The global construction mapping services market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing adoption of advanced technologies like drones, LiDAR, and GIS in the construction industry. The market's expansion is fueled by the need for precise and efficient site surveying, improved project planning and management, enhanced safety protocols, and reduced project costs and delays. Several key trends are shaping the market: the rising preference for 3D modeling and digital twins for better visualization and coordination, the integration of Building Information Modeling (BIM) with mapping data for seamless workflows, and the increasing demand for real-time data acquisition and analysis for informed decision-making. The market is segmented by surveying type (aerial and terrestrial) and application (before, during, and after construction). Aerial surveying, particularly using drones, is gaining significant traction due to its cost-effectiveness, speed, and ability to capture detailed data from challenging terrains. The "during construction" application segment is witnessing strong growth as contractors leverage mapping data to monitor progress, identify potential issues, and ensure compliance with project specifications. While the market exhibits substantial growth potential, certain restraints exist. High initial investment costs associated with acquiring and maintaining sophisticated equipment can be a barrier to entry for smaller firms. Data security and privacy concerns related to handling sensitive project information also pose challenges. Furthermore, regulatory hurdles and the need for skilled professionals proficient in data processing and interpretation can impact market growth in some regions. However, ongoing technological advancements and increasing government investments in infrastructure projects are expected to mitigate these restraints. The competition is intense, with both large multinational corporations and specialized surveying firms vying for market share. The market is geographically diverse, with North America and Europe currently holding significant shares but the Asia-Pacific region showing the strongest growth potential due to rapid urbanization and infrastructure development. By 2033, the market is projected to achieve substantial expansion, driven by continuous advancements in technology and the increasing reliance on data-driven decision-making within the construction sector. We estimate the market to reach a value of approximately $15 billion by 2033 assuming a conservative CAGR of 8%, considering the growth factors and restraints.

ArcGIS tool and tutorial to convert the shapefiles into network format. The latest version of the tool is available at http://csun.uic.edu/codes/GISF2E.htmlUpdate: we now have added QGIS and python tools. To download them and learn more, visit http://csun.uic.edu/codes/GISF2E.htmlPlease cite: Karduni,A., Kermanshah, A., and Derrible, S., 2016, "A protocol to convert spatial polyline data to network formats and applications to world urban road networks", Scientific Data, 3:160046, Available at http://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201646

It includes data that were used in the manuscript. It also include layers that were created in online ArcGIS pro in manuscript .

Bolton & Menk, an engineering planning and consulting firm from the Midwestern United States has released a series of illustrated children’s books as a way of helping young people discover several different professions that typically do not get as much attention as other more traditional ones do.Topics of the award winning book series include landscape architecture, civil engineering, water resource engineering, urban planning and now Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The books are available free online in digital format, and easily accessed via a laptop, smart phone or tablet.The book Lindsey the GIS Specialist – A GIS Mapping Story Tyler Danielson, covers some the basics of what geographic information is and the type of work that a GIS Specialist does. It explains what the acronym GIS means, the different types of geospatial data, how we collect data, and what some of the maps a GIS Specialist creates would be used for.Click here to check out the GIS Specialist – A GIS Mapping Story e-book

Question Paper Solutions of GIS & Remote Sensing (CE(PE)801A),8th Semester,Civil Engineering,Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology

Civil Engineering Market Outlook

The global civil engineering market size was valued at approximately $9.7 trillion in 2023 and is projected to reach nearly $14.6 trillion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.5% during the forecast period. This substantial growth is driven by increasing urbanization, infrastructure development, and investments in residential and commercial projects worldwide. The burgeoning demand for sustainable construction practices and innovative engineering solutions is further bolstering market expansion.

One of the primary growth factors of the civil engineering market is the rapid pace of urbanization. As more people move into urban areas, the demand for new housing, transportation systems, utilities, and social infrastructure escalates. Governments and private sectors are heavily investing in smart city initiatives, which require extensive civil engineering expertise to ensure that infrastructure is both efficient and sustainable. Furthermore, the expansion of megacities in emerging economies is creating a significant need for advanced civil engineering services, ranging from planning and design to construction and maintenance.

Another significant growth driver is the increasing focus on sustainable and resilient infrastructure. The threat of climate change has led to an emphasis on building structures that can withstand extreme weather conditions and natural disasters. This involves incorporating green building materials, energy-efficient designs, and disaster-resistant technologies into construction projects. Governments and regulatory bodies are also implementing stringent building codes and standards, which necessitate the involvement of skilled civil engineers to ensure compliance. As a result, the demand for specialized civil engineering services is on the rise.

Technological advancements are also playing a crucial role in the growth of the civil engineering market. The adoption of Building Information Modeling (BIM), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and other advanced software tools has revolutionized the way civil engineering projects are planned and executed. These technologies improve precision, reduce errors, and enhance collaboration among stakeholders. Additionally, innovations in materials science, such as the development of high-performance concrete and smart materials, are contributing to the creation of more durable and efficient infrastructures. These technological strides are attracting significant investment and interest in the civil engineering sector.

Regionally, the Asia-Pacific area is expected to dominate the civil engineering market due to rapid economic growth and substantial infrastructure development in countries like China and India. North America and Europe are also significant markets, driven by the need to upgrade aging infrastructure and implement smart city projects. The Middle East & Africa and Latin America regions present considerable growth opportunities due to ongoing urbanization and investment in infrastructure projects. Each region has its unique drivers and challenges, but the overall outlook for the civil engineering market remains robust.

Service Type Analysis

Planning & Design

The planning and design segment is a critical component of the civil engineering market. This segment involves the initial stages of any construction project, where feasibility studies, site surveys, and detailed project plans are developed. The rising complexity of modern infrastructure projects necessitates meticulous planning and innovative design solutions. Advanced software tools such as AutoCAD, Revit, and BIM are extensively utilized in this segment to create accurate and efficient designs. The integration of these tools helps streamline the planning process, reduce errors, and ensure that the final design meets all regulatory and safety standards.

Sustainable design practices are gaining prominence within the planning and design segment. With increasing awareness of environmental issues, there is a growing emphasis on creating eco-friendly and energy-efficient building designs. This involves the use of green building materials, renewable energy sources, and waste reduction strategies. Civil engineers are now focusing on designing structures that minimize environmental impact while maximizing functionality and aesthetics. This shift towards sustainability is driving innovation and growth in the planning and design segment.

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This study presents an ArcGIS geoprocessing protocol for quickly processing large amounts of data from publicly available government sources to consider both water quality standards (WQS) and nonpoint pollution source (NPS) control, on a watershed-by-watershed basis to administratively predict locations where nonpoint source pollutants may contribute to the impairment of downstream waters and locations where nonpoint source pollutants are not expected to contribute to the impairment of downstream waters. This dissertation also presents an ArcGIS geoprocessing protocol to calculate the hydrological response time of a watershed and to predict the potential for soil erosion and nonpoint source pollutant movement on a landscape scale. The standardized methodologies employed by the protocol allow for its use in various geographic regions. The methodology has been performed on sites in Linn County and Boone County, Missouri, and produces results consistent with those expected from other widely accepted methods. These protocols were developed studying the movement of atrazine. but may be used for various nonpoint source pollutants that are water soluble, have an affinity to soil binding, and associated with a particular land use. All data and code are available in Mendeley Data (doi: 10.17632/wdjzftxyfd.1).

Urban construction is a main form of human land use activities. It records the history of urban system evolution and reflects changes in the location, size, and form of a city. Historical data of urban construction land along the Silk Road provide data support for studying the evolutionary process of these cities, as well as for restoring longer-term construction land and other urban factors. In this paper, urban land refers to the scope of city-wall enclosure. Through the integration of multi-source data, the urban construction land along the Silk Road was restored, and a GIS dataset of urban construction land along the Silk Road in the Ming and Qing dynasties was established. The dataset allows searches by place name or time period for the changes of construction land in cities from 1368 to 1911.

Table contains count and percentage of county residents ages 16 and older who work in construction industry. Data are presented at county, city, zip code and census tract level. Data are presented for zip codes (ZCTAs) fully within the county. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2016-2020 American Community Survey 5-year estimates, Table S2403; data accessed on July 20, 2022 from https://api.census.gov. The 2020 Decennial geographies are used for data summarization.METADATA:notes (String): Lists table title, notes, sourcesgeolevel (String): Level of geographyGEOID (Numeric): Geography IDNAME (String): Name of geographyt_16plus (Numeric): Population ages 16 years and olderconstruction (Numeric): Number of workers in construction industrypct_construct (Numeric): Percent of workers in construction industry

Snapshot img

Civil Engineering Market Size 2024-2028

The civil engineering market size is forecast to increase by USD 2.57 billion at a CAGR of 3.9% between 2023 and 2028.

The market is experiencing significant growth, driven by the surge in construction activities in developing countries. This trend is expected to continue as infrastructure development remains a priority for many governments. Another key factor fueling market growth is the adoption of intelligent processing in civil engineering projects. This includes the use of technologies such as Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to improve project efficiency and accuracy. 
However, the market is also facing challenges, including the decline in construction activities in some regions due to economic downturns and natural disasters. Despite these challenges, the future of the market looks promising, with continued investment in infrastructure development and the ongoing integration of advanced technologies.

What will be the Size of the Civil Engineering Market During the Forecast Period?

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The civil engineering services market encompasses a broad range of construction activities, including social infrastructure, residential, offices, educational institutes, luxury hotels, restaurants, transport buildings, online retail warehousing, and various types of infrastructure projects such as roads, bridges, railroads, airports, and ports. This market is driven by various factors, including population growth, urbanization, and the increasing demand for sustainable and energy-efficient structures. 
Digitalization plays a significant role In the civil engineering sector, with the adoption of digital civil engineering, smart grids, urban transportation systems, industrial automation, parking systems, and IT services. Additionally, there is a growing trend towards the development of zero-energy buildings, insulated buildings, double skin facades, PV panels, and e-permit systems.
Inspection technology and integrated 3D modeling are also becoming increasingly important In the civil engineering industry, enabling more accurate and efficient design and construction processes. The market is expected to continue growing, driven by the increasing demand for infrastructure development and the ongoing digital transformation of the industry.

How is this Civil Engineering Industry segmented and which is the largest segment?

The civil engineering industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018-2022 for the following segments.

Application

  Real estate
  Infrastructure
  Industrial


Geography

  APAC

    China
    India


  North America

    Canada
    US


  Europe

    Germany


  Middle East and Africa



  South America

By Application Insights

The real estate segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. The real estate market encompasses the development, acquisition, and sale of property, land, and buildings. Global urbanization and infrastructure investment growth have significantly impacted this sector. In particular, the Asia Pacific region has seen rapid expansion in various sectors, such as commercial construction, with India leading the charge. Notably, international real estate development is projected to present opportunities for countries like India, as demonstrated by the October 2021 MoU between the Jammu and Kashmir administration and the Dubai government, focusing on industrial parks, IT towers, and super-specialty hospitals. Civil engineering services play a crucial role in real estate development, with a focus on social infrastructure, residential, construction activities, offices, educational institutes, hotels, restaurants, transport buildings, online retail warehousing, immigration, housing, and construction.

Innovations in green building products, energy efficiency, sustainable construction materials, such as cross-laminated timber, and digital technology are transforming the industry. Key areas of growth include infrastructure, oil and gas, energy and power, aviation, public spending, non-residential construction, healthcare centers, infrastructure projects, and digital civil engineering. Civil engineering firms provide essential services, including rail structures, tunnels, bridges, maintenance services, renovation activities, and energy-efficient products. The real estate segment also includes industrial real estate and housing development, with a shift towards flexible infrastructure, roads, railroads, airports, ports, single-family houses, and home remodeling. The industry is embracing advanced simulation tools, drone technology, and carbon emissions reduction initiatives, such as net-zero energy buildings, pre-f

Get Exam Question Paper Solutions of GIS & Remote Sensing and many more.

Geographic Information System (GIS) Tools Market Outlook

The global Geographic Information System (GIS) tools market size was valued at approximately USD 10.8 billion in 2023, and it is projected to reach USD 21.5 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.9% from 2024 to 2032. The increasing demand for spatial data analytics and the rising adoption of GIS tools across various industries are significant growth factors propelling the market forward.

One of the primary growth factors for the GIS tools market is the surging demand for spatial data analytics. Spatial data plays a critical role in numerous sectors, including urban planning, environmental monitoring, disaster management, and natural resource exploration. The ability to visualize and analyze spatial data provides organizations with valuable insights, enabling them to make informed decisions. Advances in technology, such as the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) with GIS, are enhancing the capabilities of these tools, further driving market growth.

Moreover, the increasing adoption of GIS tools in the construction and agriculture sectors is fueling market expansion. In construction, GIS tools are used for site selection, route planning, and resource management, enhancing operational efficiency and reducing costs. Similarly, in agriculture, GIS tools aid in precision farming, crop monitoring, and soil analysis, leading to improved crop yields and sustainable farming practices. The ability of GIS tools to provide real-time data and analytics is particularly beneficial in these industries, contributing to their widespread adoption.

The growing importance of location-based services (LBS) in various applications is another key driver for the GIS tools market. LBS are extensively used in navigation, logistics, and transportation, providing real-time location information and route optimization. The proliferation of smartphones and the development of advanced GPS technologies have significantly increased the demand for LBS, thereby boosting the GIS tools market. Additionally, the integration of GIS with other technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data, is creating new opportunities for market growth.

Regionally, North America holds a significant share of the GIS tools market, driven by the high adoption of advanced technologies and the presence of major market players. The Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the highest growth rate during the forecast period, owing to increasing investments in infrastructure development, smart city projects, and the growing use of GIS tools in emerging economies such as China and India. Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East & Africa are also expected to contribute to market growth, driven by various government initiatives and increasing awareness of the benefits of GIS tools.

Component Analysis

The GIS tools market can be segmented by component into software, hardware, and services. The software segment is anticipated to dominate the market due to the increasing demand for advanced GIS software solutions that offer enhanced data visualization, spatial analysis, and decision-making capabilities. GIS software encompasses a wide range of applications, including mapping, spatial data analysis, and geospatial data management, making it indispensable for various industries. The continuous development of user-friendly and feature-rich software solutions is expected to drive the growth of this segment.

Hardware components in the GIS tools market include devices such as GPS units, remote sensing devices, and plotting and digitizing tools. The hardware segment is also expected to witness substantial growth, driven by the increasing use of advanced hardware devices that provide accurate and real-time spatial data. The advancements in GPS technology and the development of sophisticated remote sensing devices are key factors contributing to the growth of the hardware segment. Additionally, the integration of hardware with IoT and AI technologies is enhancing the capabilities of GIS tools, further propelling market expansion.

The services segment includes consulting, integration, maintenance, and support services related to GIS tools. This segment is expected to grow significantly, driven by the increasing demand for specialized services that help organizations effectively implement and manage GIS solutions. Consulting services assist organizations in selecting the right GIS tools and optimizing their use, while integration services ensure seamless integr

The Geographic Information System (GIS) industry is experiencing robust growth, projected to maintain a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 10.80% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is driven by increasing adoption across diverse sectors, including agriculture, utilities, mining, construction, transportation, and oil and gas. The rising need for precise location-based data for efficient operations, optimized resource management, and informed decision-making fuels this market growth. Advancements in hardware, such as high-resolution sensors and drones, coupled with sophisticated software capabilities like advanced spatial analytics and cloud-based GIS solutions, are key contributors. Furthermore, the proliferation of location-based services (LBS) and the growing adoption of telematics and navigation systems are expanding the applications of GIS technology. While data security concerns and the need for skilled professionals present some challenges, the overall market outlook remains positive. The segmentation of the GIS market reveals a strong demand across various components (hardware and software) and functionalities (mapping, surveying, telematics and navigation, and location-based services). North America currently holds a significant market share due to early adoption and technological advancements, but regions like Asia are exhibiting rapid growth fueled by infrastructure development and increasing digitalization. Leading companies like Bentley Systems, Esri, Trimble, and Hexagon AB are at the forefront of innovation, continuously developing and implementing advanced GIS solutions to meet the evolving needs of different industries. The forecast for the next decade points to further market consolidation, with leading players investing heavily in research and development to enhance their product offerings and expand their market reach. The continued integration of GIS with other technologies such as AI and IoT will further drive market expansion and create new opportunities for growth. Comprehensive Coverage GIS Industry Report (2019-2033) This in-depth report provides a comprehensive analysis of the Geographic Information System (GIS) industry, projecting robust growth from $XXX million in 2025 to $YYY million by 2033. The study covers the historical period (2019-2024), base year (2025), and forecast period (2025-2033), offering invaluable insights for businesses, investors, and policymakers. Keywords: GIS market, GIS software, GIS hardware, GIS solutions, geospatial technology, location intelligence, mapping software, surveying equipment, spatial analysis, geospatial analytics. Recent developments include: November 2022 : The new Geodata Portal and broadband maps for the state will be accessible starting on November 18, 2022, according to a statement from the Connecticut Office of Policy and Management (OPM). This announcement was made on GIS Day 2022, which encourages people to learn about geography and the practical uses of GIS that can improve society., November 2022 : The lt. governor of the Indian state, Jammu and Kashmir, launched a GIS-based system in the region. It highlights the significance of GIS technology in addressing new challenges and exploring new opportunities and its real-world applications, accelerating growth in business, government, and society.. Key drivers for this market are: Growing role of GIS in smart cities ecosystem, Integration of location-based mapping systems with business intelligence systems. Potential restraints include: Integration issues with traditional systems, Data quality and accuracy issues. Notable trends are: The Rising Smart Cities Development and Urban Planning to Drive the Market Growth.

The GIS layer of roads with a width of more than 8 meters in Taipei City was built by the Taipei City Public Works Bureaus New Engineering Division in 2010 in the Taipei Urban Road Data Survey and Construction (Roads with a Width of More than 8 Meters) project. It is in SHP file format, and the coordinate system used in this data is TWD97.

Civil Engineering Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global civil engineering market size reached USD 9.4 trillion in 2024, reflecting robust activity across key infrastructure and construction segments. The market is poised for continued expansion, projected to achieve a value of USD 14.1 trillion by 2033, growing at a steady CAGR of 4.6% over the forecast period. This growth is primarily driven by sustained investments in infrastructure modernization, rapid urbanization, and the increasing adoption of advanced technologies across both developed and emerging economies. The civil engineering sector’s dynamism is underpinned by the need for resilient infrastructure, smart city initiatives, and a rising demand for both residential and commercial construction worldwide.

The growth trajectory of the civil engineering market is largely influenced by the escalating demand for infrastructure development across urban and semi-urban areas. Governments globally are prioritizing large-scale infrastructure projects, including transportation networks, energy facilities, water management systems, and smart city solutions. These initiatives are not only aimed at improving connectivity and quality of life but also at fostering economic development and sustainability. The integration of digital technologies such as Building Information Modeling (BIM), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and advanced project management tools has further enhanced the efficiency, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness of civil engineering projects. Additionally, the growing focus on green and sustainable construction practices is driving innovation in materials, design, and construction methodologies, further propelling market growth.

Another significant growth driver for the civil engineering market is the increasing involvement of private sector players and public-private partnerships (PPPs) in infrastructure development. The expanding role of private investment has accelerated project timelines, improved quality standards, and introduced innovative financing models. This trend is particularly evident in sectors such as transportation, energy, and urban development, where the scale and complexity of projects demand substantial capital and expertise. The proliferation of mega-projects, especially in emerging economies, is creating lucrative opportunities for civil engineering firms, consultants, and contractors. Moreover, the ongoing urbanization in regions like Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Africa is generating a sustained demand for housing, commercial spaces, and industrial facilities, further stimulating market expansion.

The civil engineering market is also benefiting from advancements in construction materials and techniques, which are enabling the development of more durable, resilient, and cost-efficient structures. Innovations such as prefabricated components, high-performance concrete, and modular construction are gaining traction, reducing project timelines and minimizing environmental impact. The adoption of smart construction equipment and automation technologies is enhancing productivity and safety on job sites. Furthermore, the increasing emphasis on disaster-resilient infrastructure, driven by the rising frequency of natural calamities, is shaping the design and execution of civil engineering projects. These factors collectively underscore the sector’s pivotal role in supporting sustainable urbanization and economic growth.

From a regional perspective, Asia Pacific continues to dominate the global civil engineering market, accounting for the largest share in 2024, followed by North America and Europe. The rapid pace of urbanization, population growth, and industrialization in countries such as China, India, and Southeast Asian nations is fueling massive investments in infrastructure and construction. North America remains a key market, driven by the need to upgrade aging infrastructure and the increasing adoption of smart technologies. Europe is witnessing significant activity in sustainable and green construction, aligned with stringent regulatory standards and climate goals. Meanwhile, the Middle East & Africa and Latin America are emerging as promising markets, bolstered by government-led development programs and foreign direct investment in infrastructure projects.

Planning, Engineering & Permitting - Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Boundary

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Geographic Information System Analytics Market Size 2024-2028

The geographic information system analytics market size is forecast to increase by USD 12 billion at a CAGR of 12.41% between 2023 and 2028.

The GIS Analytics Market analysis is experiencing significant growth, driven by the increasing need for efficient land management and emerging methods in data collection and generation. The defense industry's reliance on geospatial technology for situational awareness and real-time location monitoring is a major factor fueling market expansion. Additionally, the oil and gas industry's adoption of GIS for resource exploration and management is a key trend. Building Information Modeling (BIM) and smart city initiatives are also contributing to market growth, as they require multiple layered maps for effective planning and implementation. The Internet of Things (IoT) and Software as a Service (SaaS) are transforming GIS analytics by enabling real-time data processing and analysis.
Augmented reality is another emerging trend, as it enhances the user experience and provides valuable insights through visual overlays. Overall, heavy investments are required for setting up GIS stations and accessing data sources, making this a promising market for technology innovators and investors alike.

What will be the Size of the GIS Analytics Market during the forecast period?

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The geographic information system analytics market encompasses various industries, including government sectors, agriculture, and infrastructure development. Smart city projects, building information modeling, and infrastructure development are key areas driving market growth. Spatial data plays a crucial role in sectors such as transportation, mining, and oil and gas. Cloud technology is transforming GIS analytics by enabling real-time data access and analysis. Startups are disrupting traditional GIS markets with innovative location-based services and smart city planning solutions. Infrastructure development in sectors like construction and green buildings relies on modern GIS solutions for efficient planning and management. Smart utilities and telematics navigation are also leveraging GIS analytics for improved operational efficiency.
GIS technology is essential for zoning and land use management, enabling data-driven decision-making. Smart public works and urban planning projects utilize mapping and geospatial technology for effective implementation. Surveying is another sector that benefits from advanced GIS solutions. Overall, the GIS analytics market is evolving, with a focus on providing actionable insights to businesses and organizations.

How is this Geographic Information System Analytics Industry segmented?

The geographic information system analytics industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018-2022 for the following segments.

End-user

  Retail and Real Estate
  Government
  Utilities
  Telecom
  Manufacturing and Automotive
  Agriculture
  Construction
  Mining
  Transportation
  Healthcare
  Defense and Intelligence
  Energy
  Education and Research
  BFSI


Components

  Software
  Services


Deployment Modes

  On-Premises
  Cloud-Based


Applications

  Urban and Regional Planning
  Disaster Management
  Environmental Monitoring Asset Management
  Surveying and Mapping
  Location-Based Services
  Geospatial Business Intelligence
  Natural Resource Management


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    UK


  APAC

    China
    India
    South Korea


  Middle East and Africa

    UAE


  South America

    Brazil


  Rest of World

By End-user Insights

The retail and real estate segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The GIS analytics market analysis is witnessing significant growth due to the increasing demand for advanced technologies in various industries. In the retail sector, for instance, retailers are utilizing GIS analytics to gain a competitive edge by analyzing customer demographics and buying patterns through real-time location monitoring and multiple layered maps. The retail industry's success relies heavily on these insights for effective marketing strategies. Moreover, the defense industries are integrating GIS analytics into their operations for infrastructure development, permitting, and public safety. Building Information Modeling (BIM) and 4D GIS software are increasingly being adopted for construction project workflows, while urban planning and designing require geospatial data for smart city planning and site selection.

The oil and gas industry is leveraging satellite imaging and IoT devices for land acquisition and mining operations. In the public sector,

The GIS-based Time model of Gothenburg aims to map the process of urban development in Gothenburg since 1960 and in particular to document the changes in the spatial form of the city - streets, buildings and plots - through time. Major steps have in recent decades been taken when it comes to understanding how cities work. Essential is the change from understanding cities as locations to understanding them as flows (Batty 2013)1. In principle this means that we need to understand locations (or places) as defined by flows (or different forms of traffic), rather than locations only served by flows. This implies that we need to understand the built form and spatial structure of cities as a system, that by shaping flows creates a series of places with very specific relations to all other places in the city, which also give them very specific performative potentials. It also implies the rather fascinating notion that what happens in one place is dependent on its relation to all other places (Hillier 1996)2. Hence, to understand the individual place, we need a model of the city as a whole.

Extensive research in this direction has taken place in recent years, that has also spilled over to urban design practice, not least in Sweden, where the idea that to understand the part you need to understand the whole is starting to be established. With the GIS-based Time model for Gothenburg that we present here, we address the next challenge. Place is not only something defined by its spatial relation to all other places in its system, but also by its history, or its evolution over time. Since the built form of the city changes over time, often by cities growing but at times also by cities shrinking, the spatial relation between places changes over time. If cities tend to grow, and most often by extending their periphery, it means that most places get a more central location over time. If this is a general tendency, it does not mean that all places increase their centrality to an equal degree. Depending on the structure of the individual city’s spatial form, different places become more centrally located to different degrees as well as their relative distance to other places changes to different degrees. The even more fascinating notion then becomes apparent; places move over time! To capture, study and understand this, we need a "time model".

The GIS-based time model of Gothenburg consists of: • 12 GIS-layers of the street network, from 1960 to 2015, in 5-year intervals • 12 GIS-layers of the buildings from 1960 to 2015, in 5-year intervals - Please note that this dataset has been moved to a separate catalog post (https://doi.org/10.5878/t8s9-6y15) and unpublished due to licensing restrictions on its source dataset. • 12 GIS- layers of the plots from1960 to 2015, in 5-year intervals

In the GIS-based Time model, for every time-frame, the combination of the three fundamental components of spatial form, that is streets, plots and buildings, provides a consistent description of the built environment at that particular time. The evolution of three components can be studied individually, where one could for example analyze the changing patterns of street centrality over time by focusing on the street network; or, the densification processes by focusing on the buildings; or, the expansion of the city by way of occupying more buildable land, by focusing on plots. The combined snapshots of street centrality, density and land division can provide insightful observations about the spatial form of the city at each time-frame; for example, the patterns of spatial segregation, the distribution of urban density or the patterns of sprawl. The observation of how the interrelated layers of spatial form together evolved and transformed through time can provide a more complete image of the patterns of urban growth in the city.

The Time model was created following the principles of the model of spatial form of the city, as developed by the Spatial Morphology Group (SMoG) at Chalmers University of Technology, within the three-year research project ‘International Spatial Morphology Lab (SMoL)’.

The project is funded by Älvstranden Utveckling AB in the framework of a larger cooperation project called Fusion Point Gothenburg. The data is shared via SND to create a research infrastructure that is open to new study initiatives.

1. Batty, M. (2013), The New Science of Cities, Cambridge: MIT Press.
2. Hillier, B., (1996), Space Is the Machine. Cambridge: University of Cambridge

12 GIS-layers of the street network in Gothenburg, from 1960 to 2015, in 5-year intervals. File format: shapefile (.shp), MapinfoTAB (.TAB). The coordinate system used is SWEREF 99TM, EPSG:3006.

See the attached Technical Documentation for the description and further details on the production of the datasets. See the attached Report for the description of the related research project.

For more information please contact the City of Santa Monica Civil Engineering division at sm.engineering@smgov.net

National Forest Estate Bridges are managed by Forestry Civil Engineering in one of the Forestry Commission's Forester GIS modules. This data set comprises location and category of construction. Attributes; FCE_REF - Unique ID ref LOCATION - Geographical descriptor GRID_REF - Ordnance Survey National Grid Reference BRIDGE_TYPE - Bridge construction type