Between January 1971 and May 2025, gold had average annual returns of **** percent, which was only slightly more than the return of commodities, with an annual average of around eight percent. The annual return of gold was over ** percent in 2024. What is the total global demand for gold? The global demand for gold remains robust owing to its historical importance, financial stability, and cultural appeal. During economic uncertainty, investors look for a safe haven, while emerging markets fuel jewelry demand. A distinct contrast transpired during COVID-19, when the global demand for gold experienced a sharp decline in 2020 owing to a reduction in consumer spending. However, the subsequent years saw an increase in demand for the precious metal. How much gold is produced worldwide? The production of gold depends mainly on geological formations, market demand, and the cost of production. These factors have a significant impact on the discovery, extraction, and economic viability of gold mining operations worldwide. In 2024, the worldwide production of gold was expected to reach *** million ounces, and it is anticipated that the rate of growth will increase as exploration technologies improve, gold prices rise, and mining practices improve.

As of 31 May 2025, MSCI U.S. had an average **-year return rate of ***** percent, whereas gold had a return rate of ***** percent. Gold mining overview In light of recent technological advancements shaping the gold mining market, global gold production has been rather stable in the last few years, hovering around ***** metric tons since 2020. Among nations, Australia holds the highest gold production, surpassing countries with the highest mine gold reserves. Gold as a financial security Known for its ability to provide diversification to investment portfolios, gold has exhibited a positive trend in its Gold’s return rate was particularly high in the early 2000s, and, despite experiencing a decline during the pandemic, it demonstrated a remarkable recovery since. Furthermore, gold serves as a valuable asset for a nation's economic stability, with the United States holding the highest amount of

Gold is the most popular precious metal in the investment industry. The rate of return for gold investments fluctuated significantly during the period from 2002 to 2024 but generated positive returns in most years of the observed period. The return of gold as an investment reached almost ** percent in 2024, one of the highest recorded. Why is gold valuable? Gold is a precious metal with several practical uses, particularly in technology. For example, NASA uses gold to improve its lasers and protect sensitive things in space, including a part of the visor for its astronauts. However, a large share of the demand for gold worldwide is as an investment, particularly by central banks. Gold serves the purpose of an alternative to currency because it is relatively scarce but still has enough mine production to serve the financial sector. Gold as an investment Under the Bretton Woods agreement after World War II, the world’s major currencies were tied to the value of gold. This system, called the Gold Standard, ended in 1971. Still, most countries maintain significant gold reserves. Due to this history and the overall faith in the value of gold, the average gold price tends to increase in times of recession, making it an attractive investment in uncertain times.

Gold rose to 3,354.76 USD/t.oz on July 11, 2025, up 0.92% from the previous day. Over the past month, Gold's price has fallen 0.92%, but it is still 39.14% higher than a year ago, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. Gold - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

Kinross Gold return on investment for the quarter ending March 31, 2025 was 14.88. Kinross Gold average return on investment for 2024 was 8.22, a 213.74% increase from 2023. Kinross Gold average return on investment for 2023 was 2.62, a 142.95% increase from 2022. Kinross Gold average return on investment for 2022 was -6.1, a 151.17% decline from 2021. Roi - return on investment can be defined as an indicator of how profitable a company is relative to its assets invested by shareholders and long-term bond holders. Calculated by dividing a company's operating earnings by its long-term debt and shareholders equity.

The size of the Gold Market was valued at USD 3.2 Trillion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 4.5 Trillion by 2032, with an expected CAGR of 7.38% during the forecast period. It is one of the crucial financial assets with a liquid market, intrinsic value, and diversified uses in jewelry, electronics, and for investment purposes. Gold includes both the physical bullion and ETF markets. Mining and refining technological innovations enhance efficiency and sustainability.Gold provides economic stability and security of investments since it is durable, widely accepted, and one that diversifies portfolios. Hence, gold holds a very significant place both in consumer markets and financial systems through its support for industries ranging from luxury goods to technology. Recent developments include: March 2023: Pan American Silver Corporation acquired all the issued and outstanding common shares of Yamana Gold Inc., as part of the arrangement, which includes its mines and increased the geographical operations of the company in Latin America., February 2023: Barrick Gold, the world's second-biggest gold producer, announced a 10% increase in attributable proved and probable gold mineral reserves to 76 million ounces net of depletion in 2022 while maintaining current reserves.. Key drivers for this market are: Demand for Gold in the form of Jewelry and Long-term Savings, Increasing Consumption in High-End Electronics Applications; Other Drivers. Potential restraints include: Declining Ore Grades and Other Technical Challenges, Other Restraints. Notable trends are: Jewelry Segment to Dominate the Demand.

Context

SPDR Gold Shares (GLD) This fund buys gold bullion. The only time it sells gold is to pay expenses and honor redemptions​. Because of the ownership of bullion, this fund is extremely sensitive to the price of gold and will follow gold price trends closely.

One upside to owning gold bars is that no one can loan or borrow them. Another upside is that each share of this fund represents more gold than shares in other funds that do not buy physical gold. However, the downside is taxes. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) considers gold a collectible, and taxes on long-term gains are high. (For more, see: The Most Affordable Way to Buy Gold: Physical Gold or ETFs?)

Content

Fund overview: CategoryCommodities Precious Metals Fund familySPDR State Street Global Advisors

Acknowledgements

Yahoo Finance

Inspiration

Dataset will be helpful for people who are looking to start playing the Time Series Analysis. What always got my attention was, when Dollar goes down DowJones and Nasdaq goes up and vice-versa. Can this dataset be used for creating a Causal Model?

Gold Fields return on investment for the quarter ending December 31, 2024 was -4.79. Gold Fields average return on investment for 2014 was -6.13, a 280.29% decline from 2013. Gold Fields average return on investment for 2013 was 3.4, a 72.65% decline from 2012. Gold Fields average return on investment for 2012 was 12.43, a 80.67% decline from 2011. Roi - return on investment can be defined as an indicator of how profitable a company is relative to its assets invested by shareholders and long-term bond holders. Calculated by dividing a company's operating earnings by its long-term debt and shareholders equity.

Gold Royalty roi - return on investment from 2021 to 2025. Roi - return on investment can be defined as an indicator of how profitable a company is relative to its assets invested by shareholders and long-term bond holders. Calculated by dividing a company's operating earnings by its long-term debt and shareholders equity.

TRX Gold roi - return on investment from 2010 to 2025. Roi - return on investment can be defined as an indicator of how profitable a company is relative to its assets invested by shareholders and long-term bond holders. Calculated by dividing a company's operating earnings by its long-term debt and shareholders equity.

Dataset of historical annual gold prices from 1970 to 2024, including significant events and acts that impacted gold prices.

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Gold Price Prediction in INR (2004-2024)🇮🇳 - Can You Forecast the Future? ✨

Data Description:

1. Time Period: October 2004 - December 2024 (20 years) - Long-term Trend Analysis!
2. Frequency: Monthly Average Gold Price (INR) - Uncover Seasonality!
3. Source: Financial Service Website (verified) ✅ - Reliable Data for Accurate Predictions!

Potential Applications:

• Time Series Analysis: Analyze trends and seasonality in gold prices. - Unravel the Gold Market Mystery! ️‍♀️
• Gold Price Prediction: Forecast future gold prices using ARIMA, SARIMA, fbProphet, etc. - Predict the Next Big Move!

Key Points:

• Long-Term Trend: Explore the evolution of gold prices over two decades. - See How Gold Has Changed Over Time! ⏳
• Prediction Models: Evaluate the effectiveness of different time series forecasting models. - Find the Best Tool for the Job!
• INR Focus: Gain insights specific to the Indian gold market. 🇮🇳 - Understand the Indian Gold Market Landscape! ️

⚠️ Note:

• Past performance does not guarantee future results.

Bonus:

This dataset allows you to explore the fascinating world of gold price prediction in the Indian market. Challenge yourself! Can you develop a model that outperforms the rest?

The global gold metals market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing demand from diverse sectors. While precise market size figures for 2025 aren't provided, we can estimate based on industry trends and available data. Assuming a conservative CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) of 5% (a reasonable estimate given historical gold market performance and considering factors like inflation and investment demand), and using a hypothetical 2025 market size of $150 billion (this figure is a reasonable approximation given the scale of the gold market), the market is projected to reach approximately $200 billion by 2033. This growth is fueled by several key drivers: the ongoing expansion of the electronics industry, which uses gold extensively in circuit boards and other components; the growth of the automotive sector, particularly in electric vehicles, where gold plays a role in advanced electronics; and the enduring appeal of gold in luxury goods, including jewelry and high-end watches. Further, increasing investment in gold as a safe haven asset in times of economic uncertainty contributes to market expansion. However, the market faces certain restraints. Fluctuations in gold prices, impacted by macroeconomic factors and currency exchange rates, represent a significant challenge. Environmental regulations related to gold mining and ethical sourcing concerns also pose constraints on market growth. Further segmentation analysis shows a strong demand for pure gold in electronics, while color gold and mixed-color gold dominate the luxury goods sector. Regional analysis suggests that North America and Asia-Pacific regions are major contributors to the market, due to strong consumer demand, established manufacturing bases, and substantial gold reserves. The continued development of sustainable and responsible mining practices will be crucial for ensuring long-term market stability and growth. Competition among major players like AngloGold Ashanti, Barrick Gold, and Newmont Mining is intense, leading to ongoing innovation and efficiency improvements within the industry. This report provides an in-depth analysis of the global gold metals market, offering invaluable insights for investors, industry professionals, and strategic decision-makers. We delve into production trends, market segmentation, key players, and future growth projections, focusing on the multifaceted nature of gold's applications and the dynamics shaping its market.

The global gold resources market exhibits robust growth potential, driven by increasing demand from diverse sectors like jewelry, electronics, and aerospace. The market size in 2025 is estimated at $150 billion USD (this is an estimation based on typical market sizes for precious metals and the provided context, further research may refine this number), projected to grow at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is fueled by several key factors. Firstly, the inherent value of gold as a safe haven asset during economic uncertainty continues to bolster investment demand. Secondly, technological advancements are expanding gold's applications in electronics and medical fields, stimulating industrial consumption. However, the market faces certain constraints including fluctuating gold prices, stringent environmental regulations impacting mining operations, and geopolitical risks affecting supply chains. The diverse segments, categorized by deposit type (placer, lode, disseminated, and others) and application (jewelry, electronics, aerospace, medical, financial, and others), present opportunities for targeted investment and expansion. The leading companies, including Newmont, Barrick Gold, and others, are strategically positioned to benefit from this growth, although competition is intense. Regional variations in market share are anticipated, with North America and Asia-Pacific expected to remain dominant due to established mining activities and substantial consumption within those regions. The forecast period, 2025-2033, presents substantial opportunities for growth within the gold resources sector. While challenges exist, the ongoing demand from both the investment and industrial sectors coupled with exploration and advancements in mining technologies will likely outweigh the constraints. Companies are likely to focus on sustainable mining practices to mitigate environmental concerns, while diversification across various applications will likely ensure long-term market stability. The continued growth in emerging markets, particularly in Asia-Pacific, is expected to be a significant contributor to market expansion in the coming years. The dynamic nature of the gold market necessitates continuous monitoring of geopolitical factors, economic trends, and technological advancements to accurately predict future market performance.

The price of gold per troy ounce increased considerably between 1990 and 2025, despite some fluctuations. A troy ounce is the international common unit of weight used for precious metals and is approximately **** grams. At the end of 2024, a troy ounce of gold cost ******* U.S. dollars. As of * June 2025, it increased considerably to ******** U.S. dollars. Price of – additional information In 2000, the price of gold was at its lowest since 1990, with a troy ounce of gold costing ***** U.S. dollars in that year. Since then, gold prices have been rising and after the economic crisis of 2008, the price of gold rose at higher rates than ever before as the market began to see gold as an increasingly good investment. History has shown, gold is seen as a good investment in times of uncertainty because it can or is thought to function as a good store of value against a declining currency as well as providing protection against inflation. However, unlike other commodities, once gold is mined it does not get used up like other commodities (for example, such as gasoline). So while gold may be a good investment at times, the supply demand argument does not apply to gold. Nonetheless, the demand for gold has been mostly consistent.

Gold-Tin (AuSn) Solder Paste Market Outlook

As of 2023, the global market size for Gold-Tin (AuSn) Solder Paste is estimated at approximately $500 million, with projections indicating a robust compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.5% to reach around $960 million by 2032. This impressive growth is driven by factors such as increasing demand in high-reliability sectors like aerospace, defense, and medical devices.

The growth of the Gold-Tin (AuSn) Solder Paste market is primarily fueled by its unique properties, such as high melting points, excellent thermal and electrical conductivity, and superior mechanical strength. These properties make AuSn solder paste highly desirable in applications where reliability and performance are crucial, such as in aerospace and defense systems. Additionally, the growing complexity and miniaturization of electronic devices necessitate high-performance solder materials, further propelling market growth.

An additional driver for market expansion is the surge in demand for medical devices and equipment, which often require high-reliability soldering solutions. Medical devices must adhere to stringent safety and performance standards, making AuSn solder paste a go-to choice for manufacturers. Furthermore, the rise of advanced medical technologies, including minimally invasive surgical instruments and diagnostic devices, is likely to bolster demand for high-quality soldering materials.

Another significant growth factor is the increasing adoption of AuSn solder paste in the automotive industry, especially with the advent of electric vehicles (EVs) and autonomous driving technologies. These technologies require highly reliable and durable soldering solutions to ensure the safety and efficiency of electronic systems. As the automotive sector continues to evolve, the demand for sophisticated solder materials is expected to rise, contributing to the market's growth.

Gold Based Solder is gaining traction as an alternative to traditional soldering materials due to its superior properties and performance. Known for its excellent thermal and electrical conductivity, gold-based solder is particularly valued in high-reliability applications where failure is not an option. This makes it an ideal choice for sectors such as aerospace and medical devices, where the integrity of solder joints is critical. Additionally, the use of gold-based solder is expanding in the electronics industry, where it is used in the assembly of high-performance components. Its ability to withstand harsh environments and maintain its properties over time makes it a preferred choice for manufacturers looking to enhance the durability and reliability of their products.

Regionally, Asia Pacific dominates the Gold-Tin (AuSn) Solder Paste market, driven by the presence of major electronics manufacturers and a robust automotive industry. North America and Europe also hold significant market shares, thanks to their strong aerospace and defense sectors. Emerging economies in Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are expected to witness substantial growth due to increasing industrial activities and investments in advanced technologies.

Product Type Analysis

The Gold-Tin (AuSn) Solder Paste market can be segmented by product type into Powder, Paste, and Preforms. Each product type has its unique set of applications and benefits, catering to different industrial needs. The Powder segment is particularly essential in applications requiring precise control over the amount of solder used. This level of control is crucial in high-precision electronic devices where even minor deviations can lead to significant performance issues.

In contrast, the Paste segment is highly favored in surface mount technology (SMT) applications due to its ease of application and versatility. The paste form can be easily applied to various surfaces, providing a reliable solder joint that ensures the long-term performance of electronic assemblies. The Preforms segment, on the other hand, is widely used in applications demanding pre-measured solder amounts, ensuring consistency and reducing waste.

Among these, the Paste segment is anticipated to hold the largest market share, driven by its widespread use in the electronics industry. The versatility and ease of use make it a preferred choice for manufacturers looking to streamline their production processes. The Preforms segment is also expected to see

Harmony Gold Mining return on investment for the quarter ending December 31, 2024 was -13.64. Harmony Gold Mining average return on investment for 2014 was -8.45, a 66.67% increase from 2013. Harmony Gold Mining average return on investment for 2013 was -5.07, a 169.36% increase from 2012. Harmony Gold Mining average return on investment for 2012 was 7.31, a 137.34% decline from 2011. Roi - return on investment can be defined as an indicator of how profitable a company is relative to its assets invested by shareholders and long-term bond holders. Calculated by dividing a company's operating earnings by its long-term debt and shareholders equity.

Recycled Gold Market Outlook

As per our latest research, the global recycled gold market size reached USD 49.7 billion in 2024, driven by surging demand for sustainable precious metals and an increasing emphasis on circular economy practices. The market is expected to exhibit a robust CAGR of 6.2% during the forecast period, with the value projected to rise to USD 85.3 billion by 2033. This growth is underpinned by heightened environmental awareness, tightening regulations on mining activities, and a steady shift in consumer preferences toward ethically sourced gold. The adoption of advanced recycling technologies and the expansion of gold recovery from electronic waste are further catalyzing the upward trajectory of the recycled gold market.

One of the primary growth drivers for the recycled gold market is the increasing global focus on sustainability and responsible sourcing. As environmental concerns intensify, both consumers and corporations are actively seeking alternatives to traditionally mined gold, which is often associated with significant ecological degradation and human rights issues. Recycled gold offers a compelling solution, as it reduces the need for new mining, thereby minimizing carbon emissions, water usage, and land disruption. This shift is especially pronounced in the jewelry industry, where prominent brands are making public commitments to use recycled gold in their products, responding to consumer demand for sustainable luxury. The investment sector is also witnessing a surge in interest in recycled gold, with investors seeking assets that align with ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) criteria.

Technological advancements in gold recycling processes are playing a pivotal role in market expansion. Modern hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical techniques have significantly improved the efficiency and yield of gold recovery from diverse sources, including electronic scrap and industrial waste. These innovations not only enhance the economic viability of recycling operations but also broaden the range of materials that can be processed. For instance, the proliferation of electronic devices has led to a surge in electronic scrap, which contains substantial quantities of recoverable gold. Companies are investing in state-of-the-art recycling facilities to tap into this growing resource, further fueling the growth of the recycled gold market. Additionally, regulatory frameworks in key regions are mandating higher recycling rates and stricter waste management practices, accelerating the adoption of recycled gold across industries.

Another critical factor propelling the recycled gold market is the volatility and rising costs associated with gold mining. Geopolitical uncertainties, fluctuating commodity prices, and declining ore grades have made traditional gold extraction increasingly challenging and expensive. In contrast, recycled gold offers a more stable and cost-effective supply chain, with lower exposure to geopolitical risks. This advantage is particularly attractive to manufacturers in the electronics and automotive sectors, where gold is an essential material for high-performance components. As these industries continue to grow, their reliance on recycled gold is expected to intensify, supporting long-term market expansion. Furthermore, the integration of blockchain and traceability solutions is enhancing transparency and trust in the recycled gold supply chain, making it an even more appealing choice for conscientious buyers.

Regionally, the Asia Pacific region is emerging as a dominant force in the recycled gold market, driven by rapid industrialization, a burgeoning middle class, and significant investments in recycling infrastructure. China and India, in particular, are leading the charge, with robust demand from the jewelry and electronics sectors. North America and Europe are also key markets, benefiting from stringent environmental regulations and a strong emphasis on sustainable practices. Meanwhile, Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are gradually catching up, supported by growing awareness and government initiatives to promote recycling. The regional dynamics are shaped by a combination of economic development, regulatory frameworks, and cultural attitudes toward sustainability, resulting in a diverse and evolving landscape for the recycled gold market.

The global precious metal accounts market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing investor interest in alternative assets and a desire for wealth preservation amid economic uncertainty. The market, estimated at $15 billion in 2025, is projected to achieve a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8% from 2025 to 2033, reaching approximately $28 billion by 2033. This growth is fueled by several key factors. Firstly, the ongoing inflation in many global economies is driving investors towards precious metals like gold and silver as hedges against inflation and currency devaluation. Secondly, increasing geopolitical instability and economic uncertainty are further boosting demand for safe-haven assets, making precious metal accounts increasingly attractive. The rise of digital platforms offering accessible investment options is also contributing to market expansion. Significant growth is anticipated in regions like North America and Asia-Pacific, reflecting strong economic activity and growing awareness of precious metals' investment potential. However, regulatory changes and fluctuations in precious metal prices pose potential challenges. The market is segmented by application (wealth preservation, tax planning, retirement planning, others) and type (investment accounts, savings accounts, others), offering diverse investment strategies catering to individual investor needs. Key players like IFB Bank, HSBC, and others are shaping the market through product innovation and strategic partnerships. The market segmentation highlights various investment strategies. Wealth preservation accounts dominate the application segment due to the inherent value stability of precious metals. Tax planning accounts are gaining traction as investors seek to optimize their portfolios, while retirement planning accounts offer long-term growth potential. The investment account type is most prevalent, offering flexibility in buying and selling precious metals. The geographical distribution shows strong growth prospects in North America and Asia-Pacific due to robust economies and growing investor sophistication. Europe also remains a substantial market, while the Middle East and Africa present emerging opportunities. Competition is intense among banks and specialized financial institutions, requiring continuous innovation and strategic partnerships to maintain a strong market position. The forecast period anticipates consistent growth, although fluctuating precious metal prices and macroeconomic conditions will inevitably influence market performance.

This is not going to be an article or Op-Ed about Michael Jordan. Since 2009 we've been in the longest bull-market in history, that's 11 years and counting. However a few metrics like the stock market P/E, the call to put ratio and of course the Shiller P/E suggest a great crash is coming in-between the levels of 1929 and the dot.com bubble. Mean reversion historically is inevitable and the Fed's printing money experiment could end in disaster for the stock market in late 2021 or 2022. You can read Jeremy Grantham's Last Dance article here. You are likely well aware of Michael Burry's predicament as well. It's easier for you just to skim through two related videos on this topic of a stock market crash. Michael Burry's Warning see this YouTube. Jeremy Grantham's Warning See this YouTube. Typically when there is a major event in the world, there is a crash and then a bear market and a recovery that takes many many months. In March, 2020 that's not what we saw since the Fed did some astonishing things that means a liquidity sloth and the risk of a major inflation event. The pandemic represented the quickest decline of at least 30% in the history of the benchmark S&P 500, but the recovery was not correlated to anything but Fed intervention. Since the pandemic clearly isn't disappearing and many sectors such as travel, business travel, tourism and supply chain disruptions appear significantly disrupted - the so-called economic recovery isn't so great. And there's this little problem at the heart of global capitalism today, the stock market just keeps going up. Crashes and corrections typically occur frequently in a normal market. But the Fed liquidity and irresponsible printing of money is creating a scenario where normal behavior isn't occurring on the markets. According to data provided by market analytics firm Yardeni Research, the benchmark index has undergone 38 declines of at least 10% since the beginning of 1950. Since March, 2020 we've barely seen a down month. September, 2020 was flat-ish. The S&P 500 has more than doubled since those lows. Look at the angle of the curve: The S&P 500 was 735 at the low in 2009, so in this bull market alone it has gone up 6x in valuation. That's not a normal cycle and it could mean we are due for an epic correction. I have to agree with the analysts who claim that the long, long bull market since 2009 has finally matured into a fully-fledged epic bubble. There is a complacency, buy-the dip frenzy and general meme environment to what BigTech can do in such an environment. The weight of Apple, Amazon, Alphabet, Microsoft, Facebook, Nvidia and Tesla together in the S&P and Nasdaq is approach a ridiculous weighting. When these stocks are seen both as growth, value and companies with unbeatable moats the entire dynamics of the stock market begin to break down. Check out FANG during the pandemic. BigTech is Seen as Bullet-Proof me valuations and a hysterical speculative behavior leads to even higher highs, even as 2020 offered many younger people an on-ramp into investing for the first time. Some analysts at JP Morgan are even saying that until retail investors stop charging into stocks, markets probably don’t have too much to worry about. Hedge funds with payment for order flows can predict exactly how these retail investors are behaving and monetize them. PFOF might even have to be banned by the SEC. The risk-on market theoretically just keeps going up until the Fed raises interest rates, which could be in 2023! For some context, we're more than 1.4 years removed from the bear-market bottom of the coronavirus crash and haven't had even a 5% correction in nine months. This is the most over-priced the market has likely ever been. At the night of the dot-com bubble the S&P 500 was only 1,400. Today it is 4,500, not so many years after. Clearly something is not quite right if you look at history and the P/E ratios. A market pumped with liquidity produces higher earnings with historically low interest rates, it's an environment where dangerous things can occur. In late 1997, as the S&P 500 passed its previous 1929 peak of 21x earnings, that seemed like a lot, but nothing compared to today. For some context, the S&P 500 Shiller P/E closed last week at 38.58, which is nearly a two-decade high. It's also well over double the average Shiller P/E of 16.84, dating back 151 years. So the stock market is likely around 2x over-valued. Try to think rationally about what this means for valuations today and your favorite stock prices, what should they be in historical terms? The S&P 500 is up 31% in the past year. It will likely hit 5,000 before a correction given the amount of added liquidity to the system and the QE the Fed is using that's like a huge abuse of MMT, or Modern Monetary Theory. This has also lent to bubbles in the housing market, crypto and even commodities like Gold with long-term global GDP meeting many headwinds in the years ahead due to a...