The purpose of this dataset is to understand the prevalence of the coronavirus in the UK population, using longitudinal data and including not only cross-sectional data but the inclusion of an antibody test for a sub-sample of people. Demographic information is also included allowing for analyse by different variables to identify patterns and trends.

Participants have three options open to them; can have just have one visit, can have a visit every week for a month or, can have a visit every week for a month and then continue to have visits every month for one year in total from when you joined the study. This is entirely voluntary.

At each visit a field worker conducts a questionnaire, and supervises swab tests. A proportion of visits also include a blood sample being taken. The swab and blood samples are tested at laboratories.

The overall purpose of this study is to understand how many people across the UK have or may already have had the coronavirus. This will help the government manage the pandemic moving forwards.

The COVID-19 Community Infection Survey includes information on: • how many people across England and Wales (extending to Scotland and Northern Ireland) test positive for COVID-19 at a given point in time, regardless of whether they report experiencing symptoms • the average number of new infections per week over the course of the study • the number of people who test positive for antibodies, to indicate how many people are ever likely to have had the virus • key demographic information (sex, age, occupation)

As of December 22, 2022, the United States had performed around 1.15 billion tests for COVID-19, the highest number of any country worldwide. Russia has conducted over 273 million tests.

High demand leads to testing problems The COVID-19 pandemic has put health systems around the world under severe strain. Towards the beginning of the pandemic there was a huge demand for test kits, but production capacity was stretched thin. In the United States, faulty diagnostic kits produced by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention meant the early spread of the disease went undetected for weeks. Elsewhere, concerns were raised regarding the accuracy of some rapid diagnostic tests (RDT). In April 2020, officials in India canceled a large order of test kits due to a low accuracy rate.

What are rapid diagnostic tests? Widespread coronavirus testing has helped to track the spread of the disease. RDTs are a point-of-care test that can deliver results in around 30 minutes – more traditional diagnostic tests conducted in laboratory settings are more time consuming but provide greater reliability. One type of RDT detects the presence of antibodies in a patient’s blood sample. Immune system cells produce antibodies to fight pathogens, and the detection of them may mean the patient has developed some natural immunity to the virus.

As of December 22, 2022, Austria had performed the most COVID-19 tests per one million population among the countries most severely impacted by the pandemic. The U.S. has conducted over 1.1 billion COVID-19 tests in total.

Testing is the key to controlling virus The World Health Organization sent a clear message to all countries in March 2020: test, test, and test. The more tests that are conducted, the easier it becomes to track the spread of the virus and reduce transmission. Many countries followed the advice, identifying a greater number of cases at an earlier stage, isolating infected individuals, and limiting the spread of the disease to others. As cases numbers have decreased in some regions so have restrictions, however many countries still require negative test results before entering the country.

What is an antibody test? Countries around the world made widespread testing a key part of their plans to exit lockdown. However, the global demand for antibody test kits has been huge. The kits are used to identify antibodies in a person’s blood sample. The presence of antibodies means the individual has been exposed to the SARS-CoV-2 virus and developed antibodies to help fight it. Antibody tests are important in detecting infections in people who are asymptomatic, i.e., showing few or no symptoms. Asymptomatic carriers may have unwittingly contributed to the rapid spread of the disease.

The Europe COVID-19 diagnostics market is being aided by the growing cases of COVID-19 infections in the UK and France, which have performed around 112 Millionand 58 million tests, respectively, for COVID-19 as of March 2021.

The model discusses in detail the impact of COVID-19 on Cholesterol Tests market for the year 2020 and beyond. Cholesterol test is performed to identify elevated levels of cholesterol present in the blood. Elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood may increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. The prevalence of hypertension is one of the largest drivers. Read More

COVID 19 Point of Care (POC) Tests are used to detect the presence or activity of COVID-19 antigen. This segment includes rapid tests and point of care tests for COVID-19. GlobalData's Medical Devices sector report, “COVID 19 point of care (POC) Tests – Medical Devices Pipeline Product Landscape, 2021" provides comprehensive information about the COVID 19 point of care (POC) Tests pipeline products with comparative analysis of the products at various stages of development and information about the clinical trials which are in progress. Read More

COVID-19 rate of death, or the known deaths divided by confirmed cases, was over ten percent in Yemen, the only country that has 1,000 or more cases. This according to a calculation that combines coronavirus stats on both deaths and registered cases for 221 different countries. Note that death rates are not the same as the chance of dying from an infection or the number of deaths based on an at-risk population. By April 26, 2022, the virus had infected over 510.2 million people worldwide, and led to a loss of 6.2 million. The source seemingly does not differentiate between "the Wuhan strain" (2019-nCOV) of COVID-19, "the Kent mutation" (B.1.1.7) that appeared in the UK in late 2020, the 2021 Delta variant (B.1.617.2) from India or the Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) from South Africa.

Where are these numbers coming from?

The numbers shown here were collected by Johns Hopkins University, a source that manually checks the data with domestic health authorities. For the majority of countries, this is from national authorities. In some cases, like China, the United States, Canada or Australia, city reports or other various state authorities were consulted. In this statistic, these separately reported numbers were put together. Note that Statista aims to also provide domestic source material for a more complete picture, and not to just look at one particular source. Examples are these statistics on the confirmed coronavirus cases in Russia or the COVID-19 cases in Italy, both of which are from domestic sources. For more information or other freely accessible content, please visit our dedicated Facts and Figures page.

A word on the flaws of numbers like this

People are right to ask whether these numbers are at all representative or not for several reasons. First, countries worldwide decide differently on who gets tested for the virus, meaning that comparing case numbers or death rates could to some extent be misleading. Germany, for example, started testing relatively early once the country’s first case was confirmed in Bavaria in January 2020, whereas Italy tests for the coronavirus postmortem. Second, not all people go to see (or can see, due to testing capacity) a doctor when they have mild symptoms. Countries like Norway and the Netherlands, for example, recommend people with non-severe symptoms to just stay at home. This means not all cases are known all the time, which could significantly alter the death rate as it is presented here. Third and finally, numbers like this change very frequently depending on how the pandemic spreads or the national healthcare capacity. It is therefore recommended to look at other (freely accessible) content that dives more into specifics, such as the coronavirus testing capacity in India or the number of hospital beds in the UK. Only with additional pieces of information can you get the full picture, something that this statistic in its current state simply cannot provide.

The dataset contains patient-level data for adults and children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or adults with an acute kidney injury (AKI) on dialysis who are under the care of NHS hospital renal centres in England, Northern Ireland and Wales and who have a positive laboratory test for SARS-CoV-2. The data were collected weekly, but this is now moving to monthly, and include patient identifiable information and limited socio-demographic and clinical data. Public Health Scotland submits aggregate data to the UKRR on a monthly basis. Data collection commenced in March 2020 and coverage of renal centres is very good (see COVID-19 surveillance reports here: https://renal.org/audit-research/publications-presentations/report/covid-19-surveillance-reports).

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.

The Community Life Survey (CLS) is a household survey conducted in England, tracking the latest trends and developments across areas key to encouraging social action and empowering communities, including: volunteering and charitable giving; views about the local area; community cohesion and belonging; community empowerment and participation; influencing local decisions and affairs; and subjective well-being and loneliness.

The CLS was first commissioned by the Cabinet Office in 2012. From 2016-17, the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) took over responsibility for publishing results. During 2020, the DCMS also commissioned the Community Life COVID-19 Re-contact Survey (CLRS) (SN 8781) to provide data on how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected volunteering, charitable giving, social cohesion, wellbeing and loneliness in England.

Background
Up to 2015-16, the survey used a face-to-face methodology. Following thorough testing (experimental online versions of the survey were released for 2013-14, 2014-15 and 2015-16), the CLS moved online from 2016-17 onwards, with an end to the previous face-to-face method. The survey uses a push-to-web methodology (with paper mode for those who are not digitally engaged). The survey informs and directs policy and action in these areas;

• to provide data of value to all users, including public bodies, external stakeholders and the public; and
• underpin further research and debate on building stronger communities.

The Community Life Survey incorporates a small number of priority measures from the Citizenship Survey, which ran from 2001-2011, conducted by the then Department for Communities and Local Government. These measures were incorporated in the Community Life Survey so that trends in these issues could continue to be tracked over time. (The full Citizenship Survey series is held at the UK Data Archive under GNs 33347 and 33474.)

Further information may be found on the GOV.UK Community Life Survey webpage.

The Community Life Survey Experimental Online Data, 2013-2014 includes the data from a project testing the viability of an online alternative to the face-to-face survey. This dataset covers the 2013-2014 online survey, with a sample size of 10,215 adults (aged 16 years and over) in England, which ran from June 2013 to March 2014. Data from a postal version of the questionnaire, which was available on request, is also included in the dataset. This questionnaire covered the same topics as the online survey but was reduced in length. Full details can be found in the Web Survey Technical Report which is available in the Documentation section below.

End User Licence and Special Licence data
Users should note that there are two versions of each Community Life Survey Experimental Online Data experimental online dataset. One is available under the standard End User Licence (EUL) agreement, and the other is a Special Licence (SL) version. The SL version contains more detailed variables relating to: social class; ethnicity; religion; sexual identity and lower level geographical classifications.

The SL data have more restrictive access conditions than those made available under the standard EUL. Prospective users of the SL version will need to complete an extra application form and demonstrate to the data owners exactly why they need access to the additional variables in order to get permission to use that version. Therefore, users are strongly advised to order the standard version of the data.

The SL version of the Community Life Survey Experimental Online Data, 2013-2014 is held under SN 7738.


Main Topics:

The main topics include: identity and social networks, local community, civic engagement, volunteering, social action, subjective well-being and basic demographics.

Results and clinical sensitivity and specificity of the ActiveXpress+ COVID-19 Complete Testing Kit based on COVID-19 RT-qPCR result in the UK and Peru.

*The dataset is a collection of data undertaken by the members of Work Package 2 (WP2), of the ASPIRE COVID-19 project, funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), as part of UK Research and Innovation’s rapid response to COVID-19 [grant number ES/V004581/1]. Full details of the main study are available via ResearchRegistry (researchregistry5911) and via UKRI Gateway (https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FV004581%2F1). This dataset contains interviews (n=13) with leads (stakeholders in maternal and neonatal care) in relevant national governmental, professional, and service user organisations in the Netherlands (See section WP2 – point 3). *13 anonymised semi-structured interviews – transcribed (NL only). *The relevant UK dataset can be found here: https://doi.org/10.17030/uclan.data.00000319

UK policy is for safe, personalised maternity care. However, during COVID-19 tests and visits have been reduced in some places, and some women with worrying symptoms are not going to hospital. Other places are trying new solutions, including remote access technologies. Some Trusts have reduced community maternity services, including home and birthcentre births; barred birth companions in early labour; and separated mothers, babies, and partners during labour, and in neonatal units. There are reports of women giving birth at home without professional help, possibly due to fear of infection, or of family separation. In contrast, the Netherlands has a policy of increased community maternity services during COVID-19. We want to find out how best to provide care for mothers, babies, and partners during and after a pandemic. We will look at what documents and national leads say about service organisation in the UK and the Netherlands, and at women's and parents experiences. We will also look in detail at what happened in 8 UK Trusts during the pandemic. We will find out how their services have been organised during COVID-19, what parents and staff think, and what the outcomes are, including infections. We will then share the findings with key stakeholders to agree a final organisational model that can be used to ensure safe, personalised routine and crisis maternity care, now, and in future. This will include useful resources and links relating to innovative best practices that we find out about during the study.

The World Climate Research Program (WCRP) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 6 (CMIP6) data from the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) CanESM5 model output for the "2-year Covid-19 emissions blip based upon ssp245" (ssp245-covid) experiment. These are available at the following frequencies: Amon, Lmon and Omon. The runs included the ensemble members: r1i1p2f1, r2i1p2f1 and r3i1p2f1.

CMIP6 was a global climate model intercomparison project, coordinated by PCMDI (Program For Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison) on behalf of the WCRP and provided input for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 6th Assessment Report (AR6).

The official CMIP6 Citation, and its associated DOI, is provided as an online resource linked to this record.

Ag-RDT result by onset of symptoms, and vaccinated individuals in Peru and the UK.