At the end of 2024, Alphabet had 183,323 full-time employees. Up until 2015, these figures were reported as Google employees. The alphabet was created through a corporate restructuring of Google in October 2015 and became the parent company of Google as well as several of its former subsidiaries, including Calico, X, CapitalG and Sidewalk Labs. Google’s popularity Google is one of the most famous internet companies in the world, and in May 2024, the most visited multi-platform website in the United States, with over 278 million U.S. unique visitors during that month alone. The California-based multinational internet company has been delivering digital products and services since its creation in 1996. Due to the popularity of its search engine, the verb “to google” has entered the everyday language and the Oxford Dictionary. In addition to that, the company has also crafted itself as one of the most desirable employers, largely due to the many perks it offers in its offices worldwide. Some of the most appealing aspects of working for Google according to its employees include readily available foods and drinks, good working conditions, and ample communal spaces for relaxing, as well as many health benefits and generous salaries. Google offices and employees As of February 2022, Google and Alphabet had more than 70 offices in over 200 cities throughout 50 around the globe, including Germany, Czechia, Finland, Canada, Mexico, Turkey, and New Zealand. The company’s headquarters, also known as “the Googleplex,” are located in Mountain View, California, while other office locations in American states include New York, Georgia, Texas, Washington D.C., and Massachusetts. As Alphabet, the company employs a total over 182 thousand full-time staff, in addition to many other temporary and internship positions. Per the most recent diversity report published in July 2021, most Google employees were male and only 34 percent were female – a figure that has barely changed since the company started reporting on the diversity of its employees in 2016. Furthermore, as of 2021, women occupied only 28.1 percent of leadership positions and 24.6 percent of tech positions. Although Google has regularly stated that the company is committed to promoting ethnic diversity among its personnel, some 54.4 percent of its U.S. employees are White and only 3.3 percent of employees are Black.

In the fiscal period that ended December 31, 2023, Google UK Limited's average number of employees was 7,442 employees. This was a slight increase compared to the previous reporting period ending December 31, 2022, where 7,005 individuals were reported to have had worked for the company in the UK.

As of January 2024, the majority of Google employees worldwide, almost 66 percent, were male. The distribution of male and female employees at Google hasn’t seen a big change over the recent years. In 2014 the share of female employees at Google was 30.6 percent. In 2021 this number has increased by only 3 percent. Considering that the total number of Google employees increased greatly between the years 2007 and 2020, the female quota among the employees had seen rather a small increase. Google as a company Google is a diverse internet company that provides a wide range of digital products and services. In 2022, the company’s global revenue was over 279 billion U.S. dollars. Most of its revenue, around 305 billion U.S. dollars, was from advertising. Among its services, the most popular ones are YouTube and Google Play. Male and female employees at tech companies Google is not the only tech company with a lower number of female employees. This pattern can be seen in other big tech companies too. In 2019, in a ranking of 20 leading tech companies worldwide, only 23andMe had more than a 50 percent share of female employees. The majority of tech companies in the ranking have far more male than female employees.

In 2023, Amazon.com was the top-ranked internet company based on number of employees. The e-commerce giant reported a workforce of more than **** million employees. Amazon has consistently topped the ranking as the online company with the biggest workforce, but the global COVID-19 pandemic has widened the gap as e-commerce has boomed since. During the same period, Meta (formerly Facebook Inc.) had a total of ****** full-time employees. Additionally, Google's parent company Alphabet had ******* full-time workers in 2024.

As of 2024, 7.5 percent of U.S. Google employees were of Hispanic or Latinx ethnicity. The biggest share of Google employees were white. Currently, more than four in ten Google employees were white, down from more than six in ten in 2014.

This dataset is about companies. It has 202 rows and is filtered where the company is Google. It features 30 columns including city, country, employees, and employee type.

In 2024, the share of female Google employees worldwide in leadership positions amounted to 32.8 percent. The majority of leadership employees were men. Overall, about two thirds of Google employees worldwide were male.

The global HR software market is estimated to be valued at XXX million in 2025, with a CAGR of XX% from 2025 to 2033. The market is driven by the increasing adoption of cloud-based HR solutions, the growing need for efficient and effective HR management, and the increasing focus on employee engagement and retention. Cloud-based HR solutions offer a number of advantages over on-premises solutions, including lower costs, greater flexibility, and easier access to data. Additionally, the growing need for efficient and effective HR management is driving the market, as organizations seek to streamline their HR processes and improve their employee management capabilities. Key trends in the HR software market include the increasing adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies, the growing use of mobile HR applications, and the increasing focus on employee experience. AI and ML technologies can be used to automate a variety of HR tasks, such as recruiting, onboarding, and performance management. Mobile HR applications allow employees to access their HR information and services from anywhere, anytime. The increasing focus on employee experience is driving the demand for HR software solutions that provide employees with a personalized and engaging experience.

In 2024, 4.3 percent of U.S. Google leadership employees were of Latinx ethnicity. The majority of leadership employees, about six in ten, were white. Asian Google employees accounted for the second-largest group of employees in leadership positions.

This dataset is a listing of all active City of Chicago employees, complete with full names, departments, positions, employment status (part-time or full-time), frequency of hourly employee –where applicable—and annual salaries or hourly rate. Please note that "active" has a specific meaning for Human Resources purposes and will sometimes exclude employees on certain types of temporary leave. For hourly employees, the City is providing the hourly rate and frequency of hourly employees (40, 35, 20 and 10) to allow dataset users to estimate annual wages for hourly employees. Please note that annual wages will vary by employee, depending on number of hours worked and seasonal status. For information on the positions and related salaries detailed in the annual budgets, see https://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/obm.html

Data Disclosure Exemptions: Information disclosed in this dataset is subject to FOIA Exemption Act, 5 ILCS 140/7 (Link:https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/documents/000501400K7.htm)

Google Australia is a Proprietary Company that generates the majority of its income from the Internet Publishing and Broadcasting industry.

Google Workspace Business Tool Market Outlook

The global Google Workspace business tool market size was valued at approximately USD 11 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 27.5 billion by 2032, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 10.7% during the forecast period. The growth of this market is fueled by the increasing demand for remote working solutions, enhanced collaboration tools, and the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning capabilities within business tools.

The growth factors of the Google Workspace business tool market are multifaceted. One of the primary drivers is the growing trend of remote working and the need for seamless communication and collaboration tools. Companies worldwide are increasingly adopting remote working policies, necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has accelerated the adoption of versatile business tools that enable employees to work efficiently from any location. Google Workspace fits this need perfectly with its suite of integrated applications designed to enhance productivity and streamline workflows.

Another significant growth factor is the increasing emphasis on data security and compliance. As businesses become more digitized, the importance of securing sensitive information and adhering to regulatory standards has become paramount. Google Workspace offers robust security features, including encrypted emails, two-factor authentication, and compliance with various global data protection regulations, making it an attractive option for enterprises looking to safeguard their data against potential breaches and cyber threats.

The integration of AI and machine learning capabilities is also a substantial growth driver for the Google Workspace business tool market. Features such as smart email categorization, automated meeting scheduling, and intelligent data analytics are increasingly being favored by businesses to enhance operational efficiency and decision-making processes. These advanced functionalities not only save time but also provide valuable insights that can drive business growth and innovation.

Regionally, North America currently holds the largest market share, driven by the high adoption rate of digital tools and advanced technologies among enterprises. The region's well-established IT infrastructure and the presence of major tech companies like Google contribute to this dominance. However, the Asia Pacific region is expected to exhibit the highest growth rate during the forecast period, fueled by rapid digital transformation, increasing internet penetration, and the growing number of SMEs adopting cloud-based solutions.

Component Analysis

The Google Workspace business tool market can be segmented by component into software and services. The software segment comprises various productivity applications such as Gmail, Google Drive, Google Docs, Sheets, Slides, and more. These tools are designed to facilitate communication, collaboration, and productivity across different business functions. The demand for these software solutions is driven by their ease of use, seamless integration, and the ability to work on any device with internet connectivity. Additionally, continuous updates and new feature rollouts keep the software relevant and aligned with changing business needs.

The services segment includes support services, consulting, and managed services provided by Google and its partners. These services play a crucial role in ensuring that businesses can fully leverage the capabilities of Google Workspace. Support services help resolve technical issues and provide assistance with deployment and usage, ensuring minimal disruption to business operations. Consulting services offer expert advice on optimizing Google Workspace for specific business needs, while managed services handle the administration and maintenance of the tools, allowing businesses to focus on their core activities.

The software segment is expected to dominate the market due to the high demand for integrated productivity tools that facilitate remote working and collaboration. However, the services segment is also anticipated to grow significantly as businesses seek expert guidance and support to maximize the benefits of their Google Workspace investments. The increasing complexity of IT environments and the need for specialized skills to manage cloud-based solutions are key factors driving the growth of the services segment.

Moreover, as businesses continue to evolve and their needs become more sophisticated, the d

Google Workspace Communication Tool Market Outlook

The global market size for Google Workspace Communication Tools in 2023 stood at approximately USD 9 billion, with a projected market size of around USD 25 billion by 2032, growing at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 12%. This remarkable growth can be attributed to the rising demand for efficient collaborative tools, the proliferation of remote work, and the increasing digital transformation across various industries. The rise in adoption of cloud-based solutions and the continuous advancements in communication technologies are significant factors propelling this market forward.

The surge in digital transformation initiatives across businesses worldwide is a primary growth driver for the Google Workspace Communication Tool market. Companies are increasingly seeking ways to improve operational efficiency, streamline communication, and enhance collaboration among teams, irrespective of their geographical locations. Google Workspace Communication Tools, with their integrated suite of applications, offer businesses a comprehensive solution to achieve these goals. The ease of use, robust security features, and the seamless integration with other enterprise solutions make Google Workspace an attractive choice for organizations of all sizes.

Another crucial growth factor is the rise in remote and hybrid work models. The COVID-19 pandemic has fundamentally altered the workplace dynamics, making remote work a standard practice rather than an exception. Even post-pandemic, many organizations are adopting hybrid work models that combine remote and in-office work. Google Workspace Communication Tools provide the necessary infrastructure to support this shift, enabling employees to communicate, collaborate, and share information efficiently from any location. The tools' ability to facilitate real-time communication and collaboration has become indispensable in maintaining productivity and engagement in a distributed workforce.

Moreover, the increasing focus on enhancing customer experience is driving the demand for advanced communication tools. Businesses across sectors such as BFSI, healthcare, retail, and education are leveraging Google Workspace Communication Tools to offer personalized and timely services to their customers. The ability to integrate these tools with customer relationship management (CRM) systems and other enterprise applications enables companies to deliver a seamless customer experience, thereby improving customer satisfaction and loyalty. This trend is expected to contribute significantly to the market's growth over the forecast period.

From a regional perspective, North America is expected to hold a dominant position in the Google Workspace Communication Tool market, owing to the high adoption rate of digital technologies and the presence of major tech companies in the region. However, the Asia Pacific region is projected to witness the highest growth rate during the forecast period, driven by the rapid digitalization in emerging economies, increasing internet penetration, and the growing number of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) adopting cloud-based solutions. Europe is also expected to show significant growth due to stringent data protection regulations and the increasing demand for secure communication tools.

Component Analysis

The market for Google Workspace Communication Tools can be segmented by component into software and services. The software segment encompasses various applications such as Gmail, Google Drive, Google Meet, Google Chat, and others that form the core of Google Workspace. The services segment includes implementation, customization, training, and support services that ensure effective deployment and utilization of these tools within organizations. The software segment is expected to hold a larger market share due to the high demand for integrated communication and collaboration tools. However, the services segment is also poised for significant growth as companies increasingly seek professional services to maximize the benefits of Google Workspace.

Within the software segment, Google Meet and Google Chat are witnessing substantial adoption, especially in the context of remote work and virtual meetings. Google Meet, with its secure and high-quality video conferencing capabilities, has become a preferred choice for business communication. The integration with other Google Workspace applications enhances its functionality, allowing users to schedule, join, and manage meetings seamlessly. Google Chat, on the other hand, facilitates real-time messaging and collabor

Access only for peer review. The dataset will be opened when the paper is accepted in a journal.

This is the dataset used in the research conducted as part of the study titled "BRIDGING ESG RATINGS AND MEDIA ANALYSIS: A DUAL AI APPROACH TO CORPORATE ETHICS", which collects 44,315 news items related to business ethics behaviours of 1,474 European companies that have information on the ESG Controversies (ESGC) index of Thomson Reuters Eikon for at least 4 years of the time horizon from 2017 to 2023.

The following table shows the variables contained in the dataset for each of the news items extracted from Google News.

Data

Type

Source

Date

Date posting

Google News API

Title

Headline text

Google News API

Snippet

Caption text

Google News API

Source

Newspaper, website, blog

Google News API

Link

URL of the news item

Google News API

Company Name

Name of the company

Thomson Reuters Eikon

ESGC score

From 0 to 100 points

Thomson Reuters Eikon

ESGC rank

A, B, C or D ranks

Thomson Reuters Eikon

Country

Name of European countries

Thomson Reuters Eikon

Employees

Number of employees

Thomson Reuters Eikon

Turnover

Total revenue in the last year

Thomson Reuters Eikon

Industry sector

Name of the industrial sector in which the company operates

Thomson Reuters Eikon

Context

Technology companies have become a dominant driver in recent years of economic growth, consumer tastes and the financial markets. The biggest tech stocks as a group, for example, have dramatically outpaced the broader market in the past decade.

That's because technology has reshaped in a major way how people communicate, consume information, shop, socialize, and work.

Broadly speaking, companies in the technology sector engage in the research, development, and manufacture of technologically based goods and services. They create software, and design and manufacture computers, mobile devices, and home appliances. They also provide products and services related to information technology.

Content

This dataset contains 3 files with the daily stock price and volume of the three companies: Google, Apple, and Facebook from 07/09/2017 to 07/09/2022. Source: Yahoo! Finance

Profile

Apple

Apple Inc. (AAPL) One Apple Park Way Cupertino, CA 95014 United States 408 996 1010 https://www.apple.com

Sector(s): Technology Industry: Consumer Electronics Full Time Employees: 154,000

Total Revenue (2021): $365,817,000
Net Income (2021):$94,680,000
Exchange: Nasdaq

Google

Alphabet Inc. (GOOG) 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway Mountain View, CA 94043 United States 650 253 0000 https://www.abc.xyz

Sector(s): Communication Services Industry: Internet Content & Information Full Time Employees: 174,014

Total Revenue (2021): $257,637,000 Net Income (2021):$76,033,000 Exchange: Nasdaq

Facebook

Meta Platforms, Inc. (META) 1601 Willow Road Menlo Park, CA 94025 United States 650 543 4800 https://investor.fb.com

Sector(s): Communication Services Industry: Internet Content & Information Full Time Employees: 83,553

Total Revenue (2021): $117,929,000 Net Income (2021):$39,370,000 Exchange: Nasdaq

Acknowledgements

Yahoo! Finance Investopedia Nasdaq

Start A New Notebook!

Diversity in Tech Statistics: In today's tech-driven world, discussions about diversity in the technology sector have gained significant traction. Recent statistics shed light on the disparities and opportunities within this industry. According to data from various sources, including reports from leading tech companies and diversity advocacy groups, the lack of diversity remains a prominent issue. For example, studies reveal that only 25% of computing jobs in the United States are held by women, while Black and Hispanic individuals make up just 9% of the tech workforce combined. Additionally, research indicates that LGBTQ+ individuals are underrepresented in tech, with only 2.3% of tech workers identifying as LGBTQ+. Despite these challenges, there are promising signs of progress. Companies are increasingly recognizing the importance of diversity and inclusion initiatives, with some allocating significant resources to address these issues. For instance, tech giants like Google and Microsoft have committed millions of USD to diversity programs aimed at recruiting and retaining underrepresented talent. As discussions surrounding diversity in tech continue to evolve, understanding the statistical landscape is crucial in fostering meaningful change and creating a more inclusive industry for all. Editor’s Choice In 2021, 7.9% of the US labor force was employed in technology. Women hold only 26.7% of tech employment, while men hold 73.3% of these positions. White Americans hold 62.5% of the positions in the US tech sector. Asian Americans account for 20% of jobs, Latinx Americans 8%, and Black Americans 7%. 83.3% of tech executives in the US are white. Black Americans comprised 14% of the population in 2019 but held only 7% of tech employment. For the same position, at the same business, and with the same experience, women in tech are typically paid 3% less than men. The high-tech sector employs more men (64% against 52%), Asian Americans (14% compared to 5.8%), and white people (68.5% versus 63.5%) compared to other industries. The tech industry is urged to prioritize inclusion when hiring, mentoring, and retaining employees to bridge the digital skills gap. Black professionals only account for 4% of all tech workers despite being 13% of the US workforce. Hispanic professionals hold just 8% of all STEM jobs despite being 17% of the national workforce. Only 22% of workers in tech are ethnic minorities. Gender diversity in tech is low, with just 26% of jobs in computer-related sectors occupied by women. Companies with diverse teams have higher profitability, with those in the top quartile for gender diversity being 25% more likely to have above-average profitability. Every month, the tech industry adds about 9,600 jobs to the U.S. economy. Between May 2009 and May 2015, over 800,000 net STEM jobs were added to the U.S. economy. STEM jobs are expected to grow by another 8.9% between 2015 and 2024. The percentage of black and Hispanic employees at major tech companies is very low, making up just one to three percent of the tech workforce. Tech hiring relies heavily on poaching and incentives, creating an unsustainable ecosystem ripe for disruption. Recruiters have a significant role in disrupting the hiring process to support diversity and inclusion. You May Also Like To Read Outsourcing Statistics Digital Transformation Statistics Internet of Things Statistics Computer Vision Statistics

Google Workspace Creative Tool Market Outlook

The global Google Workspace Creative Tool market size was valued at $6.3 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach $15.2 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.3% during the forecast period. This impressive growth is fueled by the increasing demand for collaborative creative tools in dynamic work environments, the rise of remote work, and the adoption of cloud-based solutions.

One of the major growth factors in this market is the rising trend of digital transformation across various industries. Businesses are increasingly adopting digital tools to enhance productivity, streamline operations, and foster innovation. Google Workspace Creative Tools offer a comprehensive suite of applications that facilitate collaboration and creativity, making them highly sought after in the current digital age. The integration of AI and machine learning into these tools has further amplified their efficacy, driving more enterprises to adopt them.

Another significant driver is the surge in remote working arrangements. The COVID-19 pandemic has fundamentally altered how businesses operate, making remote work a standard practice rather than an exception. To maintain productivity and efficient communication, organizations are leaning heavily on reliable, cloud-based solutions like Google Workspace Creative Tools. These tools enable seamless collaboration and creative workflows regardless of geographical barriers, contributing to their high adoption rate.

Moreover, the growing emphasis on marketing and content creation within various sectors is bolstering the demand for creative tools. Digital marketing campaigns, social media content, and multimedia projects require advanced software solutions for graphic design, video editing, and content creation. Google Workspace Creative Tools cater to these needs, offering versatile and user-friendly applications that simplify complex tasks, which in turn is driving market growth.

Google Workspace for businesses has become an essential tool in the modern digital landscape. Its suite of applications not only enhances productivity but also fosters seamless collaboration across teams. With features like shared calendars, video conferencing, and real-time document editing, Google Workspace for businesses ensures that employees can work together efficiently, regardless of their physical location. This is particularly beneficial in today's era of remote work, where maintaining effective communication and collaboration is crucial. Furthermore, the integration of AI-driven tools within Google Workspace for businesses helps automate routine tasks, allowing teams to focus on more strategic initiatives. This makes it an indispensable asset for organizations looking to streamline operations and drive innovation.

Regionally, North America dominates the market, attributed to the technological advancements and high adoption rate of innovative solutions in the United States and Canada. However, the Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the highest growth rate during the forecast period. Rapid digitalization, increasing internet penetration, and a growing number of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are key contributors to this regional surge. Europe is also seeing steady growth due to the rising demand for sophisticated creative tools among various industries.

Component Analysis

The Google Workspace Creative Tool market is segmented by components into software and services. The software segment is the largest contributor to the market revenue, primarily due to the extensive range of applications included in Google Workspace. These include Google Docs, Sheets, Slides, and specialized tools for graphic design, video editing, and content creation. The ease of integration with other Google services and third-party applications enhances their appeal, making them indispensable tools for a variety of creative projects.

Within the software segment, the focus is on continuous innovation and updates that meet the evolving needs of users. Google frequently rolls out new features and improvements, leveraging AI and machine learning to enhance user experience and productivity. For instance, the introduction of AI-driven design suggestions in Google Slides and automated editing tools in Google Photos has significantly increased the efficiency of creative processes. This relentless innovation is a key factor driving the growt

The Frontline Workers Training Market is poised for robust growth, with a projected CAGR of 16.8% during the forecast period of 2025-2033. This growth is primarily driven by the increasing demand for skilled frontline workers in various sectors, such as retail, healthcare, and manufacturing. Additionally, the adoption of advanced technologies such as cloud-based platforms and mobile learning apps is further fueling the market's expansion. Key trends within the market include the growing popularity of blended training models, which combine online and offline elements to cater to the diverse learning needs of frontline workers. Moreover, the increasing focus on micro-learning and on-demand training is enabling organizations to provide more targeted and flexible learning opportunities. The growing demand for personalized learning experiences and the adoption of gamification and simulation-based training are also contributing to the market's growth. Some of the major players in the Frontline Workers Training Market include Microsoft, Google LLC, Adobe Inc., PTC, and Beekeeper AG. Recent developments include: In June 2024, Zensai International, the sole AI-powered platform for learning, employee engagement, and performance management integrated with Microsoft 365 and Teams, announced its new solution for frontline workers, Flow365. This innovative Learn365 LMS allows organizations to provide frontline employees with secure access to courses through invitations sent via mobile phone numbers or private emails. This feature promises to significantly enhance the training and development of frontline workers, driving unprecedented success for organizations. , In May 2024, MangoApps Inc., a foremost player in integrated employee experience solutions, announced the launch of its advanced frontline task management features. These new capabilities are designed to empower and unify both office and frontline teams across various industries. Enhancing their existing comprehensive task management tools, MangoApps Inc. now provides a unified experience that improves communication and streamlines workflows, significantly boosting operational excellence for frontline workers. , In March 2023, Axonify Inc., a prominent player in frontline learning, unveiled its latest frontline enablement solution. This new offering combines its successful AI-driven learning approach with enhanced communication and task management features. To mark this significant development, Axonify Inc. has also introduced a refreshed brand identity, including a new logo and website. .

In 2015, Google began a new transportation demand management program designed to increase bike commuting to their two main corporate campuses in Mountain View and Sunnyvale, CA, United States by lending conventional and electric assisted bikes to employees at no cost to them. Following the lending period, Google incentivized bike purchases, among many other program co-benefits to increase bike commuting. Using a series of bivariate and multivariable analyses, we estimate the program led to average bike commute increases of approximately 1.7–2.3 days per week, roughly a tripling of prior bike commute rates for participating employees. After the program, bike rates of participants diminished slightly, but were still greater than baseline (increase of 1.3–1.9 days per week). Furthermore, nearly all the increases in bicycling are likely attributed to decreases in single occupancy vehicle (SOV) commuting. This study offers a first look at the potential for bike lending as a transportation demand management strategy for large employers in suburban settings which can help other employers design their own programs.

In 2024, Spotify employed an average of 7,691 people worldwide, down from 9,123 in the previous year. However, this number remains significantly higher than the 311 employees recorded in 2011. Spotify also made headlines in 2022 and 2023 for letting go a large share of its workforce as part of major restructuring efforts. Spotify and digital music Starting out as a Sweden-based startup, Spotify has evolved into a strong player in the digital content subscription market. The music streaming service was publicly launched in 2008 and has gone on to become a company with more than 15.67 billion euros in annual revenue. Spotify legally provides content from record labels including EMI, Sony, Universal and Warner Music Group. The basic version of the service is free and higher tiers of paid subscription feature no ads and access on mobile devices. Although available as a stand-alone service, Spotify made its U.S. debut in July 2011 as a Facebook application and has since included heavily integrated social features like shared tracks and messaging between users. As of third quarter of 2024, Spotify had 252 million premium subscribers worldwide, significantly up from 10 million in May 2014. In June 2023, the most downloaded music and audio app on the Google Play Store was Spotify. Digital music revenue continues to decline While Spotify has emerged as a dominant player in the music streaming industry, traditional digital music sales have seen a steady decline. Global digital music revenues dropped to 0.9 billion U.S. dollars in 2023, down from 2.6 billion in 2017, as consumers increasingly opt for subscription-based streaming over individual downloads. With the continued decline of physical music sales, streaming services like Spotify have become the primary driver of digital music revenue, highlighting the growing importance of accessible, on-demand music platforms.