Global electricity generation has increased significantly over the past three decades, rising from less than 12,000 terawatt-hours in 1990 to over 30,000 terawatt-hours in 2024. During this period, electricity generation worldwide only registered an annual decline twice: in 2009, following the global financial crisis, and in 2020, amid the coronavirus pandemic. Sources of electricity generation The share of global electricity generated from clean energy sources –including renewables and nuclear power- amounted to almost 40 percent in 2024, up from approximately 32 percent at the beginning of the decade. Despite this growth, fossil fuels are still the main source of electricity generation worldwide. In 2024, almost 60 percent of the electricity was produced by coal and natural gas-fired plants. Regional differences Water, wind, and sun contribute to making Latin America and the Caribbean the region with the largest share of renewable electricity generated in the world. By comparison, several European countries rely on nuclear energy. However, the main electricity sources in the United States and China, the leading economic powers of the world, are respectively natural gas and coal.

Electricity generation worldwide is forecast to almost triple in the next three decades when compared to 2023. With a growth rate of approximately ****** terawatt-hours per decade between 2030 and 2050, this figure will reach ****** terawatt-hours by 2050. Electrification and decarbonization The growth in worldwide power generation will largely be driven by decarbonization efforts, including the electrification of the transportation and building sectors. For instance, the global sales of electric vehicles have grown********** between 2018 and 2022.In the building sector, efforts to decarbonize heating systems also rely on clean electricity. The share of renewable energy used to power heat pumps worldwide is increasing, although it was below ** percent in 2022. Global electricity trends Since 1990, global power generation has increased every year except in 2009, following the global financial crisis, and in 2020, in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. Increasing power demand is the result of various factors, including economic development and increasing access to electricity throughout the world.

Fossil fuels remain the greatest source of electricity generation worldwide. In 2024, coal accounted for roughly **** percent of the global power mix, while natural gas followed with a ***** percent share. China, India, and the United States accounted for the largest share of coal used for electricity generation. The future of renewable energy Fossil fuel use notwithstanding, the share of renewables in global electricity has seen a more pronounced year-on-year growth in recent years, following increased efforts by governments to combat global warming and a decrease in levelized costs. Projections indicate that renewables will surpass fossil fuels as the main power source by 2040. Electricity consumption in the world China is the largest electricity consumer in the world, requiring almost ***** terawatt-hours of electricity every year. However, this economic power accounts for the largest population in the world and its electricity consumption per capita is almost tenfold smaller than the consumption of Iceland, although the power used in this country came almost completely from clean sources.

It is projected that electricity generated worldwide will increase by nearly ** percent in the coming three decades, to reach some ** thousand terawatt-hours by 2050. That year, renewables are expected to be the largest source of global electricity, accounting for some ** percent of electric power produced. The boom of renewables Electricity generation from renewable sources is expected to experience the largest growth in the displayed period, almost tripling between 2022 and 2050. The past decade saw the beginning of a boom in global installed renewable capacity, which recently surpassed ***** terawatts. In 2021, Asia was the region with the largest renewable electricity production, at *** petawatt-hours. Electricity from fossil fuels Conventional sources like coal are increasingly being replaced. After peaking at more than ** percent in 2007, the fossil fuel share in the global power generation has decreased steadily ever since. However, in 2022, coal was still the largest source of electricity generation worldwide, with a share of ** percent.

China consumes by far the most electricity of any country in the world, with almost 9,000 terawatt-hours equivalent consumed in 2024. The United States ranked as the second-leading electricity consumer that year, with over 4,000 terawatt-hours consumed. India followed, but by a wide margin. Production and consumption disparities China not only leads countries in electricity consumption worldwide, it also dominates production, generating over 10 petawatt-hours annually. The United States follows with 4.6 petawatt-hours, significantly more than its consumption of 4,065 terawatt-hours. This disparity underscores the complex relationship between production and consumption, influenced by factors such as energy efficiency, export capabilities, and domestic demand. The global expansion of electricity networks, particularly in Central and Southern Asia, is driving increased production to meet growing access and demand. Shifting energy landscapes The United States, as the second-largest consumer, is experiencing a significant shift in its energy mix. Coal-based electricity has declined by nearly 65 percent since 2010, giving way to natural gas and renewable sources. This transition is evident in recent capacity additions, with renewable energy sources accounting for almost 90 percent of new electricity capacity in 2025. The surge in renewable generation, particularly wind power, is reshaping the U.S. energy landscape and influencing consumption patterns. As renewable energy consumption is projected to more than double by 2050, the electricity market is adapting to these changing dynamics.

Key information about Indonesia Electricity Production

• Electricity Production in Indonesia reached 343,892 GWh in Dec 2024, compared with 323,321 GWh in the previous year.
• Electricity Production data of Indonesia is updated yearly averaging at 156,797 GWh from Dec 1994 to Dec 2024.
• The data reached an all-time high of 343,892 GWh in Dec 2024 and a record low of 51,478 GWh in Dec 1994.

Key information about China Electricity Production

• Electricity Production in China reached 846,240 GWh in Dec 2024, compared with 749,510 GWh in the previous month.
• Electricity Production data of China is updated monthly averaging at 189,206 GWh from Apr 1986 to Dec 2024.
• The data reached an all-time high of 907,420 GWh in Aug 2024 and a record low of 35,650 GWh in Apr 1986.

Description

Uncover this dataset showcasing sustainable energy indicators and other useful factors across all countries from 2000 to 2020. Dive into vital aspects such as electricity access, renewable energy, carbon emissions, energy intensity, Financial flows, and economic growth. Compare nations, track progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 7, and gain profound insights into global energy consumption patterns over time.

Key Features:

• Entity: The name of the country or region for which the data is reported.
• Year: The year for which the data is reported, ranging from 2000 to 2020.
• Access to electricity (% of population): The percentage of population with access to electricity.
• Access to clean fuels for cooking (% of population): The percentage of the population with primary reliance on clean fuels.
• Renewable-electricity-generating-capacity-per-capita: Installed Renewable energy capacity per person
• Financial flows to developing countries (US $): Aid and assistance from developed countries for clean energy projects.
• Renewable energy share in total final energy consumption (%): Percentage of renewable energy in final energy consumption.
• Electricity from fossil fuels (TWh): Electricity generated from fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) in terawatt-hours.
• Electricity from nuclear (TWh): Electricity generated from nuclear power in terawatt-hours.
• Electricity from renewables (TWh): Electricity generated from renewable sources (hydro, solar, wind, etc.) in terawatt-hours.
• Low-carbon electricity (% electricity): Percentage of electricity from low-carbon sources (nuclear and renewables).
• Primary energy consumption per capita (kWh/person): Energy consumption per person in kilowatt-hours.
• Energy intensity level of primary energy (MJ/$2011 PPP GDP): Energy use per unit of GDP at purchasing power parity.
• Value_co2_emissions (metric tons per capita): Carbon dioxide emissions per person in metric tons.
• Renewables (% equivalent primary energy): Equivalent primary energy that is derived from renewable sources.
• GDP growth (annual %): Annual GDP growth rate based on constant local currency.
• GDP per capita: Gross domestic product per person.
• Density (P/Km2): Population density in persons per square kilometer.
• Land Area (Km2): Total land area in square kilometers.
• Latitude: Latitude of the country's centroid in decimal degrees.
• Longitude: Longitude of the country's centroid in decimal degrees.

Potential Use cases

• Energy Consumption Prediction: Predict future energy usage, aid planning, and track SDG 7 progress.
• Carbon Emission Forecasting: Forecast CO2 emissions, support climate strategies.
• Energy Access Classification: Categorize regions for infrastructure development, understand sustainable energy's role.
• Sustainable Development Goal Tracking: Monitor progress towards Goal 7, evaluate policy impact.
• Energy Equity Analysis: Analyze access, density, and growth for equitable distribution.
• Energy Efficiency Optimization: Identify intensive areas for environmental impact reduction.
• Renewable Energy Potential Assessment: Identify regions for green investments based on capacity.
• Renewable Energy Investment Strategies: Guide investors towards sustainable opportunities.

Over the past half a century, the world's electricity consumption has continuously grown, reaching approximately 27,000 terawatt-hours by 2023. Between 1980 and 2023, electricity consumption more than tripled, while the global population reached eight billion people. Growth in industrialization and electricity access across the globe have further boosted electricity demand. China's economic rise and growth in global power use Since 2000, China's GDP has recorded an astonishing 15-fold increase, turning it into the second-largest global economy, behind only the United States. To fuel the development of its billion-strong population and various manufacturing industries, China requires more energy than any other country. As a result, it has become the largest electricity consumer in the world. Electricity consumption per capita In terms of per capita electricity consumption, China and other BRIC countries are still vastly outpaced by developed economies with smaller population sizes. Iceland, with a population of less than half a million inhabitants, consumes by far the most electricity per person in the world. Norway, Qatar, Canada, and the United States also have among the highest consumption rates. Multiple contributing factors such as the existence of power-intensive industries, household sizes, living situations, appliance and efficiency standards, and access to alternative heating fuels determine the amount of electricity the average person requires in each country.

This dataset provides a comprehensive overview of global energy substitution from 1800 to 2023. It tracks the evolution of various energy sources, including traditional biomass, coal, oil, gas, nuclear, hydropower, wind, solar, biofuels, and other renewables. The data is presented in terawatt-hours (TWh) of substituted energy, offering researchers and energy analysts a rich resource for studying long-term trends in global energy consumption and the transition from fossil fuels to renewable sources.

Key features of this dataset include:

• Historical data spanning over 220 years
• 11 different energy sources tracked
• Annual global energy consumption data
• Transition from traditional to modern energy sources
• Rise of renewable energy in recent decades

This dataset is ideal for:

• Analyzing long-term trends in global energy consumption
• Studying the energy transition from fossil fuels to renewables
• Developing forecasting models for future energy scenarios
• Examining the impact of technological advancements on energy production
• Creating visualizations of energy source evolution over time

Whether you're an energy analyst, climate researcher, or data scientist, this dataset offers valuable insights into the changing landscape of global energy production and consumption over two centuries.

Coal power generation worldwide grew to approximately 10,541 terawatt hours in 2024. This was the highest figure in the 24-year period shown and up from 10,401 terawatt hours the previous year. Coal electricity production in China is responsible for more than half of the worldwide total, having reached over 5,800 terawatt hours in 2024.

In May 2025, Czechia consumed above 4.6 TWh of electricity. While the highest consumption was registered in January 2024 at nearly 5.9 TWh, the lowest amount of energy was consumed in June 2024 at less than 4.29 TWh. What led to the consumption decline in Czechia? Czechia consumed a total of approximately 60.4 TWh of electricity in 2022. This decreased from the previous year and the lowest electricity consumption value since 2014. The Russian attack on Ukraine and the subsequent energy crisis played a significant role in this drop, as most European countries had to reduce the consumption of all energy sources. This stance was shared across the country, as the electricity prices skyrocketed due to the energy shortage before decreasing in 2023. Where does Czechia’s electricity come from and where does it go? The main two sources of electricity production in Czechia are coal and nuclear power. The coal plants, which can be found mostly in the north or far east of the country, generate the most electricity. However, they are also responsible for significant amounts of CO2 emissions. The two nuclear power plants operating in Czechia are much cleaner, and their share of electricity generation amounted to over 36 percent in 2022. Despite improving over time, the electricity generated from renewable energy remained low that year.Czechia does have the capacity to export electricity, with an overall positive trade balance in this area. In 2022, both the import and export values reached record figures, yet the export was nearly double the amount of electricity imported to Czechia.

Key information about Egypt Electricity Production

• Electricity Production in Egypt reached 16,900 GWh in Nov 2024, compared with 19,500 GWh in the previous month.
• Electricity Production data of Egypt is updated monthly averaging at 12,082 GWh from Jan 1997 to Nov 2024.
• The data reached an all-time high of 25,346 GWh in Jul 2024 and a record low of 4,385 GWh in Feb 1997.

Key information about Philippines Electricity Production

• Electricity Production in Philippines reached 118,004 GWh in Dec 2023, compared with 111,516 GWh in the previous year.
• Electricity Production data of Philippines is updated yearly averaging at 58,198 GWh from Dec 1990 to Dec 2023.
• The data reached an all-time high of 118,004 GWh in Dec 2023 and a record low of 25,649 GWh in Dec 1991.

The France Distributed Solar Power Generation Market size was valued at USD XX Billion in 2022 and is expected to surpass USD XX Billion by 2031, expanding at a CAGR of 12% during the forecast period, 2023 – 2031. The growth of the market is attributed to elements such as increasing environmental concerns and high cost of grid expansion. Moreover, advancement in technology leading to increase in efficiency and solar panel manufacturing cost reduction has been a key factors responsible for the growth of the France distributed solar power generation market.

It is the generation of power from solar energy for personal use. The energy produced is not sent to a centralized grid rather is used directly in households, industries, and commercial centers.



Growing demand for clean energy is among the foremost drivers for the distributed solar power generation market in the country. The country is earnestly shifting from conventional energy-producing sources to clean energy sources and produced over 16.7% of the total electricity generated from hydropower and renewable energy combined.



France is the world’s second-largest nuclear electricity producer after the United States. The country produced over 413.2 TWh of electricity from nuclear power, in 2018 and has over 57 nuclear reactors spread over the country.Furthermore; nuclear energy continues to hold an edge over other forms of energy generation energy resources in the country owing to the long-standing policy based on energy security. France’s total nuclear capacity stands at 62.3 GWe. Therefore, the cheaper electricity generation from nuclear energy and more reliability on nuclear energy produced electricity is expected to be the major restraint of the distributed solar power generation market in the country.



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As of 2024, China was the largest producer of electricity globally by a significant margin with over ***petawatt-hours generated, followed by the United States with *** petawatt-hours. Both countries generated a considerable amount more than the next highest producer, India, where almost *** petawatt-hours were produced. Coal and natural gas remain the primary sources of energy worldwide, maintaining a high global reliance on fossil-based fuels. For instance, natural gas was the largest source of electricity generation in the U.S. in 2023, followed by renewables.

Global expansion of electricity networks Energy networks have been undergoing expansion and modernization to tackle challenges such as the climate crisis and a growing global population through electrification. As a result of this, there has been significant growth in electricity access, with almost *** million more people gaining access to energy networks worldwide in 2022, of which ** million were in Central and Southern Asia. With increased electricity access, a growth in electricity production will become necessary.

Transitioning towards renewables Use of both coal and renewable electricity has grown worldwide, particularly in the European Union and China, where the largest year-on-year change in coal and renewable generation was recorded in 2023. As part of its increase in power generation, China has the largest share of clean electricity capacity installed by country worldwide, amounting to approximately **** terawatts.

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The hybrid power systems market share is expected to increase by USD 276.53 million from 2020 to 2025, and the market’s growth momentum will accelerate at a CAGR of 8.63%.

This hybrid power systems market research report provides valuable insights on the post COVID-19 impact on the market, which will help companies evaluate their business approaches. Furthermore, this report extensively covers hybrid power systems market segmentations by technology (solar-diesel, solar-wind-diesel, wind-diesel, and others), end-user (non-residential and residential), and geography (APAC, Europe, North America, MEA, and South America). The hybrid power systems market report also offers information on several market vendors, including Delta Electronics Inc., elgris UG, General Electric Co., Huawei Investment and Holding Co. Ltd., MAN Energy Solutions SE, Schneider Electric SE, Shanghai Ghrepower Green Energy Co. Ltd., Siemens AG, SMA Solar Technology AG, and Vertiv Holdings Co. among others.

What will the Hybrid Power Systems Market Size be During the Forecast Period?

Download the Free Report Sample to Unlock the Hybrid Power Systems Market Size for the Forecast Period and Other Important Statistics

Hybrid Power Systems Market: Key Drivers, Trends, and Challenges

Based on our research output, there has been a impact on the market growth during and post COVID-19 era. The increase in demand for clean energy sources is notably driving the hybrid power systems market growth, although factors such as intermittency and fluctuations in renewable power generation may impede market growth. Our research analysts have studied the historical data and deduced the key market drivers and the COVID-19 pandemic impact on the hybrid power systems industry. The holistic analysis of the drivers will help in deducing end goals and refining marketing strategies to gain a competitive edge.

Key Hybrid Power Systems Market Driver

One of the key factors driving growth in the hybrid power systems market is the rising global electricity demand. In 2018, the global electricity demand grew by 4% to more than 23,000 TWh compared with 2017. When compared to 2017, worldwide power demand increased by 4% to over 23,000 TWh in 2018. Despite the fact that worldwide power demand is increasing, a large portion of the world's population, particularly in Africa and Asia, lack electricity access. According to the IEA, approximately 1 billion people worldwide did not have access to electricity in 2017. Furthermore, 350 million individuals in developing Asian countries, or 9% of the population, do not have access to electricity. This has prepared the path for the creation of technology and solutions such as Off-grid Solar Power Systems that can significantly accelerate the expansion of power access. Thus, off-grid energy solutions, such as solar PV and wind, coupled with energy storage systems, including batteries, have been gaining popularity in the expansion of electricity access.

Key Hybrid Power Systems Market Trend

Developments in BESS is another factor supporting the hybrid power systems market share growth. Batteries are the most commonly used energy storage systems globally, as the costs of battery systems have been declining significantly since 2010. This price reduction can be attributed to improvements in hardware and the standardization of systems design and engineering. Battery system prices, such as high temperature, lead-acid, flow batteries, and lithium-ion are predicted to fall further during the forecast period. Furthermore, various scientific advancements in battery technology have been made to optimize and improve energy density, safety, and efficiency. Unlike traditional organic lithium-ion batteries, which have a limited life and are deemed unsafe due to multiple fire occurrences in grid applications and consumer electronic gadgets, technological advancements have resulted in the development of efficient batteries. Thus, such technological advances and the declining cost of BESS are expected to boost market growth during the forecast period.

Key Hybrid Power Systems Market Challenge

One of the key challenges to the hybrid power systems market growth is the intermittency and fluctuations in renewable power generation. Renewable energy resources, such as wind and solar power, face challenges in terms of availability as appropriate wind flow is required for generating wind power. Similarly, the availability of high-intensity sunlight is essential for solar power generation. Solar output is intermittent and depends on several factors, such as solar irradiation, panel efficiency, and the degree of shade. These factors vary during the day and according to the climate. Solar PV systems are capable of producing power for only one-half of the day. Furthermore, the efficiency can decline during cloudy and rainy weather conditions. The availability of sunlight also varies with the geographic l

ggACene (global gridded Air Conditioning energy) projections

Output AC and AC electricity gridded data

This repository hosts output data for SSPs126, 245, 370 and 585 on the estimated and future projected ownership of residential air conditioning (% of households), the related energy consumption (TWh/yr.), and the underlying population counts (useful to quantify the per-capita average consumption or the headcount of people affected by the cooling gap). These data are contained in the multi-layer .nc (NCDF) files, which can be opened and processed in any GIS software/library, or visualised in softwares such as Panoply.

Input data and analysis replication

The repository also hosts input data to replicate the entire data generating process. A twin Github repository hosts code (https://github.com/giacfalk/ggACene) to run the model generating the ggACene (global gridded Air Conditioning energy) projections dataset.

InstructionsTo reproduce the model and generate the dataset from scratch, please refer to the following steps:- Download input data "replication_package_input_data.7z" by cloning the repository- Decompress the folder using 7-Zip (https://www.7-zip.org/download.html)- Open RStudio and adjust the path folder in the sourcer.R script- Run the sourcer.R script to train the ML model, make projections, and represent result files

Figures replication package

Finally, the source_code_data_replication_figures.zip archive contains an R script and processed input data to replicate all the figures contained in the manuscript.

ReferenceFalchetta, G., De Cian, E., Pavanello, F., & Wing, I. S. Inequalities in global residential cooling energy use to 2050. Nature Communications. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-52028-8

Hong Kong SAR (China) Primary Energy Consumption data was reported at 250.947 TWh in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 217.463 TWh for 2022. Hong Kong SAR (China) Primary Energy Consumption data is updated yearly, averaging 180.591 TWh from Dec 1965 (Median) to 2023, with 59 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 363.573 TWh in 2018 and a record low of 26.302 TWh in 1965. Hong Kong SAR (China) Primary Energy Consumption data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Our World in Data. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Hong Kong SAR (China) – Table HK.OWID.ESG: Environmental: CO2 and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Annual.

Geothermal energy has been produced commercially for nearly a century, and on the scale of hundreds of MW for over four decades both for electricity generation and direct use. The world direct-use energy production is about 37 TWh/ a (installed capacity of 10,000 MWt in nearly forty countries), and is, with the exception of China, mainly in the industrialized, and central and eastern European countries. Fourteen countries have installed capacities over 100 MWt. The main uses are space heating (33%), heat pumps (12%) for heating and cooling, bathing (19%), greenhouses (14%), aquaculture (11%) and industry (10%). The application of the ground source heat pump opens a new dimension in the scope for using the earth's heat, as heat pumps can be used basically everywhere and are not site specific as conventional geothermal resources.