First release of the Luangwa Rift Active Fault Database for the submission of a manuscript to EGU Solid Earth.

Active fault database for the Luangwa Rift, Zambia compiled by Tess Turner, Luke Wedmore and Juliet Biggs at University of Bristol.

The Luangwa Rift Active Fault Database (LRAFD) is a freely available open-source geospatial database of active fault traces within the Luangwa Rift, Zambia.

The active fault database has been designed and released in line with the Global Earthquake Model standards. Full details of the criteria used to assess activity will be released in a publication that is currently in preparation.

Citation
Please cite the latest release of this database on Zenodo in addition to the following manuscript:
Turner, T. Wedmore, L.N.J., Biggs, J. Williams, J.N., Sichingabula, H.M., Kabumbu, C., Banda, K. The Luangwa Rift Active Fault Database and fault reactivations along the southwestern branch of the East African Rift. _Submitted to EGU Solid Earth_

Data Format
The LRAFD is a geospatial database containing a collection of active fault traces in GIS vector format. Each fault is mapped as a single continuous GIS feature, and has associated metadata that describe the geometry of the fault and various aspects of its exposure and the methodology used to map the fault.

The list below describes the attributes within the LRAFD. These attributes are based on the Global Earthquake Model Global Active Faults Database (GEM-GAFD; Styron and Pagani, 2020). Note, we do not currently include all attributes from the GEM-GAFD as these data have not been collected in the Luangwa Rift. It is the intention that future versions of this database will include more attributes. No assessment is made of the seismogenic properties of the faults in the LRAFD as this is subjective. These data have been compiled in the publication associated with this database.

Data Table

Luangwa Rift Active Fault Database Attributes

Attribute	Data Type	Description	Notes
LRAFD_ID	integer	Unique Fault IDentification number assigned to each fault trace
Fault_Name	string	Name of Fault	Assigned using local geographic features or towns
Dip_Direction	string	Compass quadrant of fault dip direction
slip_type	string	kinematic type of fault	e.g. normal, reverse, sinistral-strike slip, dextral-strike slip
Fault_Length	decimal	Straight line distance between the tips of the fault
GeomorphicExpression	string	Geomorphic feature/features used to identify the fault trace and its extent	e.g. escarpment, fault scarp, offset sedimentary feature
Method	string	DEM or geologic dataset used to identify and map the fault trace	e.g. digital elevation model hillshade, slope map
Confidence	integer	Confidence of recent (Quaternary) activity	Ranges from 1-4, 1 if high certainty, 4 if low certainty
ExposureQuality	integer	Fault exposure quality	1 if high, 2 if low
EpistemicQuality	integer	Certainty of whether a fault exists there	1 if high, 2 if low
Accuracy	integer	Coarsest scale at which fault trace can be mapped, expressed as the denominator of the map scale	reflects the prominence of the fault's geomorphic expression
GeologicalMapExpression	string	extent of correlation between fault traces and legacy geological map	whether faults have been previously mapped and/or follow geological contacts
Notes	string	Any additional or relevant information regarding the fault
References	string	Relevant literature/geological maps where the fault is mentioned/described

File Formats
Following the GEM-GAFD, this database is provided in a variety of GIS vector file formats. GeoJSON is the version of record, and any changes should be made in this version, before they are converted to other filed formats using the convert.sh shell script available in this repository. This script uses the GDAL tool ogr2ogr and is adapted from a script posted by Richard Styron (https://github.com/cossatot/central_am_carib_faults/blob/master/convert.sh), who we thank for making this publicly available. The other versions available are ESRI Shapefile, KML, GMT and Geopackage.

Note that in the ESRI Shapefile format, the length of the attribute are restricted in length by the format, so we advise against using this format.

Version Control
This version of the database is v1.0 and is associated with the release of the data for submission of the associated manuscript.

It is intended that this database is updated in future versions by both the authors and other users. As such we encourage edits of the [GeoJSON] file and the submission of pull requests on the associated github site. Please contact Luke Wedmore (<luke.wedmore@bristol.ac.uk>) for information or to report errors in the database.

References
Styron, Richard, and Marco Pagani. “The GEM Global Active Faults Database.” Earthquake Spectra, vol. 36, no. 1_suppl, Oct. 2020, pp. 160–180, doi:10.1177/8755293020944182.

Introduction

The Statewide California Earthquake Center (SCEC) Community Fault Model (CFM) is an object-oriented, fully three-dimensional geometric representation of active faults in California and adjacent offshore basins. For each fault object, the CFM provides triangulated surface representations (t-surfs) in several resolutions, fault traces in several different file formats (shape files, GMT plain text, and GoogleEarth kml), and complete metadata including references used to constrain the surfaces. The CFM faults are defined based on available data including surface traces, seismicity, seismic reflection profiles, well data, geologic cross sections, and various other types of data and models. The CFM serves SCEC as a unified resource for physics-based fault systems modeling, strong ground-motion prediction, probabilistic seismic hazards assessment (e.g., the USGS National Seismic Hazard Model), and many other uses. Together with the Community Velocity Model (CVM-H 15.1.0), the CFM comprises SCEC's Unified Structural Representation of the Southern California crust and upper mantle (Shaw et al., 2015).

Current Model Version: CFM 7.0

The current version of the SCEC CFM is version 7.0 (CFM 7.0), which builds on the previous CFM releases and serves as the latest update to Plesch et al. (2007). CFM 7.0 is a significant update as this is the first CFM to cover the entire state of California, spanning the Pacific-North American plate boundary from northern Mexico to the southern Cascadia subduction zone. This latest version has no changes to the southern California portion of the model, but now includes 113 new fault representations in central and northern California in the preferred model. These new central and northern California fault representations will undergo a community evaluation in 2024-2025, therefore, the central and northern California faults should be considered preliminary representations.

CFM 7.0 contains three fully-documented sub models: preferred, ruptures, and alternatives. In total, CFM 7.0 comprises the following components:

CFM 7.0 Preferred: A set of 556 fault objects that constitute the preferred set of active faults. These faults have attained preferred status based on past community evaluations or are new representations.

CFM 7.0 Ruptures: A set of 13 fault objects assembled from the CFM 7.0 preferred model that ruptured during selected significant historic events. These are not earthquake source models, but are representations of the entire fault surfaces where a significant historic rupture occurred. This model is intended to indicate which CFM fault objects were involved with selected significant historic ruptures.

CFM 7.0 Alternatives: A set of 39 alternative representations where structural differences have been proposed that could potentially significantly impact fault mechanics and associated seismic hazards. These alternative representations were selected based on community rankings following a comprehensive evaluation of the CFM that took place in May of 2022.

Including all sub models, the CFM 7.0 incorporates 608 fully-documented fault objects. If you use the CFM, we would appreciate you citing both Plesch et al. (2007) and the DOI where the archive is stored.

Directory Structure and Contents of the CFM Archive

The CFM archive directory structure is as follows:

doc/Documentation and metadata, which include an MS Excel spreadsheet with detailed metadata about each fault surface. Metadata for the preferred, rupture, and alternative models are provided in separate but otherwise identically formatted sheets within the file. All faults contain references to the works that helped to define the 3D fault surface geometry. More information about the metadata columns is provided in doc/README.txt

obj/preferred/obj/ruptures/obj/alternatives/These directories contain the model components for the preferred, rupture, and alternative models, respectively. Each model contains an identical directory structure, which is described below using the preferred model as an example.

obj/preferred/native/The CFM preferred fault surfaces in gocad tsurf format using the native mesh. The native mesh uses a variable mesh resolution. Smaller triangles generally indicate where a fault is well-constrained by data. All tsurf files are provided in UTM zone 11 using the NAD27 datum (EPSG:26711).

obj/preferred/500m/The CFM preferred fault surfaces with a semi-regularized mesh of ~500m resolution in gocad tsurf format. All tsurf files are provided in UTM zone 11 using the NAD27 datum (EPSG:26711).

obj/preferred/1000m/The CFM preferred fault surfaces with a semi-regularized mesh of ~1000m resolution in gocad tsurf format. All tsurf files are provided in UTM zone 11 using the NAD27 datum (EPSG:26711).

obj/preferred/2000m/The CFM preferred fault surfaces with a semi-regularized mesh of ~2000m resolution in gocad tsurf format. All tsurf files are provided in UTM zone 11 using the NAD27 datum (EPSG:26711).

obj/preferred/traces/Fault traces and upper tip lines (for blind faults) of the CFM preferred faults. While the CFM is a 3D model, it is often useful to make map-based visualizations of the model. The traces and blind faults are provided in several different formats described below.

obj/preferred/traces/gmt/Fault traces and blind faults in Generic Mapping Tools multiple segment file ASCII format (i.e., plain text). .lonLat - Longitude/Latitude coordinates (WGS84 datum) .utm - UTM zone 11 NAD27 datum (EPSG:26711)

obj/preferred/traces/kml/Fault traces and blind faults in Google Earth .kml format (WGS84 datum). The kml files also contain selected metadata as attributes which can be imported into QGIS. When a fault trace is clicked on in the Google Earth interface, a mini-webpage with metadata information will pop up.

obj/preferred/traces/shp/Fault traces and blind faults in GIS shapefile format (longitude/latitude coordinates, WGS84 datum).

CFM Contributors

The current and past versions of the CFM would not be possible without contributions from numerous SCEC community members. We would like to thank the following CFM contributors:

Christine Benson, William Bryant, Sara Carena, Michele Cooke, James Dolan, Jessica Don, Gary Fuis, Eldon Gath, Russell Graymer, Judith Hubbard, Susanne Janecke, Sam Johnson, Yuval Levy, Lisa Grant Ludwig, Egill Hauksson, Thomas Jordan, Marc Kamerling, Keith Knudsen, Mark Legg, Scott Lindvall, Harold Magistrale, James Lienkaemper, Scott Marshall, Craig Nicholson, Nathan Niemi, Stu Nishenko, Michael Oskin, Sue Perry, George Planansky, Andreas Plesch, Thomas Rockwell, David Schwartz, John Shaw, Peter Shearer, Bob Simpson, Christopher Sorlien, M. Peter Süss, John Suppe, Jerry Treiman, Jeff Unruh, Janet Watt, Franklin Wolfe, Chris Wills, Robert Yeats, and every colleague that has participated in a CFM community evaluation. We could not make the CFM without this community effort.

CFM Evaluators

Before assembling CFM 6.0 and subsequently CFM 7.0, a team of SCEC colleagues participated in a rigorous evaluation of CFM 5.3 in April-May of 2022. This evaluation was open to the SCEC community and focused on 23 critical fault representations where different proposed interpretations have the potential to significantly affect seismic hazards. This evaluation resulted in 14 new fault representations in the CFM 6.0 preferred model. The lower ranked representations are now provided in the CFM alternatives. We would like to thank the following CFM evaluators for volunteering their time and expertise to this process:

Sinan Akçiz, Sara Carena, Michele Cooke, Tim Dawson, Jessica Don, Austin Elliot, Erik Frost, Gary Fuis, Athanassios Ganas, Eldon Gath, Alex Hatem, Susanne Janecke, Marc Kamerling, Christodoulos Kyriakopoulos, Mark Legg, Karen Luttrell, Chris Madugo, Scott Marshall, Andrew Meigs, Craig Nicholson, Nate Onderdonk, Alba Rodríguez Padilla, Andreas Plesch, Kate Scharer, John Shaw, Chris Sorlien, Franklin Wolfe, Doug Yule, Judy Zachariasen.

The Malawi Seismogenic Source Model (MSSM) is a geospatial database that documents the geometry, slip rate and seismogenic properties (ie earthquake magnitude and frequency) of active faults in Malawi. Each geospatial feature represents a potential earthquake rupture of 'source' and is classified based on its geometry into one of three types:

• section
• fault
• multi-fault

Source types are mutually exclusice, and so if incorporated into a PSHA, they should be assigned relative weightings.

The MSSM is the first seismogenic source database in central and northern Malawi, and represents an update of the South Malawi Seismogenic Source Database (SMSSD; Williams et al., 2021a) because it incorporates new active fault traces (Kolawole et al., 2021; Williams et al., 2021b; 2022 - MAFD), new geodetic data (Wedmore et al., 2021) and a statistical treatment of uncertainty, within a logic tree approach.

The seismogenic sources in this model are adapted from the faults in the Malawi Active Fault Database (Williams et al., 2021b; 2022).

Prior to publication please cite this database using the following two references:

Williams, J. N., Wedmore, L. N .J., Fagereng, Å., Werner, M. J., Biggs, J., Mdala, H., Kolawole, F., Shillington, D. J., Dulanya, Z., Mphepo, F., Chindandali, P., Wright, L. J. M.., Scholz, C. A. Geological and geodetic constraints on the seismic hazard of Malawi's active faults: the Malawi Seismogenic Source Model (MSSM). Manuscript submitted to Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences

Williams, Jack N., Wedmore, Luke N. J., Fagereng, Åke, Werner, Maximilian J., Biggs, Juliet, Mdala, Hassan, Kolawole, Folarin, Shillington, Donna J., Dulanya, Zuze, Mphepo, Felix, Chindandali, Patrick R. N., Wright, Lachlan J. M., & Scholz, Christopher A. (2021). Malawi Seismogenic Source Model [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5599616

Database Design and File Formats

The MSSM is a geospatial database that consists of two separate components:

1. A 3D geometrical model of fault seismogenic sources in Malawi
2. The mapped trace of each source in a GIS vector format, with associated source attributes (Data Table).

Each fault is associated with a source in the 3D geometrical model that is listed in a comma-separated-values (csv) file. The sections, faults and multi-faults that make up the individual seismogenic sources are described in separate geospatial files that describe the map-view geometry and metadata that control each sources earthquake magnitude and frequency for seismic hazard purposes.

The sections, faults and multi-faults in this database are provided in a variety of GIS vector file formats. GeoJSON is the version of record, and any changes should be made in this version before they are converted to other file formats using the script in the repository that uses the GDAL tool ogr2ogr (the script is adapted from https://github.com/cossatot/central_am_carib_faults/blob/master/convert.sh - we thank Richard Styron for making this publicly available). The other versions available are ESRI ShapeFile, KML, GMT, and GeoPackage.

List and brief description of the fault geometry, slip rate estimates and earthquake source attributes in the GIS vector format files that make up the MSSM.

Attribuge	Type	Description	Notes
MSSM_ID	integer	Unique numerical reference ID for each seismic source	ID 00-300 is section rupture ID 300-500 is fault rupture ID 600-700 is a multi-fault rupture
name	string		Assigned based on previous mapping or local geographic feature. For sections and faults, the name of the fault (flt_name) and larger multi-fault (mflt_name) system they are hosted on are given respectively.
basin	string	Basin that source is located within.	Used in slip rate calculations
class	string	intrarift or border fault
length (Ls)	real number	straight-line distance in km between fault tips; sum of Lsec for segmented faults; sum of Lfault for multi-faults	measured in km to 1 decimal place. Must be greater than 5 km (except for linking sections).
area	integer	Calculated from Ls multiplied by Eq. 1 or based on fault truncation.	measured in km2
strike	integer	Azimuth of straigth line between the fault tips. azimuth is <180°	Used as input for slip rate estimates in Eq. 2
dip_lower	integer	lower range of dip value	When no previous measurements of dip are available, a nominal value of 45° is used.
dip_int	integer	Intermediate dip value	In the MSSM geometrical model, only the intermediate measurements is considered. When no previous measurements of are available, a nominal value of 53° is assigned. No dip is assigned for multi-fault sources, as different participating faults may have different dips.
dip_upper	integer	Upper range of dip value	When no previous measurements of dip are availabe, a nominal value of 65° is used.
dip_dir	string	Dip direction: compass quadrant that the fault dips in.
slip_type	string	Source kinematics (e.g. normal, thrust etc).	All sources in the MSSM are assumed to be normal faults.
slip_rate	real number	Mean value from repeating Eq. 2 in Monte Carlo simulations (see manuscript for details).	In mm yr-1. All sources in the MSSM are assumed to be normal so is equivalent to dip-slip rate. Reported to two significant figures.
s_rate_err	real number	Slip rate error: 1σ error from Monte Carlo slip rate simlations.
mag_lower	real number	Lower magnitude estimate. Calculated from Leonard (2010) scaling relationship (Eq. 4) for Ls or As, and using lower estimates of C1 and C2 constants in Leonard (2010).	Reported to one decimal place.
mag_med	real number	Mean magnitude estimate. Calculated from Leonard (2010) scaling relationship (Eq. 4) for Ls or As, and using mean estimates of C1 and C2 constants in Leonard (2010).	Reported to one decimal place.
mag_upper	real number	Upper magnitude estimate. Calculated from Leonard (2010) scaling relationship (Eq. 4) for Ls or As, and using upper estimates of C1 and C2 constants in Leonard (2010).	Reported to one decimal place.
ri_lower	real number	Lower recurrence interval estimate. Calculated as 1σ below the mean of the Monte Carlo simulations (assuming a log normal distribution).	Reported to two significant figures.
ri_med	real number	Mean recurrence interval. Mean value from log of recurrence interval Monte Carlo simulations.	Reported to two significant figures.
ri_upper	real number	Upper recurrence interval estimate. Calculated as 1σ above the mean of the Monte Carlo simulations (assuming a log normal distribution).	Reported to two significant figures.
MAFD_id	list	List of integers of ID of equivalent structures in the Malawi Active Fault Database	Multi-fault sources have multiple ID's.

Version Control

This version is intended to be "Live" and as such we encourage edits of the GeoJSON file and the submission of pull requests. Please contact Jack Williams jack.williams@otago.ac.nz Luke Wedmore luke.wedmore@bristol.ac.uk or Hassan Mdala mdalahassan@yahoo.com for information, other requests or if you find any errors within the

The dataset represents the most current mapping of active faults for New Zealand in a single database, designed for portrayal at 1:250,000 scale. It is produced by GNS Science and derived from the QMAP Geological Map of New Zealand Project and the high-resolution New Zealand Active Faults Database (NZAFD-HighRes).

Active faults are defined as those that have ruptured and/or caused ground surface deformation during the last 125,000 years (except for in the Taupō Volcanic Zone / Taupō Rift, where the definition of activity is restricted to only include the last 25,000 years). This dataset includes only onshore active faults, with the exception of offshore faults that ruptured during the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake.

The 1:250,000 scale NZ Active Faults Database (NZAFD-AF250) is a feature class in vector format stored in a PostrgeSQL database. It comprises polylines, with each line representing the location of an active fault trace at or near the surface. Each fault trace has attributes that describe its name, orientation, displacement, sense of movement, time of last movement and other fault activity parameters.

The dataset is published to the GNS ArcGIS server as a web service layer which is intermittently updated with new information. The data can also be viewed through the NZAFD website and downloaded from there in shapefile, KML, JSON and text formats; however, these are not updated as frequently as the web service and are static copies of the database with the timestamp in the file name.

To credit the use of the data in publications, we recommend citation of the 1:250,000 scale Active Faults Database paper:

Langridge, R.M., Ries, W.F., Litchfield, N.J., Villamor, P., Van Dissen, R.J., Barrell, D.J.A., Rattenbury, M.S., Heron, D.W., Haubrock, S., Townsend, D.B., Lee, J.M., Berryman, K.R., Nicol, A., Cox, S.C., Stirling, M.W. (2016). The New Zealand Active Faults Database. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 59: 86-96. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2015.1112818

Data download: Timestamped copy from https://data.gns.cri.nz/af/

Web Service: The NZAFD-AF250 is published as the '1:250 000 Active Faults' layer in a combined web service at https://gis.gns.cri.nz/server/rest/services/Active_Faults The layer only turns on when zoomed out for viewing at a regional scale. For more information on the web service see https://doi.org/10.21420/wa26-0n32?x=y

Metadata DOI: https://doi.org/10.21420/R1QN-BM52?x=y

The articles are based on field visits by RGP geologists and capture exploration history, significant assay results and geological summaries for specific properties and/or mineral occurrences.

The data provided in this repository are:

1. Non-georeferenced fault and fracture orientation data measured in each quarry and provided in *.csv files for reproducibility. Type of measurement: Plane (P) orientation noted in dip direction (dd)/dip (d); Lineation (L) noted in in trend (tr) / plunge (pl). In the lists, a lineation following a plane is the lineation measured on that plane. See the accompanying kml, quarry list and Fig. 2 in the paper for location of the quarries.

2. Google EarthTM Kml-file (cf. Fig. 2) presenting all fault and travertine characteristics discussed in this study. All geomorphological faults surrounding the Ballık area are indicated. Yellow dots indicate the location of the different quarries. Yellow dots are fault observation points. Faults are mapped by connecting individual fault observations. Bedding orientation is indicated by coloured areas and correspond to bedding in Fig. 2: Green areas: S-dipping travertine; Purple: N-dipping travertine; Yellow areas: W-dipping travertine; Brown areas: Marl, sandstone or conglomerate cover deposits; Blue areas: subhorizontal travertine; Blue axis: travertine domal axis..

3. A list of quarry locations and fault type info. Quarries in the table are organised in same order as they are described in the text. NF = normal faulting, SS = newly-formed strike-slip faults, SS r. = reactivated normal faults with strike-slip kinematics.

The NOAFAULTs database of active faults of Greece was first published in 2013 (versions 1.0 & 1.1; http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11079). The version 2.1 was published in 2018 http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3483136). NOAFAULTs was created towards compiling a digital database of fault geometry and additional attributes (kinematics, slip rate, associated seismicity etc.) primarily to support seismicity monitoring at the National Observatory of Athens (NOA). It has been constructed from published fault maps in peer-reviewed journals since 1972 while the number of the scientific papers that have contributed with fault data in version 3.0 is 114. The standard commercial software ARCGIS has been used to design and populate the database. The fault layer was produced by on-screen digitization of fault traces at the original map-scale and is available through our web portal application https://arcg.is/04Haer supported by ESRI. In this version, a number of 2472 active faults are included. 94% of the active faults are normal faults, 5% are strike-slip faults and only 1% represent the reverse faults. Also, reliable data on slip rates are available for 105 faults. Data on instrumental and historical seismicity are linked to 171 and 114 active faults, respectively. In addition, a) surface-rupturing geological data and b) data on the proximity of epicentres of strong seismic events to the traces of active faults allows the identification of 97 rupturing faults (seismic faults) that included in this version of the database. The NOAFAULTs database shows that nearly 52% of its active faults imply high seismic risk level in the broader area of Greece. These active faults can generate surface faulting or strong ground motions that can cause serious damage to buildings and infrastructures and therefore represent a significant hazard, particularly in the densely populated and industrialized areas of Greece.

OGSEarth provides geoscience data which can be viewed using user-friendly geographic information programs such as Google Earth Pro.

Get the latest news on mineral sector activity in Ontario. These reports contain monthly and year-to-date listings of mineral sector activity, and new information available at the Ontario Geological Surveys 8 Resident Geologist District Offices.

Geological Maps and Digital Data contains outlines illustrating areas that have published products released by the Ontario Geological Survey.

The Geophysics kml contains polygons and images illustrating areas that have published digital data products released by the Ontario Geological Survey.

Elevation contains elevation data acquired from Nasa through the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission.

Surficial Geology contains a layer which depicts the distribution and characteristics of surficial deposits across southern Ontario.

Geoscience Theses is a collection of university theses held by the OGS’s 8 district office libraries. The collection includes a wide variety of undergraduate and graduate theses on geoscience subjects relevant to the district.

Geology Terrain contains an evaluation of near-surface geological conditions such as material, landform, topography and drainage.

Magnetic susceptibility (sometimes known as volume susceptibility) is the fundamental rock parameter in magnetic prospecting.

OGSFocus is a series of map layers that quantify data from the Ontario Assessment File Database (OAFD), Ontario Drill Hole Database (ODHD) and Ontario Mineral Inventory (OMI) database.

Mining Claims contains active claims and alienations. Data include links to further land tenure information.

This digital data set contains specific gravity data for rock samples collected by Ontario Geological Survey staff from across Ontario between 1970 and 2014.

3D Mapping of Surficial Aquifers contains information regarding the three dimensional distribution and character of surficial materials that may form groundwater aquifers and aquitards.