This guide brings together online resources that contain U.S. government documents. Some are freely available to anyone with Internet access. Others include subscription databases accessible with a DHS device.

The Survey of State Government Research and Development measures the extent of R&D activity performed and funded by the governments of each of the nation’s 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico (collectively, states). By employing consistent, uniform definitions and collection techniques, the survey allows collection of state R&D expenditures data that are comparable nationwide. The survey is a census of state government departments, agencies, commissions, public authorities, and dependent entities with R&D activities.

The FFRDC Research and Development Survey is the primary source of information on R&D expenditures at federally funded research and development centers (FFRDCs) in the United States. Conducted annually for university-administered FFRDCs since FY 1953 and all FFRDCs since FY 2001, the survey collects information on R&D expenditures by source of funds and types of research and expenses. The survey is an annual census of the full population of eligible FFRDCs. See https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/ffrdclist/ for the Master Government List of FFRDCs maintained by the National Science Foundation.

Forecast: Total Government Research and Development Expenditure in the US 2024 - 2028 Discover more data with ReportLinker!

(1) The Government Research Bulletin (GRB) contains research project data from government agencies since 1982, and provides query, browsing, and full-text download services for publicly accessible research project data. (2) The intellectual property of the included research reports belongs to the agencies or project leaders. For further understanding of the report content or providing improvement suggestions, please contact the organizing agency or project leader directly.

United States US: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 1,639,258.000 FTE in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,513,964.000 FTE for 2020. United States US: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 998,340.036 FTE from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 41 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,639,258.000 FTE in 2021 and a record low of 531,938.478 FTE in 1981. United States US: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

For the United States, from 2021 onwards, changes to the US BERD survey questionnaire allowed for more exhaustive identification of acquisition costs for ‘identifiable intangible assets’ used for R&D. This has resulted in a substantial increase in reported R&D capital expenditure within BERD. In the business sector, the funds from the rest of the world previously included in the business-financed BERD, are available separately from 2008. From 2006 onwards, GOVERD includes state government intramural performance (most of which being financed by the federal government and state government own funds). From 2016 onwards, PNPERD data are based on a new R&D performer survey. In the higher education sector all fields of SSH are included from 2003 onwards.

Following a survey of federally-funded research and development centers (FFRDCs) in 2005, it was concluded that FFRDC R&D belongs in the government sector - rather than the sector of the FFRDC administrator, as had been reported in the past. R&D expenditures by FFRDCs were reclassified from the other three R&D performing sectors to the Government sector; previously published data were revised accordingly. Between 2003 and 2004, the method used to classify data by industry has been revised. This particularly affects the ISIC category “wholesale trade” and consequently the BERD for total services.

U.S. R&D data are generally comparable, but there are some areas of underestimation:

1. i) Up to 2008, Government sector R&D performance covers only federal government activities. That by State and local government establishments is excluded;
2. ii) Except for the Government and the Business Enterprise sectors, the R&D data exclude most capital expenditures. For the Business Enterprise sector, depreciation is reported in place of gross capital expenditures up to 2014. Higher education (and national total) data were revised back to 1998 due to an improved methodology that corrects for double-counting of R&D funds passed between institutions.

Breakdown by type of R&D (basic research, applied research, etc.) was also revised back to 1998 in the business enterprise and higher education sectors due to improved estimation procedures.

The methodology for estimating researchers was changed as of 1985. In the Government, Higher Education and PNP sectors the data since then refer to employed doctoral scientists and engineers who report their primary work activity as research, development or the management of R&D, plus, for the Higher Education sector, the number of full-time equivalent graduate students with research assistantships averaging an estimated 50 % of their time engaged in R&D activities. As of 1985 researchers in the Government sector exclude military personnel. As of 1987, Higher education R&D personnel also include those who report their primary work activity as design.

Due to lack of official data for the different employment sectors, the total researchers figure is an OECD estimate up to 2019. Comprehensive reporting of R&D personnel statistics by the United States has resumed with records available since 2020, reflecting the addition of official figures for the number of researchers and total R&D personnel for the higher education sector and the Private non-profit sector; as well as the number of researchers for the government sector. The new data revise downwards previous OECD estimates as the OECD extrapolation methods drawing on historical US data, required to produce a consistent OECD aggregate, appear to have previously overestimated the growth in the number of researchers in the higher education sector.

Pre-production development is excluded from Defence GBARD (in accordance with the Frascati Manual) as of 2000. 2009 GBARD data also includes the one time incremental R&D funding legislated in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Beginning with the 2000 GBARD data, budgets for capital expenditure – “R&D plant” in national terminology - are included. GBARD data for earlier years relate to budgets for current costs only.

Graph and download economic data for Revenue from Governments for Scientific Research and Development Services, Establishments Subject to Federal Income Tax (GOV5417TAXABL144QNSA) from Q1 2007 to Q2 2025 about R&D, science, revenue, establishments, tax, federal, government, income, and USA.

Although federally supported research plays a crucial role in driving innovation, its contribution is underestimated when the US government’s research support is not properly acknowledged in patents from an evaluation perspective. Moreover, because the US government is entitled to exercise patents arising from its research support for public safety or public health when the US government’s involvement in patents is properly acknowledged, failure to document its research support in patents limits potential social benefits that a patented invention can realize through the US government’s use. Analyzing about 84,000 US patent-paper pairs (PPPs), of the PPPs having patents on research outcomes originating from federal support, 28% did not acknowledge the US government’s research support in the patents. Further findings imply that the private stake in the use of the research outcomes is negatively associated with the likelihood of acknowledging US government research support in patents.

Table 1.2.2: Joint research funding by the Federal Government and the Länder (institutional funding)

Forecast: Total Government Research and Development Expenditure in France 2024 - 2028 Discover more data with ReportLinker!

United States US: Civil GBARD: Current PPP: Non-Oriented Research Programmes data was reported at 15.419 USD bn in 2024. This records a decrease from the previous number of 15.701 USD bn for 2023. United States US: Civil GBARD: Current PPP: Non-Oriented Research Programmes data is updated yearly, averaging 6.479 USD bn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2024, with 44 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 16.390 USD bn in 2022 and a record low of 1.340 USD bn in 1981. United States US: Civil GBARD: Current PPP: Non-Oriented Research Programmes data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.OECD.MSTI: Government Budgets for Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

For the United States, some respondents revised their reporting practices and eliminated expenditures that did not meet the definition of R&D during the 2023 BERD data collection. This has resulted in a meaningful decrease in estimated U.S. R&D performance compared to the amount of 2023 R&D performance that would have been estimated based on respondent reporting practices used in 2022 and earlier..From 2021 onwards, changes to the US BERD survey questionnaire allowed for more exhaustive identification of acquisition costs for ‘identifiable intangible assets’ used for R&D. This has resulted in a substantial increase in reported R&D capital expenditure within BERD. In the business sector, the funds from the rest of the world previously included in the business-financed BERD, are available separately from 2008. From 2006 onwards, GOVERD includes state government intramural performance (most of which being financed by the federal government and state government own funds). From 2016 onwards, PNPERD data are based on a new R&D performer survey. In the higher education sector all fields of SSH are included from 2003 onwards.

Following a survey of federally-funded research and development centers (FFRDCs) in 2005, it was concluded that FFRDC R&D belongs in the government sector - rather than the sector of the FFRDC administrator, as had been reported in the past. R&D expenditures by FFRDCs were reclassified from the other three R&D performing sectors to the Government sector; previously published data were revised accordingly. Between 2003 and 2004, the method used to classify data by industry has been revised. This particularly affects the ISIC category “wholesale trade” and consequently the BERD for total services.

U.S. R&D data are generally comparable, but there are some areas of underestimation:

1. i) Up to 2008, Government sector R&D performance covers only federal government activities. That by State and local government establishments is excluded;
2. ii) Except for the Government and the Business Enterprise sectors, the R&D data exclude most capital expenditures. For the Business Enterprise sector, depreciation is reported in place of gross capital expenditures up to 2014. Higher education (and national total) data were revised back to 1998 due to an improved methodology that corrects for double-counting of R&D funds passed between institutions.

Breakdown by type of R&D (basic research, applied research, etc.) was also revised back to 1998 in the business enterprise and higher education sectors due to improved estimation procedures.

The methodology for estimating researchers was changed as of 1985. In the Government, Higher Education and PNP sectors the data since then refer to employed doctoral scientists and engineers who report their primary work activity as research, development or the management of R&D, plus, for the Higher Education sector, the number of full-time equivalent graduate students with research assistantships averaging an estimated 50 % of their time engaged in R&D activities. As of 1985 researchers in the Government sector exclude military personnel. As of 1987, Higher education R&D personnel also include those who report their primary work activity as design.

Due to lack of official data for the different employment sectors, the total researchers figure is an OECD estimate up to 2021. As of 2022, it is based on official personnel data available for all sectors. For years 2020 and 2021, it is based on official personnel data available for the business, PNP and Higher Education sectors, and OECD estimates for the Government sector (for estimating the missing FFRDC component). For previous years, OECD estimates were readjusted back to 2000.

The government personnel data includes the state government R&D personnel from 2021 and FFRDC R&D personnel from 2022. However, 8 FFRDC centres are not included as they could not report their R&D personnel data. These 8 centres account for 24% of the total R&D expenditure of all FFRDCs in 2022. Pre-production development is excluded from Defence GBARD (in accordance with the Frascati Manual) as of 2000. 2009 GBARD data also includes the one time incremental R&D funding legislated in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Beginning with the 2000 GBARD data, budgets for capital expenditure – “R&D plant” in national terminology - are included. GBARD data for earlier years relate to budgets for current costs only.

Success.ai’s Governmental and Congressional Data with Contact Data for Government Professionals Worldwide provides businesses, organizations, and institutions with verified contact information for key decision-makers in public sector roles. Sourced from over 170 million verified professional profiles, this dataset includes work emails, direct phone numbers, and LinkedIn profiles for government officials, administrators, policy advisors, and other influential leaders. Whether you’re targeting local municipalities, national agencies, or international government bodies, Success.ai delivers accurate, up-to-date data to help you engage effectively with public sector stakeholders.

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Forecast: Total Government Research and Development Expenditure in Germany 2024 - 2028 Discover more data with ReportLinker!

Context

Source: https://usafacts.org/data/topics/government-finances/government-run-business/

File Format: Comma-separated Values (CSV) File

The following datasets were downloaded from the Government-Run Businesses section of USAFacts.org, which is a sub-section of Government Finances. The datasets were cleaned by the Open Dataset Research and Analysis (ODRA) team as a part of our project for our capstone course, INST490, at the University of Maryland College Park.

Contributors: Brandon Cantey, Yuming Huang, Dillon Morley, Dennis Poludnev, Amari Smith Class: INST490
Instructor: Mary Ann Francis Client: Mary Ann Francis
Director: Bill Kules

Content

A government-run business performs commercial actions on behalf of a government. On USAFacts.org, these government-run businesses are broken down into Federal and State/Local businesses. The datasets contained here are broken down and labeled the same way. Each federal business and state/local business has its own dataset. There are also two datasets labeled 'COMBINED,' which are a combination of all the businesses in that category (Federal or State/Local).

Federal Datasets: - 'COMBINED Federal Government Businesses.csv': combination of all the federal government-run business datasets from 1980 - 2017. - 'Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.csv': Dataset containing net profit (USD), gross expenditures (USD), and gross revenue (USD) for the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation(FDIC) from 1980 - 2017. - 'Federal Export-Import Bank.csv': Dataset containing net profit (USD), gross expenditures (USD), and gross revenue (USD) for the Export-Import Bank from 1980 - 2017. - 'Federal First-Class Mail Volume.csv': Dataset containing the First-Class Mail Volume in millions of pieces mailed from 1980 - 2017. - 'Federal Tennessee Valley Authority.csv': Dataset containing net profit (USD), gross expenditures (USD), and gross revenue (USD) for the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) from 1980 - 2017. - 'Federal US Postal Service.csv': Dataset containing net profit (USD), gross expenditures (USD), and gross revenue (USD) for the United States Postal Service from 1980 - 2017.

State/Local Datasets: - 'COMBINED State and Local Government Businesses.csv': combination of all the state/local government-run business datasets from 1980 - 2016. - 'State/Local Airports.csv': Dataset containing net profit (USD), gross expenditures (USD), and gross revenue (USD) for Airports from 1980 - 2016. - 'State/Local Gas and Electric Utilities.csv': Dataset containing net profit (USD), gross expenditures (USD), and gross revenue (USD) for Gas and Electric Utilities from 1980 - 2016. - 'State/Local Liquor Stores.csv': Dataset containing net profit (USD), gross expenditures (USD), and gross revenue (USD) for Liquor Stores from 1980 - 2016. - 'State/Local Lottery.csv': Dataset containing net profit (USD), gross expenditures (USD), and gross revenue (USD) for the Lottery from 1980 - 2016. - 'State/Local Parking Facilities.csv': Dataset containing net profit (USD), gross expenditures (USD), and gross revenue (USD) for Parking Facilities from 1980 - 2016. - 'State/Local Public Hospitals.csv': Dataset containing net profit (USD), gross expenditures (USD), and gross revenue (USD) for Public Hospitals from 1980 - 2016. - 'State/Local Sea and Inland Port Facilities.csv': Dataset containing net profit (USD), gross expenditures (USD), and gross revenue (USD) for Sea and Inland Port Facilities from 1980 - 2016. - 'State/Local Sewage and Waste Management.csv': Dataset containing net profit (USD), gross expenditures (USD), and gross revenue (USD) for Sewage and Waste Management from 1980 - 2016. - 'State/Local Toll Highways.csv': Dataset containing net profit (USD), gross expenditures (USD), and gross revenue (USD) for Toll Highways from 1980 - 2016. - 'State/Local Transit Systems.csv': Dataset containing net profit (USD), gross expenditures (USD), and gross revenue (USD) for Transit Systems from 1980 - 2016. - 'State/Local Water Utilities.csv': Dataset containing net profit (USD), gross expenditures (USD), and gross revenue (USD) for Water Utilities from 1980 - 2016.

United States US: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data was reported at 17.169 Per 1000 in 2020. This records an increase from the previous number of 15.152 Per 1000 for 2019. United States US: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 13.282 Per 1000 from Dec 2011 (Median) to 2020, with 10 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 17.169 Per 1000 in 2020 and a record low of 12.478 Per 1000 in 2012. United States US: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

Definition of MSTI variables 'Value Added of Industry' and 'Industrial Employment':

R&D data are typically expressed as a percentage of GDP to allow cross-country comparisons. When compiling such indicators for the business enterprise sector, one may wish to exclude, from GDP measures, economic activities for which the Business R&D (BERD) is null or negligible by definition. By doing so, the adjusted denominator (GDP, or Value Added, excluding non-relevant industries) better correspond to the numerator (BERD) with which it is compared to.

The MSTI variable 'Value added in industry' is used to this end:

It is calculated as the total Gross Value Added (GVA) excluding 'real estate activities' (ISIC rev.4 68) where the 'imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings', specific to the framework of the System of National Accounts, represents a significant share of total GVA and has no R&D counterpart. Moreover, the R&D performed by the community, social and personal services is mainly driven by R&D performers other than businesses.

Consequently, the following service industries are also excluded: ISIC rev.4 84 to 88 and 97 to 98. GVA data are presented at basic prices except for the People's Republic of China, Japan and New Zealand (expressed at producers' prices).In the same way, some indicators on R&D personnel in the business sector are expressed as a percentage of industrial employment. The latter corresponds to total employment excluding ISIC rev.4 68, 84 to 88 and 97 to 98.

China Government Researchers: % of National Total data was reported at 17.077 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 17.214 % for 2021. China Government Researchers: % of National Total data is updated yearly, averaging 19.848 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 44.077 % in 1992 and a record low of 15.007 % in 2008. China Government Researchers: % of National Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.

The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.

The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.

From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.

In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.

Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.

Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.

Ireland IE: Government Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 857.000 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 698.000 FTE for 2021. Ireland IE: Government Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 521.500 FTE from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 857.000 FTE in 2022 and a record low of 251.000 FTE in 1992. Ireland IE: Government Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ireland – Table IE.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In Ireland, The methodology used by the higher education institutions to report their R&D figures was harmonized starting from reference year 2018, which resulted in a downward break in the HERD series. R&D personnel data in the Higher Education sector increased markedly in 2018 due to methodological improvements for reporting research-active permanent academic staff in technological universities and institutes of technology, and for assigning research time coefficients in third-level institutions. From 2012, data on researchers in the higher education sector include PhD students. As of 2000, personnel data in the government sector were surveyed in FTE. Prior to 2000, data were collected for human resources devoted to S&T in FTE, and the R&D expenditure to total S&T expenditure ratio was applied.

The government data were revised back to 1992, as some government expenditures are no longer classified as R&D.

Prior to 2004, EU funds were included in GBARD data.

Forecast: Total Government Research and Development Expenditure in Canada 2024 - 2028 Discover more data with ReportLinker!

The 2010 Report of the Presidents Council of Advisors on Science and Technology PCAST, entitled ?Designing a Digital Future: Federally Funded Research and Development in Networking and Information Technology,? documents the transformation of our society driven by advances in networking and information technology, catalyzed by our nations past investments in research. Our world today relies to an astonishing degree on systems, tools, and services that belong to a vast and still growing domain known as Networking and Information Technology NIT...

This paper documents the findings of the March 12-14, 2001 Workshop on New Visions for Large-Scale Networks: Research and Applications. The workshops objectives were to develop a vision for the future of networking 10 to 20 years out and to identify needed Federal networking research to enable that vision...