The government of the United Kingdom borrowed approximately 121.9 billion British pounds in the 2023/24 financial year. In 2020/21, government borrowing was over 353 billion pounds, due to increased financial support to public services during the COVID-19 pandemic, combined with reduced revenue due to the lockdowns.

We investigate the impact of fiscal expansions on firm investment by exploiting firms with multiple banking relationships. Further, we conduct a localized approach and compare the lending behavior of banks that barely met and missed the criteria of being a primary dealer, as well as barely winners and losers at government auctions. Our results indicate that a 1 percentage point increase in primary dealer banks' bonds-to-assets ratio decreases loans by 0.2%, which leads to declines in firm investment, profits, and wages. Our findings are grounded in a quantitative model with which we compute the cost of borrowing on the economy.

Slovenia General Govt Borrowing: Cons: EUR: External: Loans from Other Foreign Debtholders data was reported at 0.000 EUR in 2022. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 EUR for 2021. Slovenia General Govt Borrowing: Cons: EUR: External: Loans from Other Foreign Debtholders data is updated yearly, averaging 0.000 EUR from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2022, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 121,753.464 EUR in 1999 and a record low of 0.000 EUR in 2022. Slovenia General Govt Borrowing: Cons: EUR: External: Loans from Other Foreign Debtholders data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Finance. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Slovenia – Table SI.F008: General Government Borrowing and Amortization of Debt: Consolidated: Annual.

In September 2024, the UK government borrowed approximately 16.6 billion British pounds, compared with almost 14.5 billion pounds in September 2023.

Graph and download economic data for General Government Primary Net Lending/Borrowing for Bolivia (BOLGGXONLBGDP) from 1985 to 2029 about Bolivia, budget, primary, Net, and government.

Graph and download economic data for Net Lending/borrowing of General Government for Gabon (GABGGXCNLG01GDPPT) from 2000 to 2025 about Gabon, borrowings, budget, REO, Net, loans, and government.

India External Debt: USD: Multilateral: Government Borrowing data was reported at 69.108 USD bn in Sep 2024. This records an increase from the previous number of 67.143 USD bn for Jun 2024. India External Debt: USD: Multilateral: Government Borrowing data is updated quarterly, averaging 43.015 USD bn from Sep 1999 (Median) to Sep 2024, with 101 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 69.108 USD bn in Sep 2024 and a record low of 26.826 USD bn in Mar 2004. India External Debt: USD: Multilateral: Government Borrowing data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Finance. The data is categorized under Global Database’s India – Table IN.FK003: External Debt:: USD.

This table comprises figures related to debt guarantees provided by the general government sector, adjusted capital value of off-balance sheet public private partnerships (PPP), and non-performing loans. The figures are also available per government subsector, and are taken from end-of-year balance sheets. The non-performing loans are consolidated which means that loans between units that belong to the same sector are eliminated. As a result, non-performing loans of subsectors do not add up to total non-performing loans of general government. For example, loans of the State provided to local government are part of loans of the State. However, these are not included in the consolidated loans of general government, because it is an asset of a government unit with a government unit as debtor. Publication of this table meets one of the requirements of Directive EU 2011/85, part of the Enhanced Economic Governance package ("Sixpack") adopted by the European Council in 2011.

Data available from: situation on 31 December 2010.

Status of the figures: The figures for 2023 are provisional. The figures for the earlier years are final.

Changes as of 7 November 2024: Provisional figures for 2023 have been published. The figures for 2022 have become final. The figures for the period of 2010-2021 have been revised in the context of the revision policy of National accounts. The largest revision at the level of central government is mainly due to the reclassification of two guarantee funds Waarborgfonds Sociale Woningbouw (WSW) and Waarborgfonds Eigen Woningen (WEW) within this governmental sector.

When will new figures be published? New provisional figures for the previous year will be published in October. Previous provisional figures will then become definite. More information on the revision policy of National Accounts can be found under "Relevant articles" under paragraph 3.

Graph and download economic data for Fiscal Situation of General Government: Net Lending/borrowing for Japan (JPNGGXCNLG01GDPPT) from 1990 to 2029 about borrowings, budget, Japan, Net, loans, and government.

United States - Federal Government; Net Lending (+) or Borrowing (-) (Financial Account), Transactions was -2873713.00000 Mil. of $ in October of 2024, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Federal Government; Net Lending (+) or Borrowing (-) (Financial Account), Transactions reached a record high of 348301.00000 in April of 2001 and a record low of -7041114.00000 in April of 2020. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Federal Government; Net Lending (+) or Borrowing (-) (Financial Account), Transactions - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on March of 2025.

Central Government Net Lending/borrowing (central Govt Fiscal Balance) for Kyrgyz Republic was -3.52344 % of GDP in January of 2022, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, Central Government Net Lending/borrowing (central Govt Fiscal Balance) for Kyrgyz Republic reached a record high of 1.02710 in January of 2008 and a record low of -10.27992 in January of 2000. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Central Government Net Lending/borrowing (central Govt Fiscal Balance) for Kyrgyz Republic - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on March of 2025.

Graph and download economic data for Net Lending/borrowing of General Government for Ethiopia (ETHGGXCNLG01GDPPT) from 2000 to 2025 about Ethiopia, borrowings, budget, REO, Net, loans, and government.

The government of the United Kingdom borrowed approximately 1.9 percent worth of its GDP in the 2023/24 financial year, compared with three percent in 2022/23. In 2020/21, government borrowing reached 11.6 percent of GDP, due to increased financial support to public services during the COVID-19 pandemic, combined with reduced revenue because of societal lockdowns.

Summary of key data relating to local government loan borrowing program

Slovenia General Govt Borrowing: Cons: EUR: Domestic: Loans from Commercial Banks data was reported at 10,020,280.000 EUR in Mar 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 18,620,400.000 EUR for Feb 2023. Slovenia General Govt Borrowing: Cons: EUR: Domestic: Loans from Commercial Banks data is updated monthly, averaging 4,331,500.330 EUR from Jan 2000 (Median) to Mar 2023, with 279 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 235,028,251.510 EUR in Feb 2012 and a record low of -49,256,820.019 EUR in Dec 2001. Slovenia General Govt Borrowing: Cons: EUR: Domestic: Loans from Commercial Banks data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Finance. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Slovenia – Table SI.F007: General Government Borrowing and Amortization of Debt: Consolidated.

Public sector net debt amounted to 88.9 percent of gross domestic product in the United Kingdom during the 2023/24 financial year, rising to 97.8 percent when the Bank of England is included. This is the highest debt incurred by the government since the early 1960s. After peaking at 251.7 percent shortly after the end of the Second World War, government debt in the UK gradually fell, before a sharp increase in the late 2000s at the time of the global financial crisis. Debt not expected to start falling until 2029/30 In 2022/23, the UK's government expenditure was approximately 1.15 trillion pounds, around 45.3 percent of GDP. This spending was financed by 1.02 trillion pounds of revenue raised, and 1.28 billion pounds of borrowing. Although the UK government can still borrow money in the future, it also needs to abide by certain fiscal rules, one of which is that debt should be falling within a five-year timeframe. Recent forecasts suggest that while this is expected to be the case, it is based on falling government deficits in the next five years. Next government faces hard choices Whoever wins the UK's 2024 general election will face tough economic choices in the coming years. Hitting fiscal targets, such as reducing the national debt, will require a careful balancing of the books, and possibly the need for either spending cuts or tax rises. The two major parties, Labour and the Conservatives, have both ruled out raising the main government tax sources, Income Tax, National Insurance, and VAT, and have so far remained silent on possible spending cuts. With limits on borrowing, and no tax rises or spending cuts, maintaining, let alone improving public services, will prove a challenging prospect for the next government.

In 2019, the general government net borrowing in Italy registered a negative value of 29.3 billion euros. The deficit to GDP ratio dropped from -2.4 percent in 2016 to -1.6 percent in 2019. Government net borrowing is the measure of fiscal surpluses and deficits along with the amount of new debt created. If this number is positive, it means the country is running a fiscal deficit, while a negative number represents a fiscal surplus.

Government debt in the United Kingdom reached over 2.9 trillion British pounds in 2023/24, compared with 1.9 trillion pounds in 2019/20. Although the amount of public sector debt has been rising for some time, there was a noticeable uptick between 2019/20 and 2020/21, when government spending increased substantially due to the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Graph and download economic data for General Government Primary Net Lending/Borrowing for Colombia (COLGGXONLBGDP) from 1989 to 2029 about Colombia, budget, primary, Net, and government.

Graph and download economic data for General Government Primary Net Lending/Borrowing for Mexico (MEXGGXONLBGDP) from 1990 to 2029 about budget, Mexico, primary, Net, and government.