This guide brings together online resources that contain U.S. government documents. Some are freely available to anyone with Internet access. Others include subscription databases accessible with a DHS device.

The Survey of State Government Research and Development measures the extent of R&D activity performed and funded by the governments of each of the nation’s 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico (collectively, states). By employing consistent, uniform definitions and collection techniques, the survey allows collection of state R&D expenditures data that are comparable nationwide. The survey is a census of state government departments, agencies, commissions, public authorities, and dependent entities with R&D activities.

Graph and download economic data for Revenue from Governments for Scientific Research and Development Services, Establishments Subject to Federal Income Tax (GOV5417TAXABL144QNSA) from Q1 2007 to Q2 2025 about R&D, science, revenue, establishments, tax, federal, government, income, and USA.

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Although federally supported research plays a crucial role in driving innovation, its contribution is underestimated when the US government’s research support is not properly acknowledged in patents from an evaluation perspective. Moreover, because the US government is entitled to exercise patents arising from its research support for public safety or public health when the US government’s involvement in patents is properly acknowledged, failure to document its research support in patents limits potential social benefits that a patented invention can realize through the US government’s use. Analyzing about 84,000 US patent-paper pairs (PPPs), of the PPPs having patents on research outcomes originating from federal support, 28% did not acknowledge the US government’s research support in the patents. Further findings imply that the private stake in the use of the research outcomes is negatively associated with the likelihood of acknowledging US government research support in patents.

This statistic illustrates the number of research grants awarded by the U.S. government in the fiscal year of 2019, by type. In that fiscal year, a total of ****** scientific and health research grants were awarded.

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In the fiscal year of 2022, the United States Department of Defense requested **** billion U.S. dollars for research and development purposes. This accounts for more than ******* of all federal R&D funding. In contrast, the Environmental Protection Agency requested *** million dollars for R&D.

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Staff of the National Center for Agricultural Research during the years 2017-2023

China Government Researchers: % of National Total data was reported at 17.077 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 17.214 % for 2021. China Government Researchers: % of National Total data is updated yearly, averaging 19.848 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 44.077 % in 1992 and a record low of 15.007 % in 2008. China Government Researchers: % of National Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.

The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.

The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.

From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.

In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.

Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.

Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.

The statistic shows the governmental expenditures for research in the higher education sector in 2008 by selected countries worldwide as a share of GDP. **** percent of Sweden's GDP were spent in this way. Gross domestic product (GDP) refers to the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period.

Table 1.2.2: Joint research funding by the Federal Government and the Länder (institutional funding)

United States - Federal Government; Nonresidential Research and Development, Current Cost Basis, Transactions was 49153.00000 Mil. of $ in April of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Federal Government; Nonresidential Research and Development, Current Cost Basis, Transactions reached a record high of 49218.00000 in October of 2023 and a record low of -2855.00000 in July of 2014. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Federal Government; Nonresidential Research and Development, Current Cost Basis, Transactions - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on November of 2025.

(1) The Government Research Bulletin (GRB) contains research project data from government agencies since 1982, and provides query, browsing, and full-text download services for publicly accessible research project data. (2) The intellectual property of the included research reports belongs to the agencies or project leaders. For further understanding of the report content or providing improvement suggestions, please contact the organizing agency or project leader directly.

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Ireland IE: Government Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 857.000 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 698.000 FTE for 2021. Ireland IE: Government Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 521.500 FTE from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 857.000 FTE in 2022 and a record low of 251.000 FTE in 1992. Ireland IE: Government Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ireland – Table IE.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In Ireland, The methodology used by the higher education institutions to report their R&D figures was harmonized starting from reference year 2018, which resulted in a downward break in the HERD series. R&D personnel data in the Higher Education sector increased markedly in 2018 due to methodological improvements for reporting research-active permanent academic staff in technological universities and institutes of technology, and for assigning research time coefficients in third-level institutions. From 2012, data on researchers in the higher education sector include PhD students. As of 2000, personnel data in the government sector were surveyed in FTE. Prior to 2000, data were collected for human resources devoted to S&T in FTE, and the R&D expenditure to total S&T expenditure ratio was applied.

The government data were revised back to 1992, as some government expenditures are no longer classified as R&D.

Prior to 2004, EU funds were included in GBARD data.

United States US: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 1,639,258.000 FTE in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,513,964.000 FTE for 2020. United States US: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 998,340.036 FTE from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 41 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,639,258.000 FTE in 2021 and a record low of 531,938.478 FTE in 1981. United States US: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

For the United States, from 2021 onwards, changes to the US BERD survey questionnaire allowed for more exhaustive identification of acquisition costs for ‘identifiable intangible assets’ used for R&D. This has resulted in a substantial increase in reported R&D capital expenditure within BERD. In the business sector, the funds from the rest of the world previously included in the business-financed BERD, are available separately from 2008. From 2006 onwards, GOVERD includes state government intramural performance (most of which being financed by the federal government and state government own funds). From 2016 onwards, PNPERD data are based on a new R&D performer survey. In the higher education sector all fields of SSH are included from 2003 onwards.

Following a survey of federally-funded research and development centers (FFRDCs) in 2005, it was concluded that FFRDC R&D belongs in the government sector - rather than the sector of the FFRDC administrator, as had been reported in the past. R&D expenditures by FFRDCs were reclassified from the other three R&D performing sectors to the Government sector; previously published data were revised accordingly. Between 2003 and 2004, the method used to classify data by industry has been revised. This particularly affects the ISIC category “wholesale trade” and consequently the BERD for total services.

U.S. R&D data are generally comparable, but there are some areas of underestimation:

1. i) Up to 2008, Government sector R&D performance covers only federal government activities. That by State and local government establishments is excluded;
2. ii) Except for the Government and the Business Enterprise sectors, the R&D data exclude most capital expenditures. For the Business Enterprise sector, depreciation is reported in place of gross capital expenditures up to 2014. Higher education (and national total) data were revised back to 1998 due to an improved methodology that corrects for double-counting of R&D funds passed between institutions.

Breakdown by type of R&D (basic research, applied research, etc.) was also revised back to 1998 in the business enterprise and higher education sectors due to improved estimation procedures.

The methodology for estimating researchers was changed as of 1985. In the Government, Higher Education and PNP sectors the data since then refer to employed doctoral scientists and engineers who report their primary work activity as research, development or the management of R&D, plus, for the Higher Education sector, the number of full-time equivalent graduate students with research assistantships averaging an estimated 50 % of their time engaged in R&D activities. As of 1985 researchers in the Government sector exclude military personnel. As of 1987, Higher education R&D personnel also include those who report their primary work activity as design.

Due to lack of official data for the different employment sectors, the total researchers figure is an OECD estimate up to 2019. Comprehensive reporting of R&D personnel statistics by the United States has resumed with records available since 2020, reflecting the addition of official figures for the number of researchers and total R&D personnel for the higher education sector and the Private non-profit sector; as well as the number of researchers for the government sector. The new data revise downwards previous OECD estimates as the OECD extrapolation methods drawing on historical US data, required to produce a consistent OECD aggregate, appear to have previously overestimated the growth in the number of researchers in the higher education sector.

Pre-production development is excluded from Defence GBARD (in accordance with the Frascati Manual) as of 2000. 2009 GBARD data also includes the one time incremental R&D funding legislated in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Beginning with the 2000 GBARD data, budgets for capital expenditure – “R&D plant” in national terminology - are included. GBARD data for earlier years relate to budgets for current costs only.

View yearly updates and historical trends for US Government Defense Research and Development Spending with Forecast. from United States. Source: Office of…

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