In August 2024, the global consumer price index, excluding the United States, stood at *****, compared to ***** for the U.S. The data for the world and emerging economies are distorted by hyperinflation in Venezuela and may not accurately reflect the inflation rate of other countries. However, Russia's war in Ukraine caused a surge in prices globally through 2022 and 2023. The headline consumer price index tracks the changes in the price level of a basket of goods and services purchased by households. Economic challenges in Argentina While CPI increases have been significant globally, certain economies have experienced more dramatic increases than others. Argentina is a notable case of these increases, as the CPI has increased more than *** percent between 2020 and 2023. Currently, most of the Argentinian public considers inflation and low wages to be the biggest challenges facing the country. Consumer responses to price increases Globally, consumers are coping with price increases in many ways. In a May 2023 survey, ** percent respondents from over 14 countries indicated they were more conscious about prices than previously. In another survey from earlier that year, over ** percent of respondents indicated they were most concerned about inflation and had changed their consumption habits as a result.

United States CBO Projection: Consumer Price Index (CPI): Urban Less Food & Energy: YoY data was reported at 2.357 % in 2028. This records an increase from the previous number of 2.345 % for 2027. United States CBO Projection: Consumer Price Index (CPI): Urban Less Food & Energy: YoY data is updated yearly, averaging 2.343 % from Dec 2012 (Median) to 2028, with 17 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.683 % in 2020 and a record low of 1.770 % in 2013. United States CBO Projection: Consumer Price Index (CPI): Urban Less Food & Energy: YoY data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Congressional Budget Office. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.I004: Consumer Price Index: Urban: Projection: Congressional Budget Office.

FRBOP Forecast: Core CPI Inflation: sa: Mean: Plus 1 Qtr data was reported at 2.226 % in Mar 2019. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2.327 % for Dec 2018. FRBOP Forecast: Core CPI Inflation: sa: Mean: Plus 1 Qtr data is updated quarterly, averaging 1.951 % from Mar 2007 (Median) to Mar 2019, with 49 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.365 % in Jun 2018 and a record low of 1.127 % in Mar 2009. FRBOP Forecast: Core CPI Inflation: sa: Mean: Plus 1 Qtr data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.I008: Consumer Price Index: Urban: sa: Forecast: Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.

FRBOP Forecast: Annual Core CPI Infl: sa: Mean: Current Plus 1 Yr data was reported at 2.431 % in Jun 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 2.302 % for Mar 2018. FRBOP Forecast: Annual Core CPI Infl: sa: Mean: Current Plus 1 Yr data is updated quarterly, averaging 2.067 % from Mar 2007 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 46 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.431 % in Jun 2018 and a record low of 1.402 % in Dec 2010. FRBOP Forecast: Annual Core CPI Infl: sa: Mean: Current Plus 1 Yr data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.I008: Consumer Price Index: Urban: sa: Forecast: Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.

CPI U: EC: Comm: Postage & Delivery data was reported at 185.104 Dec1997=100 in Jun 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 185.066 Dec1997=100 for May 2018. CPI U: EC: Comm: Postage & Delivery data is updated monthly, averaging 132.671 Dec1997=100 from Dec 1997 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 247 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 185.104 Dec1997=100 in Jun 2018 and a record low of 100.000 Dec1997=100 in Feb 1998. CPI U: EC: Comm: Postage & Delivery data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bureau of Labor Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.I002: Consumer Price Index: Urban.

CPI U: EC: Comm: IP: Telephone: Land Line data was reported at 117.117 Dec2009=100 in Jun 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 116.807 Dec2009=100 for May 2018. CPI U: EC: Comm: IP: Telephone: Land Line data is updated monthly, averaging 110.822 Dec2009=100 from Dec 2009 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 103 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 117.670 Dec2009=100 in Feb 2018 and a record low of 100.000 Dec2009=100 in Dec 2009. CPI U: EC: Comm: IP: Telephone: Land Line data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bureau of Labor Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.I002: Consumer Price Index: Urban. Charges for all types of local and long- distance residential service, including dial tone service charge, line maintenance charge, access charge, 911 charges, directory assistance charge, touch-tone service charge, and other special features and mandatory charges and installation.

United States Consumer Price Index (CPI): Urban: Transport data was reported at 270.061 1982-1984=100 in Mar 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 271.040 1982-1984=100 for Feb 2025. United States Consumer Price Index (CPI): Urban: Transport data is updated monthly, averaging 101.200 1982-1984=100 from Mar 1935 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 987 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 284.644 1982-1984=100 in Jun 2022 and a record low of 14.100 1982-1984=100 in Jun 1940. United States Consumer Price Index (CPI): Urban: Transport data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.I001: Consumer Price Index: Urban.

United States Consumer Price Index (CPI): Urban: Housing data was reported at 343.512 1982-1984=100 in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 342.398 1982-1984=100 for Feb 2025. United States Consumer Price Index (CPI): Urban: Housing data is updated monthly, averaging 151.200 1982-1984=100 from Jan 1967 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 699 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 343.512 1982-1984=100 in Mar 2025 and a record low of 30.500 1982-1984=100 in Mar 1967. United States Consumer Price Index (CPI): Urban: Housing data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.I001: Consumer Price Index: Urban.

CN: CPI: Housing Maintenance and Management data was reported at 103.100 Prev Year=100 in Apr 2022. CN: CPI: Housing Maintenance and Management data is updated monthly, averaging 103.100 Prev Year=100 from Apr 2022 (Median) to Apr 2022, with 1 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 103.100 Prev Year=100 in Apr 2022 and a record low of 103.100 Prev Year=100 in Apr 2022. CN: CPI: Housing Maintenance and Management data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Inflation – Table CN.IA: Consumer Price Index: Same Month PY=100.

China Consumer Price Index (CPI): MoM data was reported at 99.600 Prev Mth=100 in Mar 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 99.800 Prev Mth=100 for Feb 2025. China Consumer Price Index (CPI): MoM data is updated monthly, averaging 100.100 Prev Mth=100 from Jan 1995 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 363 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 103.700 Prev Mth=100 in Jan 1995 and a record low of 98.200 Prev Mth=100 in Jun 1999. China Consumer Price Index (CPI): MoM data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Inflation – Table CN.IA: Consumer Price Index: Previous Month=100.

Georgia Core Consumer Price Index (CPI): YoY data was reported at 2.328 % in Apr 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2.436 % for Mar 2025. Georgia Core Consumer Price Index (CPI): YoY data is updated monthly, averaging 2.824 % from Jan 2010 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 184 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8.214 % in Nov 2015 and a record low of -0.756 % in Feb 2013. Georgia Core Consumer Price Index (CPI): YoY data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Statistics Office of Georgia. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Georgia – Table GE.I013: Core Consumer Price Index: YoY. Core inflation is calculated by excluding the following groups of goods and services from the consumer basket: food and non-alcoholic beverages, energy, regulated tariffs, transport (specific tariffs).

San Marino Consumer Price Index (CPI): % Change data was reported at 1.046 % in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.574 % for 2016. San Marino Consumer Price Index (CPI): % Change data is updated yearly, averaging 1.890 % from Dec 2004 (Median) to 2017, with 14 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.293 % in 2008 and a record low of 0.146 % in 2015. San Marino Consumer Price Index (CPI): % Change data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s San Marino – Table SM.World Bank.WDI: Inflation. Inflation as measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly. The Laspeyres formula is generally used.; ; International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics and data files.; Median;

Key information about Estonia Consumer Price Index CPI growth

• Estonia Consumer Price Index (CPI) growth was measured at 5.3 % YoY in Feb 2025, compared with a rate of 3.9 % in the previous month.
• Estonia Consumer Price Index growth data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1993 to Feb 2025, with an averaged number of 4.1 % YoY.
• The data reached an all-time high of 479.8 % YoY in Jan 1993 and a record low of -2.2 % YoY in Oct 2009.

CN: CPI: Industrial Consumable data was reported at 99.800 Prev Year=100 in Jan 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 99.600 Prev Year=100 for Aug 2024. CN: CPI: Industrial Consumable data is updated monthly, averaging 100.850 Prev Year=100 from Feb 2020 (Median) to Jan 2025, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 103.900 Prev Year=100 in Nov 2021 and a record low of 97.300 Prev Year=100 in Jun 2023. CN: CPI: Industrial Consumable data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Inflation – Table CN.IA: Consumer Price Index: Same Month PY=100.

CN: CPI: Culture & Entertainment Service data was reported at 100.700 Prev Year=100 in Mar 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 102.200 Prev Year=100 for Apr 2021. CN: CPI: Culture & Entertainment Service data is updated monthly, averaging 101.450 Prev Year=100 from Apr 2021 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 2 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 102.200 Prev Year=100 in Apr 2021 and a record low of 100.700 Prev Year=100 in Mar 2025. CN: CPI: Culture & Entertainment Service data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Inflation – Table CN.IA: Consumer Price Index: Same Month PY=100.

Key information about Sudan Consumer Price Index CPI growth

• Sudan Consumer Price Index (CPI) growth was measured at 63.3 % YoY in Feb 2023, compared with a rate of 83.6 % in the previous month.
• Sudan Consumer Price Index growth data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1958 to Feb 2023, with an averaged number of 19.5 % YoY.
• The data reached an all-time high of 422.8 % YoY in Jul 2021 and a record low of -18.0 % YoY in Sep 1968.

Consumer Price Index: Non Seasonally Adjusted data was reported at 178.581 2010=100 in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 175.683 2010=100 for Feb 2025. Consumer Price Index: Non Seasonally Adjusted data is updated monthly, averaging 78.548 2010=100 from Jan 1987 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 459 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 178.581 2010=100 in Mar 2025 and a record low of 10.060 2010=100 in Jan 1987. Consumer Price Index: Non Seasonally Adjusted data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Indonesia – Table ID.World Bank.GEM: Consumer Price Index. The consumer price index reflects the change in prices for the average consumer of a constant basket of consumer goods. Data is not seasonally adjusted.

CN: CPI: Freshwater Fish data was reported at 103.300 Prev Year=100 in Jun 2024. This records a decrease from the previous number of 116.700 Prev Year=100 for Jan 2022. CN: CPI: Freshwater Fish data is updated monthly, averaging 123.200 Prev Year=100 from May 2021 (Median) to Jun 2024, with 10 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 133.700 Prev Year=100 in Jun 2021 and a record low of 103.300 Prev Year=100 in Jun 2024. CN: CPI: Freshwater Fish data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Inflation – Table CN.IA: Consumer Price Index: Same Month PY=100.

CN: CPI: Other Family Service data was reported at 102.400 Prev Year=100 in Jan 2024. CN: CPI: Other Family Service data is updated monthly, averaging 102.400 Prev Year=100 from Jan 2024 (Median) to Jan 2024, with 1 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 102.400 Prev Year=100 in Jan 2024 and a record low of 102.400 Prev Year=100 in Jan 2024. CN: CPI: Other Family Service data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Inflation – Table CN.IA: Consumer Price Index: Same Month PY=100.

United States FRB Cleveland Forecast: Inflation Nowcast: Core Consumer Price Index (CPI): YoY data was reported at 2.123 % in Dec 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2.199 % for Nov 2018. United States FRB Cleveland Forecast: Inflation Nowcast: Core Consumer Price Index (CPI): YoY data is updated monthly, averaging 1.861 % from Aug 2013 (Median) to Dec 2018, with 65 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.322 % in Aug 2018 and a record low of 1.583 % in Jan 2015. United States FRB Cleveland Forecast: Inflation Nowcast: Core Consumer Price Index (CPI): YoY data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.I003: Consumer Price Index: Urban: Forecast: Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland.