Global carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels and industry totaled 37.01 billion metric tons (GtCO₂) in 2023. Emissions are projected to have risen 1.08 percent in 2024 to reach a record high of 37.41 GtCO₂. Since 1990, global CO₂ emissions have increased by more than 60 percent. Who are the biggest emitters? The biggest contributor to global GHG emissions is China, followed by the United States. China wasn't always the world's biggest emitter, but rapid economic growth and industrialization in recent decades have seen emissions there soar. Since 1990, CO₂ emissions in China have increased by almost 450 percent. By comparison, U.S. CO₂ emissions have fallen by 6.1 percent. Nevertheless, the North American country remains the biggest carbon polluter in history. Global events cause emissions to drop The outbreak of COVID-19 caused global CO₂ emissions to plummet some 5.5 percent in 2020 as a result of lockdowns and other restrictions. However, this wasn't the only time in recent history when a major global event caused emissions reductions. For example, the global recession resulted in CO₂ levels to fall by almost two percent in 2009, while the recession in the early 1980s also had a notable impact on emissions. On a percentage basis, the largest annual reduction was at the end of the Second World War in 1945, when emissions decreased by 17 percent.

In 2023, China was the biggest carbon polluter in the world by far, having released 11.9 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide (GtCO₂). Although the U.S. was the second-biggest emitter, with 4.9 GtCO₂ in 2023, its CO₂ emissions have declined by 13 percent since 2010. By comparison, China’s CO₂ emissions have increased by more than 38 percent in the same period. Cumulative emissions Although China is currently the world's largest carbon polluter, the U.S. has released far more historical carbon dioxide emissions, at more than 400 GtCO₂ since 1750. The wide gap between the two countries is because China's emissions have mostly been produced in the past two decades. Combined, the U.S. and China account for roughly 40 percent of cumulative CO₂ emissions since the Industrial Revolution began. Sources of emissions One of the largest sources of global CO₂ emissions is the power sector, with electricity produced by coal-fired power plants a significant contributor. In China, emissions from coal-fired electricity generation have soared since the turn of the century, and reached 5.2 GtCO₂ in 2023.

This CO2 and Greenhouse Gas Emissions dataset is a collection of key metrics maintained by Our World in Data. It is updated regularly and includes data on CO2 emissions (annual, per capita, cumulative and consumption-based), other greenhouse gases, energy mix, and other relevant metrics.

For further details, please refer to https://github.com/owid/co2-data

In 2023, global carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes reached a record high of 37.8 billion metric tons (GtCO₂). Global CO₂ emissions are projected to have reached record levels in 2024. The world has pumped more than 1,800 GtCO₂ into the atmosphere since the industrial revolution began, though almost 45 percent has been produced since 2000. What is carbon dioxide? CO₂ is a colorless, naturally occurring gas that is released after people and animals inhale oxygen. It is a greenhouse gas, meaning it absorbs and releases thermal radiation which in turn creates the “greenhouse effect”. In addition to other greenhouse gases, CO₂ is also a major contributor to the ability of the Earth to maintain a habitable temperature. Without CO₂ and other greenhouse gases, Earth would be too cold to live on. However, while CO₂ alone is not a harmful gas, the abundance of it is what causes climate change. The increased use of electricity, transportation, and deforestation in human society have resulted in the increased emissions of CO₂, which in turn has seen a rise in earth’s temperature. In fact, around 70 percent of global warming since 1851 is attributable to CO₂ emissions from human activities. Who are the largest emitters worldwide? China is the biggest carbon polluter worldwide, having released almost 12 GtCO₂ in 2023. This was more than the combined emissions of the United States and India, the second and third-largest emitters that year, respectively.

United States US: CO2 Emissions data was reported at 5,254,279.285 kt in 2014. This records an increase from the previous number of 5,159,160.972 kt for 2013. United States US: CO2 Emissions data is updated yearly, averaging 4,823,403.118 kt from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2014, with 55 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5,789,727.291 kt in 2005 and a record low of 2,880,505.507 kt in 1961. United States US: CO2 Emissions data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.World Bank.WDI: Environment: Pollution. Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.; ; Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States.; Gap-filled total;

Data supplement for Friedlingstein et al.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, xx, xxxx–xxxx, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-xx-xxxx-2024, 2024. Further information is available on: http://www.globalcarbonproject.org/carbonbudget. This file Global_Carbon_Budget_2024_v1.0.xlsx includes the following: 1. Summary 2. Global Carbon Budget 3. Historical Budget. 4. Fossil fuel emissions by category. 5. Land-use change emissions 6. Ocean Sink 7. Terrestrial sink 8. Cement Carbonation Sink. Global Carbon Project, 2024. Supplemental data of Global Carbon Budget 2024. https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2024

This data product is a time series of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement manufacture. Estimates of CO2 emissions are included for the globe and by nation back to 1751, and include emissions from solid fuel consumption, liquid fuel consumption, gas fuel consumption, cement production, and gas flaring. Per capita CO2 emissions and emissions from international trade (bunker fuels) are included as well; bunker fuels are not included in country totals, but are assigned to the country in which loading took place. Estimates are generated using the United Nations Energy Statistics database and the United States Geologic Survey’s cement statistics. Datasets produced from this group at Appalachian State University are located here, and are also located at https://energy.appstate.edu/research/work-areas/cdiac-appstate. Historic CDIAC data from Oak Ridge National Laboratory are located here: https://data.ess-dive.lbl.gov/view/doi:10.3334/CDIAC/00001_V2017. This dataset is the foundational dataset for the annual global carbon budget and other carbon cycle analyses that need relevant fossil fuel CO2 data. Within this data package are spreadsheets (.csv) of global and national estimates of CO2 emissions as well as text files of the ranking of each country’s total CO2 emissions and per capita for that year.

Trends of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide measurements from the Mauna Loa Baseline Observatory, Hawaii, United States.

Brazil BR: CO2 Emissions: Metric Tons per Capita data was reported at 1.943 Metric Ton in 2020. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2.051 Metric Ton for 2019. Brazil BR: CO2 Emissions: Metric Tons per Capita data is updated yearly, averaging 1.784 Metric Ton from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2020, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.515 Metric Ton in 2014 and a record low of 1.313 Metric Ton in 1990. Brazil BR: CO2 Emissions: Metric Tons per Capita data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.World Bank.WDI: Environmental: Gas Emissions and Air Pollution. Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.;Emissions data are sourced from Climate Watch Historical GHG Emissions (1990-2020). 2023. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available online at: https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions;Weighted average;

Data Access Notice

Please note that, at present, the data for a sample of years are provided in this data record due to Zenodo's 50GB data limit. Data for all years 1959-2023 can be accessed via the following link:

http://opendap.uea.ac.uk/opendap/hyrax/greenocean/GridFED/GridFEDv2024.0/contents.html

Product Description

See Jones et al. (2021) for a detailed description of this dataset and the core methods used to produce it. Key details are provided below.

GCP-GridFED (version 2024.0) is a gridded fossil emissions dataset that is consistent with the national CO2 emissions reported by the Global Carbon Project (GCP; https://www.globalcarbonproject.org/) in the annual editions of its Global Carbon Budget (Friedlingstein et al., 2023).

GCP-GridFEDv2024.0 provides monthly fossil CO2 emissions for the period 1959-2023 at a spatial resolution of 0.1° × 0.1°. The gridded emissions estimates are provided separately for fossil CO2 emitted by the oxidation of oil, coal and natural gas, international bunkers, and the calcination of limestone during cement production. The dataset also includes the cement carbonation sink of CO2. Note that positive values in GridFED signify a surface-to-atmosphere CO2 flux (emissions). Negative values signify an atmosphere-to-surface flux and apply only to the cement carbonation sink.

GCP-GridFED also includes gridded uncertainties in CO2 emission, incorporating differences in uncertainty across emissions sectors and countries, and gridded estimates of corresponding O2 uptake based on oxidative ratios for oil, coal and natural gas (see Jones et al., 2021).

Core Methodology in Brief

GCP-GridFEDv2024.0 was produced by scaling monthly gridded emissions for the year 2010, from the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR v4.3.2; Janssens-Maenhout et al., 2019), to the national annual emissions estimates compiled as part of the 2024 global carbon budget (GCP-NAE) for the years 1959-2023 (Friedlingstein et al., 2024).

GCP-GridFEDv2024.0 uses a preliminary release of GCP-NAE covering the years 1959-2023 (timestamp 1st August 2024; an update from Andrew and Peters [2023]). The GCP-NAE estimates for year 2023 are based on data available at the timestamp and the estimates are thus expected to differ somewhat from those that will be presented by Friedlingstein et al. (2024), which will adopt updates to GCP-NAE since the timestamp.

For full details of the core methodology, see Jones et al. (2021).

Changes to the Seasonality of Emissions in GCP-GridFEDv2022.2 onwards

The seasonality of emissions (monthly distribution of annual emissions) for the following countries/sources is now based on the seasonality observed in the Carbon Monitor dataset (Liu et al., 2020; Dou et al., 2022):

Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States.

State or province-level data is used for Brazil, China, Russia, and the United States.

This also applies for the Bunker Aviation and Bunker Shipping sectors.

Seasonality is determined in the following ways for those countries/sources:

The seasonality of emissions in 2019-2023 is taken from Carbon Monitor.

The seasonality of emissions in all years prior to 2019 is assigned as the average of the seasonality from Carbon Monitor in all years excluding 2020 (due to the impact of COVID-19 on the seasonality of emissions in 2020).

For all countries not listed above and all years 1959-2023, GCP-GridFED adopts the seasonality from EDGAR v4.3.2 (year 2010; Janssens-Maenhout et al., 2019) and applies a small correction based on heating/cooling degree days to account for inter-annual climate variability which effects emissions in some sectors (see Jones et al., 2021).

Other New Features of GCP-GridFEDv2024.0

There have been no changes to the functionality of the GridFED code in this update versus the previous update (v2023.1).

The Global Carbon Project (GCP) has been publishing estimates of global and national fossil CO2 emissions since 2001. In the first instance these were simple re-publications of data from another source, but over subsequent years refinements have been made in response to feedback and identification of inaccuracies. In this article (PDF document) we describe the history of this process leading up to the methodology used in the 2024 release of the GCP's fossil CO2 dataset.

The fossil CO2 emissions dataset is included in both its standard, absolute form, and per capita, with associated metadata files in JSON format. A file indicating the source(s) of each data point is also provided.

This is a very minor update that is consistent with the GCB2024 release.

A complete description of the dataset is given by Jones et al. (2023). Key information is provided below.

Background

A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2021.

National CO₂ emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2024; Friedlingstein et al., 2024).

National CH₄ and N₂O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (Gütschow et al., 2024).

We construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH₄ and N₂O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).

Warming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).

The data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO₂, CH₄, N₂O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).

Data records: overview

The data records include three comma separated values (.csv) files as described below.

All files are in ‘long’ format with one value provided in the Data column for each combination of the categorical variables Year, Country Name, Country ISO3 code, Gas, and Component columns.

Component specifies fossil emissions, LULUCF emissions or total emissions of the gas.

Gas specifies CO₂, CH₄, N₂O or the three-gas total (labelled 3-GHG).

Country ISO3 codes are specifically the unique ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes of each country.

Data records: specifics

Data are provided relative to 2 reference years (denoted ref_year below): 1850 and 1991. 1850 is a mutual first year of data spanning all input datasets. 1991 is relevant because the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was operationalised in 1992.

EMISSIONS_ANNUAL_{ref_year-20}-2023.csv: Data includes annual emissions of CO₂ (Pg CO₂ year^-1), CH₄ (Tg CH₄ year^-1) and N₂O (Tg N₂O year^-1) during the period ref_year-20 to 2023. The Data column provides values for every combination of the categorical variables. Data are provided from ref_year-20 because these data are required to calculate GWP* for CH₄.

EMISSIONS_CUMULATIVE_CO2e100_{ref_year+1}-2023.csv: Data includes the cumulative CO₂ equivalent emissions in units Pg CO₂-e₁₀₀ during the period ref_year+1 to 2023 (i.e. since the reference year). The Data column provides values for every combination of the categorical variables.

GMST_response_{ref_year+1}-2023.csv: Data includes the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST) due to emissions of the three gases in units °C during the period ref_year+1 to 2023 (i.e. since the reference year). The Data column provides values for every combination of the categorical variables.

Accompanying Code

Code is available at: https://github.com/jonesmattw/National_Warming_Contributions .

The code requires Input.zip to run (see README at the GitHub link).

Further info: Country Groupings

We also provide estimates of the contributions of various country groupings as defined by the UNFCCC:

• Annex I countries (number of countries, n = 42)
• Annex II countries (n = 23)
• economies in transition (EITs; n = 15)
• the least developed countries (LDCs; n = 47)
• the like-minded developing countries (LMDC; n = 24).

And other country groupings:

• the organisation for economic co-operation and development (OECD; n = 38)
• the European Union (EU27 post-Brexit)
• the Brazil, South Africa, India and China (BASIC) group.

See COUNTRY_GROUPINGS.xlsx for the lists of countries in each group.

This dataset, sourced from Maven Analytics, provides a historical account of global CO2 emissions with a focus on various contributing factors and metrics. The data spans from the year 1850 onwards and includes a comprehensive range of variables associated with CO2 emissions. This dataset is valuable for analyzing historical trends in CO2 emissions, understanding the impact of different sources of emissions, and evaluating the effectiveness of policies aimed at reducing carbon footprints globally.

Real-time calculations and estimates of global carbon dioxide emissions

Tunisia TN: CO2 Emissions data was reported at 28,829.954 kt in 2014. This records an increase from the previous number of 27,667.515 kt for 2013. Tunisia TN: CO2 Emissions data is updated yearly, averaging 12,064.430 kt from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2014, with 55 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 28,829.954 kt in 2014 and a record low of 1,727.157 kt in 1960. Tunisia TN: CO2 Emissions data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Tunisia – Table TN.World Bank.WDI: Environment: Pollution. Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.; ; Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States.; Gap-filled total;

Chad TD: CO2 Emissions: Metric Tons per Capita data was reported at 0.094 Metric Ton in 2020. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.098 Metric Ton for 2019. Chad TD: CO2 Emissions: Metric Tons per Capita data is updated yearly, averaging 0.080 Metric Ton from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2020, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.113 Metric Ton in 2013 and a record low of 0.060 Metric Ton in 2002. Chad TD: CO2 Emissions: Metric Tons per Capita data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Chad – Table TD.World Bank.WDI: Environmental: Gas Emissions and Air Pollution. Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.;Emissions data are sourced from Climate Watch Historical GHG Emissions (1990-2020). 2023. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available online at: https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions;Weighted average;

Data supplement for Friedlingstein et al.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-519, in review, 2024. Further information is available on: http://www.globalcarbonproject.org/carbonbudget. This file National_LandUseChange_Emissions_2024v1.0.xlsx contains the following: 1. Summary. 2. BLUE. 3. H&C2023. 4. OSCAR. 5. LUCE. The Global Carbon Project (2024). Supplemental data of the Global Carbon Project 2024: National Land Use Change Carbon Emissions 2024 v1.0, 1850–2023, GCP, https://hdl.handle.net/11676/_E4uKluQhEVTM0h_3lYADIyP

Carbon Emission Monitoring and Management System Market Outlook

The global Carbon Emission Monitoring and Management System market is projected to grow significantly, reaching an estimated value of USD X billion by 2032, driven by increasing regulatory pressures and the urgent need for climate change mitigation efforts worldwide. The market is set to expand at a CAGR of X% from 2024 to 2032.

The growing awareness regarding the detrimental impacts of carbon emissions on the environment is a major growth factor for the Carbon Emission Monitoring and Management System market. Governments across the globe are tightening regulations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which is compelling industries to adopt carbon monitoring and management systems. These systems are crucial in helping organizations measure, manage, and ultimately lower their carbon footprint, thereby aligning with global sustainability goals.

Another key factor driving the market is the increasing adoption of advanced technologies, such as IoT, AI, and big data analytics, in monitoring and managing carbon emissions. These technologies enhance the accuracy and efficiency of carbon measurement and reporting, making it easier for organizations to comply with environmental regulations. Furthermore, the integration of blockchain technology in these systems ensures transparency and immutability of data, which is critical for regulatory compliance and corporate governance.

The market is also fueled by the rising number of corporate sustainability initiatives. Many organizations are voluntarily adopting carbon emission monitoring and management systems as part of their corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategies. This trend is particularly strong in regions like Europe and North America, where there is a high level of awareness and commitment towards environmental sustainability. Additionally, the increasing pressure from stakeholders, including investors, customers, and governments, is pushing companies to adopt these systems to demonstrate their commitment to reducing carbon emissions.

The integration of Emission And Thermal Systems within carbon monitoring frameworks is becoming increasingly vital. These systems not only help in measuring and managing carbon emissions but also play a crucial role in optimizing thermal efficiency. By leveraging advanced thermal management technologies, industries can significantly reduce energy consumption, which in turn lowers overall emissions. This dual approach of monitoring emissions and enhancing thermal systems ensures that organizations can meet stringent environmental regulations while also achieving cost savings through improved energy efficiency. As industries continue to innovate, the synergy between emission monitoring and thermal management is expected to drive further advancements in sustainable practices.

Regionally, the market's growth is bolstered by different factors. For instance, in Asia-Pacific, rapid industrialization and urbanization are leading to higher carbon emissions, thereby driving the demand for monitoring and management systems. In contrast, EuropeÂ’s stringent environmental regulations and proactive governmental policies are major growth enablers in the region. North America, with its technological advancements and strong regulatory framework, is also a significant contributor to the market's expansion.

Component Analysis

The Carbon Emission Monitoring and Management System market is segmented into three main components: software, hardware, and services. Software solutions play a crucial role in this ecosystem. These solutions enable real-time monitoring, data collection, and analysis of carbon emissions. Advanced software platforms incorporate AI and machine learning algorithms to provide insights and predictive analytics, which help organizations optimize their emission reduction strategies. Moreover, cloud-based software solutions offer scalability and flexibility, allowing companies to expand their monitoring capabilities as needed.

On the hardware front, sensors and emission measurement devices are the backbone of carbon monitoring systems. These devices are installed in various locations within an industrial or commercial setup to continuously measure carbon emissions. Recent advancements in sensor technology have led to the development of highly sensitive and accurate devices, which are essential for reliable data collection. The integration of IoT t

Senegal SN: CO2 Emissions data was reported at 8,855.805 kt in 2014. This records an increase from the previous number of 8,423.099 kt for 2013. Senegal SN: CO2 Emissions data is updated yearly, averaging 3,263.630 kt from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2014, with 55 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8,855.805 kt in 2014 and a record low of -80.674 kt in 1968. Senegal SN: CO2 Emissions data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Senegal – Table SN.World Bank.WDI: Environment: Pollution. Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.; ; Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States.; Gap-filled total;

The Asia-Pacific region produced 18.9 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide (GtCO₂) from energy use in 2023. China's CO₂ emissions are by far the highest in the Asia-Pacific region, at more than 10 GtCO₂ per year. The second most polluting region in 2023 was North America, where 5.9 GtCO₂ were generated, the majority of which came from the U.S. Global CO₂ emissions growth Global CO₂ emissions from energy consumption have more than doubled since 1970, and reached a record high in 2023. The rise in emissions is mainly due to rapidly growing economies and increasing energy demand in developing regions. This is especially the case in the Asia-Pacific region, where emissions have almost tripled since the turn of the century. The Middle East has also seen a dramatic rise in emissions, going from producing the lowest CO₂ emissions worldwide in 1965, to the fourth-highest as of 2023. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations The increased burning of fossil fuels - as well as deforestation and other human activities - has seen atmospheric CO₂ concentrations surge in recent decades. In 2023, global atmospheric concentrations of CO₂ reached a record high of 421.08 parts per million, which is roughly 50 percent higher than before the industrial revolution.