost” of traveling between two locations on a regular raster grid. Generally this cost is measured in units of time.The input GIS data and a description of the underlying model that were developed by Andrew Nelson in the GEM (Global Environment Monitoring) unit in collaboration with the World Bank’s Development Research Group between October 2007 and May 2008. The pixel values representing minutes of travel time. Available dataset: Joint Research Centre - Land Resource Management Unit

The Network Adequacy Standards data is divided out by Provider Type, Adult and Pediatric separately, so that the Time or Distance analysis can be performed with greater detail. These standards differ by County due to the County "type" which is based on the population density of the county. There are 5 county categories within California; Rural (<50 people/sq mile), Small (51-200 people/sq mile), Medium (201-599 people/sq mile), and Dense (>600 people/sq mile).HospitalsOB/GYN SpecialtyAdult Cardiology/Interventional CardiologyAdult DermatologyAdult EndocrinologyAdult ENT/OtolaryngologyAdult GastroenterologyAdult General SurgeryAdult HematologyAdult HIV/AIDS/Infectious DiseaseAdult Mental Health Outpatient ServicesAdult NephrologyAdult NeurologyAdult OncologyAdult OphthalmologyAdult Orthopedic SurgeryAdult PCPAdult Physical Medicine and RehabilitationAdult PsychiatryAdult PulmonologyPediatric Cardiology/Interventional CardiologyPediatric DermatologyPediatric EndocrinologyPediatric ENT/OtolaryngologyPediatric GastroenterologyPediatric General SurgeryPediatric HematologyPediatric HIV/AIDS/Infectious DiseasePediatric Mental Health Outpatient ServicesPediatric NephrologyPediatric NeurologyPediatric OncologyPediatric OphthalmologyPediatric Orthopedic SurgeryPediatric PCPPediatric Physical Medicine and RehabilitationPediatric PsychiatryPediatric Pulmonology

Distances, in meters and miles, between stops on MBTA rapid transit lines. This includes the Red Line, Green Line, Blue Line, Orange Line, and Mattapan Trolley.This data is obtained from GTFS. While suitable for the vast majority of applications, small inaccuracies may be present. MassDOT/MBTA shall not be held liable for any errors in this data. This includes errors of omission, commission, errors concerning the content of the data, and relative and positional accuracy of the data. This data cannot be construed to be a legal document. Primary sources from which this data was compiled must be consulted for verification of information contained in this data.

The “Event Distancing Trend” indicates the number of positive cases interviewed per week who reported attending an event with five or more individuals and where social distancing was NOT maintained.Note: Data subject to change on a daily basis. Data are restricted to positive cases with a completed contact tracing interview. Possible exposure data are collected during the contact tracing interview as self-reported activities occurring within the 2-week period before the date of symptom onset for symptomatic individuals or the date of test sample collection for asymptomatic individuals. Data collection methods were altered starting the week of Dec 11 for gym/fitness and sports, so should not be compared to previous values.* High to Moderate Exposure Activity Types are not exhaustive and include travel, personal care, faith events, work, dining out, social events, gym/fitness, and sports.Data is updated on a weekly basis.

Updated 10/6/2022: In the Time/Distance analysis process, points that were found to have been included initially, but with no significant or year-round population were removed. The layer of removed points is also available for viewing. MCNA - Removed Population PointsThe Network Adequacy Standards Representative Population Points feature layer contains 97,694 points spread across California that were created from USPS postal delivery route data and US Census data. Each population point also contains the variables for Time and Distance Standards for the County that the point is within. These standards differ by County due to the County "type" which is based on the population density of the county. There are 5 county categories within California: Rural (<50 people/sq mile), Small (51-200 people/sq mile), Medium (201-599 people/sq mile), and Dense (>600 people/sq mile). The Time and Distance data is divided out by Provider Type, Adult and Pediatric separately, so that the Time or Distance analysis can be performed with greater detail. HospitalsOB/GYN SpecialtyAdult Cardiology/Interventional CardiologyAdult DermatologyAdult EndocrinologyAdult ENT/OtolaryngologyAdult GastroenterologyAdult General SurgeryAdult HematologyAdult HIV/AIDS/Infectious DiseaseAdult Mental Health Outpatient ServicesAdult NephrologyAdult NeurologyAdult OncologyAdult OphthalmologyAdult Orthopedic SurgeryAdult PCPAdult Physical Medicine and RehabilitationAdult PsychiatryAdult PulmonologyPediatric Cardiology/Interventional CardiologyPediatric DermatologyPediatric EndocrinologyPediatric ENT/OtolaryngologyPediatric GastroenterologyPediatric General SurgeryPediatric HematologyPediatric HIV/AIDS/Infectious DiseasePediatric Mental Health Outpatient ServicesPediatric NephrologyPediatric NeurologyPediatric OncologyPediatric OphthalmologyPediatric Orthopedic SurgeryPediatric PCPPediatric Physical Medicine and RehabilitationPediatric PsychiatryPediatric Pulmonology

Students will explore how not all distances are equally distant. The activity uses a web-based map and is tied to the AP Human Geography benchmarks.

Learning outcomes:

Students will be able to visualize and analyze variations in the time-space compression.

Find more advanced human geography GeoInquiries and explore all GeoInquiries at https://www.esri.com/geoinquiriesLatest version: Q2 2016

This public GIS dataset comes from the Alaska GAP project, and it is part of the final project report (Gotthard, Pyare, Huettmann et al. 2013). Here we present a copy of the original data set as a value-added product for basic use and training purposes. It consists of 53 environmental layers for all of Alaska in an ArcGIS 10 format and usually with a pixel size of 60m. These layers were compiled from various sources, and authorships should be fully honoured as stated in the details of this metadata. Output maps were clipped using a state of Alaska coastline in the Alaska Albers NAD83 projection; very small islands are excluded.The data layers were initially compiled for ecological niche models of Alaska's terrestrial biodiversity using Maxent and other Machine Learning algorithms. However, they can also be used for many other purposes, e.g. strategic conservation planning and individual information and assessments. The datasets are a snapshot in space and time (2012) but likely remain valid for years to come. It is appreciated that these data layers are 'living products', and it is hoped that this public data publication here will progress and trigger many updates and data quality improvements for Alaska and its public high-quality data over time. The following variables are included in this dataset: Boundaries Coastline, Climate Precipitation January til December Average monthly precipitation (mm), Climate Precipitation Average annual precipitation (mm), Climate Temperature January til December Average monthly temperature (deg C), Climate Temperature annual temperature (dec C), Climate First day of thaw (Julian date), Climate First day of freeze (Julian date), Climate Length of growing season Number of days, Disturbance Insect history (Year), Distance to Disturbance Insect location (m), Disturbance Fire history Year of fire (1942 til 2007), distance to Disturbance Fire location (m), Soils Grid (category), Surfacial Geology Grid values, Glacial Distance (m), Distance(m) to lotic water, Distance (m) to permafrost boundary, Distance(m) to lentic water, Saltwater Presence, Distance (m) to Sea Ice Extent 2003-2007 December, Distance (m) to Sea Ice Extent 2003-2007 July, Distance to Development Infrastructure, Landcover Vegetation (Landfire), Landcover nlcd60, Elevation (m), Slope (%), Aspect (Degrees from due south), Terrain Ruggedness index, Extent nullgrid 9999, Coast raster.

The arrangement of water in the landscape affects the distribution of many species including the distribution of humans. This layer provides a landscape-scale estimate of the distance from large water bodies. This layer provides access to a 250m cell-sized raster of distance to surface water. To facilitate mapping, the values are in units of pixels. To convert this value to meters multiply by 250. The layer was created by extracting surface water values from the World Lithology and World Land Cover layers to produce a surface water layer. The distance from water was calculated using the ArcGIS Euclidian Distance Tool. The layer was created by Esri in 2014. Dataset SummaryAnalysis: Restricted single source analysis. Maximum size of analysis is 16,000 x 16,000 pixels. What can you do with this layer?This layer is suitable for both visualization and analysis. It can be used in ArcGIS Online in web maps and applications and can be used in ArcGIS Desktop. Restricted single source analysis means this layer has size constraints for analysis and it is not recommended for use with other layers in multisource analysis. This layer has query, identify, and export image services available. This layer is restricted to a maximum area of 16,000 x 16,000 pixels - an area 4,000 kilometers on a side or an area approximately the size of Europe. This layer is part of a larger collection of landscape layers that you can use to perform a wide variety of mapping and analysis tasks. The Living Atlas of the World provides an easy way to explore the landscape layers and many other beautiful and authoritative maps on hundreds of topics. Geonet is a good resource for learning more about landscape layers and the Living Atlas of the World. To get started see the Living Atlas Discussion Group. The Esri Insider Blog provides an introduction to the Ecophysiographic Mapping project.