The yield on Australia 10Y Bond Yield held steady at 4.36% on October 8, 2025. Over the past month, the yield has edged up by 0.09 points and is 0.17 points higher than a year ago, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. Australia 10-Year Government Bond Yield - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on October of 2025.

Graph and download economic data for Interest Rates: Long-Term Government Bond Yields: 10-Year: Main (Including Benchmark) for Australia (IRLTLT01AUM156N) from Jul 1969 to Aug 2025 about long-term, Australia, 10-year, bonds, yield, government, interest rate, interest, and rate.

The yield on Australia 5 Year Bond Yield held steady at 3.78% on October 8, 2025. Over the past month, the yield has edged up by 0.10 points, though it remains 0.06 points lower than a year ago, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. Australia 5 Year Note Yield - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on October of 2025.

Although the many central banks publish the yield-to-maturity of their Treasury bonds, the monthly returns earned by investors are typically not publicly available.This data set calculates monthly returns for:United States (starting 1947)Germany (starting 1972)Japan (starting 1974)Australia (starting 1969)Norway (starting 1921)Sweden (starting 1920)

As of July 14, 2025, all Australian government debt securities had positive yields. Debt with a residual maturity of two years debt recorded the lowest yield at 3.41 percent, while debt with a residual of 30 years recorded the highest yield at 5.04 percent. It is usually the case that bonds with a longer maturity have a higher yield so as to compensate investors for the higher level of uncertainty about future market conditions.

Investors have received lower and lower returns on 10-year bonds issued by the Australian government between 2010 and 2020. Peaking at **** percent in March 2010, the yield on 10-year bond yields fell to a low of **** percent in October 2020. Since then, yields have increased again, reaching **** percent as of June 2025.

As of July 18, 2025, the major economy with the highest yield on 10-year government bonds was Turkey, with a yield of ** percent. This is due to the risks investors take when investing in Turkey, notably due to high inflation rates potentially eradicating any profits made when using a foreign currency to investing in securities denominated in Turkish lira. Of the major developed economies, United Kingdom had one the highest yield on 10-year government bonds at this time with **** percent, while Switzerland had the lowest at **** percent. How does inflation influence the yields of government bonds? Inflation reduces purchasing power over time. Due to this, investors seek higher returns to offset the anticipated decrease in purchasing power resulting from rapid price rises. In countries with high inflation, government bond yields often incorporate investor expectations and risk premiums, resulting in comparatively higher rates offered by these bonds. Why are government bond rates significant? Government bond rates are an important indicator of financial markets, serving as a benchmark for borrowing costs, interest rates, and investor sentiment. They affect the cost of government borrowing, influence the price of various financial instruments, and serve as a reflection of expectations regarding inflation and economic growth. For instance, in financial analysis and investing, people often use the 10-year U.S. government bond rates as a proxy for the longer-term risk-free rate.

Key information about Australia Long Term Interest Rate

• Australia Government Bond Yield: Australian Government: 10 Years was reported at 4.42 % pa in Feb 2025, compared with 4.48 % pa in the previous month.
• Australia Long Term Interest Rate data is updated monthly, available from Jul 1969 to Feb 2025.
• The data reached an all-time high of 16.50 % pa in Aug 1982 and a record low of 0.80 % pa in Oct 2020.
• Long Term Interest Rate is reported by reported by Reserve Bank of Australia.

• In the latest reports, Australia Short Term Interest Rate: Month End: Bank Acceptance Bills Rates: 90 days was reported at 4.12 % pa in Feb 2025.
• The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Cash Target Rate) was set at 4.10 % pa in Feb 2025.
• Australia Exchange Rate against USD averaged 1.49 (USD/AUD) in Jun 2023.

The yield on Australia 30 Year Bond Yield rose to 5.07% on September 26, 2025, marking a 0.02 percentage point increase from the previous session. Over the past month, the yield has fallen by 0.02 points, though it remains 0.50 points higher than a year ago, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for Australia 30Y.

Key information about Australia Exchange Rate against USD

• Australia Exchange Rate against USD averaged 1.505 (USD/AUD) in May 2023, compared with 1.495 USD/AUD in the previous month.
• Australia Exchange Rate against USD data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1957 to May 2023.
• The data reached an all-time high of 1.994 in Apr 2001 and a record low of 0.673 in Mar 1974.

• In the latest reports, Australia Short Term Interest Rate: Month End: Bank Acceptance Bills Rates: 90 days was reported at 4.042 % pa in May 2023.
• Its Long Term Interest Rate (Government Bond Yield: Australian Government: 10 Years) was reported at 3.500 % pa in May 2023.
• The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Cash Target Rate) was set at 3.600 % pa in Apr 2023.

In 2024, the average yearly yield of UK 10-year government bonds was **** percent. The UK 10-year gilt has shown a significant downward trend from 1990 to 2024. Starting at nearly ** percent in 1990, yields steadily declined, with slight fluctuations, reaching a low of **** percent in 2020. After 2020, yields began to rise again, reflecting recent increases in interest rates and inflation expectations. This long-term decline indicates decreasing inflation and interest rates in Australia over the past decades, with recent economic conditions prompting a reversal in bond yields.

1828 Census: Alphabetical return
This is the first census ever to be taken in Australia and the most complete one extant. It records both convicts and free persons but does not include serving military personnel and their families. (1)

The 1828 Census was compiled in six volumes [SZ978-983]. In all but the first volume the title is given as ‘New South Wales Census, taken in the Month of November 1828’.

It is a list in alphabetical order by surname compiled from the census returns for individual householders and government establishments. Each individual has been allocated a running number within his or her letter of the alphabet. Family groups living at the same household are listed together.

Beside running number and name the list records age, free or bond, ship, year, sentence, religion, employment, residence, district, total number of acres, acres cleared, acres cultivated, horses, horned cattle, sheep, remarks.

Inside the cover of the first volume [SZ978] there is a typescript note dated 13 July 1932 and signed by F.M. O’Donohue, Acting Registrar General:

‘These books were handed to Mr Hayce-Williams [sic] by Mr Fosbery, when the latter was retiring from the position of Inspector General of Police. Mr Hayes-Williams told me that they were given over to him on his promise to use the utmost care to see that their contents were not divulged.

‘It will be noticed that entries 1 to 91 are missing. Mr H.J. Rumsey a few weeks ago gave me the loose sheets herein and stated that he had obtained them from the Home Office in London where a copy of the 1828 Census is filed.’

Herbert John Rumsey was the first President of the Society of Australian Genealogists, founded in 1932. (2) He had obtained copies from London from the copy despatched to the Home Office of the 1828 Census now held at The National Archives of the United Kingdom as HO 10/21 to 10/27. (3)

Abbreviations and later inclusions
Abbreviations used in the column ‘Free or Bond’ were specified in the printed ‘Instructions for filling up the Returns for the Census of the Year 1828’ dated 1 September 1828:

B.C. for Born in the Colony.
C.F. for Came Free.
F.S. for Free by Servitude.
A.P. for Holding an Absolute Pardon.
C.P. for Holding a Ticket of Leave.
C. for Convict.
C.S. for Colonial Sentence.
G.S. for Government (or Assigned) Servant. (4)

A list of abbreviations dated 16 April 1931 is also included inside the cover of the first volume.

At the end of the first volume [SZ978] a ‘Report on European Archives, by Mr F.M. Bladen, Barrister-at-Law, printed 26 August 1903 for the Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia is included. A newscutting from the Sydney Morning Herald, 16 July 1932 relating to Thomas Kendall is pasted into the third volume [SZ980] near his entry.

Background
On 30 June 1828 the New South Wales Legislative Council passed ‘An Act for ascertaining the Number Names and Condition of the Inhabitants of the Colony of New South Wales and also the Number of Cattle and the Quantity of located cleared and cultivated Land within the said Colony’, known as the Census Act of 1828 (9 Geo. IV No.5). Magistrates were to affix notices in conspicuous places in their districts ‘requiring every householder employer of servants owner or possessor of cattle proprietor or occupier of land’ to answer questions relating to the population and land and stock of the Colony. (5)

The Act also provided that in the case of refusal or neglect to answer these questions or the giving of false or untrue answers the Magistrates were able to impose a fine not exceeding Ten Pounds. (6)

Printed ‘Instructions for filling up the Returns for the Census of the Year 1828’ dated 1 September 1828 were issued by the Colonial Secretary, Alexander McLeay, to the Magistrates together with a circular dated 18 September 1828 specifying the use of printed forms in the taking of the ‘General Census of the Colony’. (7)

Previously Government and General Orders had required convicts to attend a muster to be counted at a specified place on a specific day. (8) For the taking of the census the approach was for constables or other suitable census takers to visit the householders’ properties with the printed forms provided. No date was specified in the Act for the taking of the census but the Magistrates and others were urged to complete their districts as soon as practicable.

The earliest returns were received by the Colonial Secretary on 8 November 1828 from Wallis Plains, followed on 20 November by those for Newcastle. (9) In most areas the returns were completed in November 1828, though some areas took longer to submit them to the Colonial Secretary. Amended returns were received as late as November 1829. (10) A circular to Magistrates dated 29 September 1829 required the Magistrates to confirm the correctness of the Census for their area with the last confirmation received on 17 December 1829. (11)

The householders’ forms (NRS 1273) were returned by the Magistrates to the Colonial Secretary. The clerks in the Colonial Secretary’s Office then compiled a district abstract (NRS 1274) for each district and statistics for government establishments. Summary statistics were compiled of population and land and stock for each district. An Abstract of the population of the Colony of New South Wales, and of the Land and Livestock held therein was also prepared. These statistics were first published in the Sydney Gazette on 26 September 1829. (12)

It is not known when the compilation of the six volumes was completed. In October 1828 the Colonial Secretary Alexander McLeay wrote that ‘it is hoped that when the Returns are abstracted, and the names classed alphabetically, the danger of double entries and omisions will be equally obviated’. (13)

Subsequent history
The volumes of the 1828 Census passed into the possession of the Inspector General of Police. In 1901 the Inspector General made a submission to the Chief Secretary that these records should be placed in the care of the Registrar General. The matter was considered by a committee appointed by the Premier and Chief Secretary. This committee consisted of the Principal Under Secretary of the Premier’s Department (Mr R.C. Critchet Walker), the Inspector General of Police (Mr Edmund Fosbery) and the Registrar General (Mr William Gordon Hayes Williams). It recommended that the records of the 1828 Census be placed in the care of the Registrar General to be kept under lock and key, the Registrar General himself retaining the key. (14) The volumes, along with the case which housed them and its key, were transferred as State archives on 25 March 1965. (15)

UNESCO Australian Memory of the World Register
The records of the 1828 Census were inscribed on the UNESCO Australian Memory of the World Register on 27 February 2019.

Endnotes
1. Census of New South Wales – November 1828, Edited by Malcolm R Sainty & Keith A Johnson. Sydney: Library of Australian History, 1980 and subsequently published, with additional information, on CD-ROM 2001 and Revised Edition 2008, Introduction (PDF) ‘Census of New South Wales November 1828, available from Biographical Database of Australia website, https://www.bda-online.org.au/sources/musters-census/ (accessed 22 February 2019), p.13; NRS 905, Main series of letters received [Colonial Secretary], 1828 [4/2007.2].
2. K. A. Johnson, 'Rumsey, Herbert John (1866–1956)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/rumsey-herbert-john-8297/text14543, published first in hardcopy 1988, accessed online 22 February 2019. This article was first published in hardcopy in Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 11, (MUP), 1988.
3. TNA (UK): HO Home Office: Settlers and Convicts, New South Wales and Tasmania: Records., HO 10/21 to HO 10/27, http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/browse/r/h/C1905858 (accessed 22 February 2019). The Home Office volumes, while including most of the same details, are not identical to the 1828 Census: Alphabetical registers.
4. Instructions of 1 September 1828 in NRS 906, Special bundles [Colonial Secretary], 1826: Census of 1828 – instructions, circulars, and samples of forms to be used [4/1097].
5. Census of 1828 (9 Geo. IV No.5).
6. Ibid.
7. Instructions of 1 September 1828 and Circular, 18 September 1828 in NRS 906, Special bundles [Colonial Secretary], 1826: Census of 1828 – instructions, circulars, and samples of forms to be used [4/1097].
8. For example see Historical Records of Australia Series I, Vol. I, p.678.
9. Colonial Secretary; NRS 922, Registers of letters received, 1828 [5/2342] Reel 2929, q.v. Nos. 28/8991 and 28/9341.
10. Ibid., q.v. Nos. 29/6673 and 29/8653.
11. Ibid., q.v. Nos. 29/8147; NRS 905, Main series of letters received, 1828 Letter No.29/9898 in [4/2056].
12. Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 26 September 1829, p.1, https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/2193488 (accessed 21 February 2019).
13. NRS 989, Copies of letters to Magistrates, Police etc, 17 October 1828, Out Letter 38/741 [4/3826] pp.493-494, Reel 2807.
14. Archives Authority of New South Wales,