Common offset ground penetrating radar (GPR) data were collected to image near surface streambed structure. These data are to be used in conjunction with fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing (FO-DTS) and electromagnetic imaging (EMI) data. The combined dataset represents point in time mapping of preferential groundwater discharge points (FO-DTS) and the bed structure that controls where these points are located (GPR, EMI).

The northeastern North Carolina coastal system, from False Cape, Virginia, to Cape Lookout, North Carolina, has been studied by a cooperative research program that mapped the Quaternary geologic framework of the estuaries, barrier islands, and inner continental shelf. This information provides a basis to understand the linkage between geologic framework, physical processes, and coastal evolution at time scales from storm events to millennia. The study area attracts significant tourism to its parks and beaches, contains a number of coastal communities, and supports a local fishing industry, all of which are impacted by coastal change. Knowledge derived from this research program can be used to mitigate hazards and facilitate effective management of this dynamic coastal system. This regional mapping project produced spatial datasets of high-resolution geophysical (bathymetry, backscatter intensity, and seismic reflection) and sedimentary (core and grab-sample) data. The high-resolution geophysical data were collected during numerous surveys within the back-barrier estuarine system, along the barrier island complex, in the nearshore, and along the inner continental shelf. Sediment cores were taken on the mainland and along the barrier islands, and both cores and grab samples were taken on the inner shelf. Data collection was a collaborative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and several other institutions including East Carolina University (ECU), the North Carolina Geological Survey, and the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS). The high-resolution geophysical data of the inner continental shelf were collected during six separate surveys conducted between 1999 and 2004 (four USGS surveys north of Cape Hatteras: 1999-045-FA, 2001-005-FA, 2002-012-FA, 2002-013-FA, and two USGS surveys south of Cape Hatteras: 2003-003-FA and 2004-003-FA) and cover more than 2600 square kilometers of the inner shelf. Single-beam bathymetry data were collected north of Cape Hatteras in 1999 using a Furuno fathometer. Swath bathymetry data were collected on all other inner shelf surveys using a SEA, Ltd. SwathPLUS 234-kHz bathymetric sonar. Chirp seismic data as well as sidescan-sonar data were collected with a Teledyne Benthos (Datasonics) SIS-1000 north of Cape Hatteras along with boomer seismic reflection data (cruises 1999-045-FA, 2001-005-FA, 2002-012-FA and 2002-013-FA). An Edgetech 512i was used to collect chirp seismic data south of Cape Hatteras (cruises 2003-003-FA and 2004-003-FA) along with a Klein 3000 sidescan-sonar system. Sediment samples were collected with a Van Veen grab sampler during four of the USGS surveys (1999-045-FA, 2001-005-FA, 2002-013-FA, and 2004-003-FA). Additional sediment core data along the inner shelf are provided from previously published studies. A cooperative study, between the North Carolina Geological Survey and the Minerals Management Service (MMS cores), collected vibracores along the inner continental shelf offshore of Nags Head, Kill Devils Hills and Kitty Hawk, North Carolina in 1996. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers collected vibracores along the inner shelf offshore of Dare County in August 1995 (NDC cores) and July-August 1995 (SNL cores). These cores are curated by the North Carolina Geological Survey and were used as part of the ground validation process in this study. Nearshore geophysical and core data were collected by the Virginia Institute of Marine Science. The nearshore is defined here as the region between the 10-m isobath and the shoreline. High-resolution bathymetry, backscatter intensity, and chirp seismic data were collected between June 2002 and May 2004. Vibracore samples were collected in May and July 2005. Shallow subsurface geophysical data were acquired along the Outer Banks barrier islands using a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) system. Data were collected by East Carolina University from 2002 to 2005. Rotasonic cores (OBX cores) from five drilling operations were collected from 2002 to 2006 by the North Carolina Geological Survey as part of the cooperative study with the USGS. These cores are distributed throughout the Outer Banks as well as the mainland. The USGS collected seismic data for the Quaternary section within the Albemarle-Pamlico estuarine system between 2001 and 2004 during six surveys (2001-013-FA, 2002-015-FA, 2003-005-FA, 2003-042-FA, 2004-005-FA, and 2004-006-FA). These surveys used Geopulse Boomer and Knudsen Engineering Limited (KEL) 320BR Chirp systems, except cruise 2003-042-FA, which used an Edgetech 424 Chirp and a boomer system. The study area includes Albemarle Sound and selected tributary estuaries such as the South, Pungo, Alligator, and Pasquotank Rivers; Pamlico Sound and trunk estuaries including the Neuse and Pamlico Rivers; and back-barrier sounds including Currituck, Croatan, Roanoke, Core, and Bogue.

U.S. Geological Survey researchers conducted time-series ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys with a Sensors and Software 500-MHz Pulse Ekko Pro system. This data release contains ground-based (ski and snowmobile) as well as airborne common-offset profiles. All profiles are linked to coincident GPS observations. Additionally, common-midpoint data was collected at specific glacier locations. Coincident in-situ data may provide calibration information, and may be composed of any of the following: snow pits and/or snow-pit/snow-core combinations, probe profiles, and ablation stake data. This supplemental information provides estimates of snow properties which may be used to calibrate radar velocity.

This dataset contains 10 raw common-offset ground-penetrating radar (GPR) profiles collected at 7 locations in the Edwin B. Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge, Atlantic County and Ocean County, New Jersey, in October and November 2014 and January 2015. A MALA® 80 megahertz (MHz) HDR shielded antenna was used for 3 profiles named DinnerPointAve, GameFarmRd-1, and GameFarmRd-2. A MALA® 100 MHz shielded antenna was used for 7 profiles named ReedyCreek-1, ReedyCreek-2, ScottsLandingRd, SouthWildlifeDr, StaffordAve-eastwest, StaffordAve-westeast, and WescottAve. Pre- and post-processing methods such as filters, topographic corrections, wave velocity determinations, and depth conversions have not been applied to these data. Interpretations and processing details of GPR lines in this dataset are available in USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2017-5135 (https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20175135).

GPR data base

This dataset contains Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) data acquired by GNS Science for investigations into the shallow subsurface. The majority of data has been acquired using a PulseEKKO GPR system from Sensors & Software, and the survey data (and its associated metadata) are stored in their propriety .GPZ format. This format can be read using the EKKO_Project software package. Spatial data associated with each survey, outlining where the data was acquired, is stored as a .KML file, and can be viewed using Google Earth. Interpretation data may be available for some surveys, and this is generally stored in .CSV files.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.21420/QXX6-3Y27

Cite Data as: GNS Science. (2022). Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) [Data set]. GNS Science. https://doi.org/10.21420/QXX6-3Y27

This record contains processed and topographically corrected Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) data (.segy, .bmp), and a summary shapefile collected on fieldwork at Adelaide Metropolitan Beaches, South Australia for the Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC Project, Resilience to Clustered Disaster Events on the Coast - Storm Surge. The data was collected from 16-19 February 2015 using a MALA ProEx GPR system with a 250 MHz shielded antennae. The aim of the field work was to identify and define a minimum thickness for the beach and dune systems, and where possible depth to any identifiable competent substrate (e.g. bedrock) or pre-Holocene surface which may influence the erosion potential of incident wave energy. Surface elevation data was co-acquired and used to topographically correct the GPR profiles. This dataset is published with the permission of the CEO, Geoscience Australia.

This child item contains ground penetrating radar (GPR) data collected over a small alpine wetland between Mogul Mine and Cement Creek located near Silverton, Colorado. Mine-impacted water is transported to Cement Creek via surface channels and groundwater through this wetland. The GPR method transmits radar pulses into the ground and measures the returned amplitude from these pulses over time. Variations in subsurface electromagnetic (EM) properties (dielectric permittivity, electrical conductivity, and magnetic susceptibility) affect the timing and amplitude of returned radar energy. For example, variation in water or mineral content are physical properties that often influence the EM properties that are observed with GPR. For these deployments a MALA GX monitor and 450 MHz HDR antennas were used and measurements were made over several transects within the wetland. Additional details are contained in the ‘readme.txt’ files within each zip data directory.

MCG GPR dataset

The MCG GPR (Mixed Cropped Ground Penetrating Radar) dataset consists of randomly cropped and curated GPR images sourced from publicly available data. This dataset was initially developed for machine learning applications, with images processed using multiple segmentation techniques including Gabor filters, Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG), Eigenvector analysis, Clustering (K-means), and Gradient of Texture approaches, to create initial labels for each image. These methods were employed to extract relevant attributes for GPR image segmentation. After that, the most representative labels were selected, and fixed manually.

Dataset Specifications:
- Image dimensions: 340 × 720 pixels (height × width)
- Classification: Binary (background and foreground features)
- Image format: PNG
- Mask format: PNG

The data collected are from the following sources:

• Ground penetrating radar dataset [1]

• Archive of Ground Penetrating Radar Data Collected During USGS Field Activity 13BIM01: Dauphin Island, Alabama, April 2013 [2]

• Probing Shallow Aquifers in Hyper-Arid Dune Fields Using VHF Sounding Radar: Raw ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data [3]

• Ground-Penetrating Radar Data and Differential Global Positioning System Data Collected from Long Beach Island, New Jersey, April 2015 [4]

[1] Florez-Lozano, Johana; Caraffini, Fabio; Gongora, Mario; Parra, Carlos (2019). Ground penetrating radar dataset. De Montfort University. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.21253/DMU.8323049.v1

[2] Forde, A. S., Smith, C. G., & Reynolds, B. J. (2016). Archive of ground penetrating radar data collected during USGS field activity 13BIM01—Dauphin Island, Alabama, April 2013 (No. 982). US Geological Survey. Available at: https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0982/ds982_data_downloads.html

[3] Essam Heggy, Jonathan C.L. Normand, Elizabeth M. Palmer, Giovanni Scabbia, Ali K.S. Al-Maktoumi, Annamaria Mazzoni, J. Lee Blanton, Sophie J.N. Schaefer, Jean-Philippe Avouac. (2023). Probing Shallow Aquifers in Hyper-Arid Dune Fields Using VHF Sounding Radar: Raw ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data. IEEE Dataport. https://dx.doi.org/10.21227/ckx7-0s88

[4] Zaremba, N.J., Smith, K.E.L., Bishop, J.M., and Smith, C.G., 2016, Ground-penetrating radar and differential global positioning system data collected from Long Beach Island, New Jersey, April 2015: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 1006, http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ds1006. ISSN: 2327-638X (online)

This dataset contains ground penetrating radar (GPR) data acquired between April 27 and 28, 2019, on two drained lake basins (DLBs) [Three Creatures Basin and Deep Basin] and four lakes [Independent Fox Lake, INI01 Lake, INI04 Lake, and Lonely Wolf Lake] at Inigok region in the North Slope of Alaska. The measurements were made using Malå ProEx 800 megahertz (MHz) (GuidelineGeo, Sundbyberg, Sweden) antennas using common offset configuration. Raw GPR data of eight transects are provided in the .RAD3 format, along with the corresponding acquisition parameters (.RAD) and Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates (.COR) files. A spreadsheet with basic information and a Keyhole Markup Language (KML) file indicating the location of each transect are also provided. This dataset can be used to estimate snow properties.

From April 13-20, 2013, scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center (USGS-SPCMSC) conducted geophysical and sediment sampling surveys on Dauphin Island, Alabama, as part of field activity number 13BIM01. This dataset, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Profile Trace Data Collected from Dauphin Island, Alabama in April 2013, contains the unprocessed, raw profile trace data obtained during this survey.

On June 27, 2015, a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) survey was conducted at an Antelope Creek site (41PT112) on the Bureau of Land Management's Cross Bar Management Area in Potter County, Texas. These data represent raw, unprocessed data collected along the X-axis of a 13m (X-axis) x13m (Y-axis) grid at 50cm intervals. These data will serve as a comparative reference for additional GPR surveys in the area of the Canadian River basin, can be used as an educational dataset to teach GPR processing techniques, and is representative of one of the first GPR surveys at an archaeological site in the Texas panhandle.

This dataset includes 26 transects at 50cm increments along the X-axis (FILE_047 - FILE_072), and 24 transects at 50cm increments along the Y-axis (FILE_073 - FILE_096). The start location for FILE_047 and FILE_073 are the same, at the lower left point on the grid. Data were collected in a zig-zag pattern.

Many thanks to Ryan Howell, Adrian Escobar, and the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) for requisite permissions and access.

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Data Services for Roads Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Data Services for Roads market size reached USD 1.42 billion in 2024, reflecting a robust demand for advanced subsurface imaging solutions in road infrastructure projects worldwide. The market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 8.6% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2033, with the total market value expected to reach USD 2.97 billion by 2033. This impressive growth is primarily driven by the increasing adoption of non-destructive testing methods, growing investments in smart infrastructure development, and the pressing need for efficient road maintenance and safety assessments. As per the latest research, enhanced governmental focus on infrastructure modernization and technological advancements in GPR solutions are also significant contributors to this upward trajectory.

A key growth factor propelling the Ground Penetrating Radar Data Services for Roads market is the escalating demand for non-invasive and highly accurate subsurface mapping technologies. Road authorities and construction firms are increasingly prioritizing GPR data services due to their ability to detect hidden utilities, voids, and anomalies beneath road surfaces without causing any damage to the infrastructure. This capability is crucial for minimizing costly delays and ensuring the safety of both workers and the public during road construction and maintenance projects. Furthermore, the rise in urbanization and the expansion of transportation networks globally have intensified the need for reliable road assessment and monitoring, positioning GPR data services as an indispensable tool for modern infrastructure management.

Technological advancements in GPR systems and data analytics represent another significant driver for market growth. Modern GPR equipment now offers higher resolution imaging, deeper penetration, and advanced data processing algorithms, enabling more precise and actionable insights for road assessment. The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning into GPR data interpretation has further enhanced the efficiency and accuracy of subsurface evaluations. These innovations have not only improved the quality of road inspections but have also reduced the time and labor required for data collection and analysis, making GPR data services more accessible and cost-effective for a broader range of end-users.

Governmental initiatives and regulatory mandates aimed at improving road safety and infrastructure resilience are also fueling the growth of the GPR Data Services for Roads market. Many countries are implementing stringent standards for road construction and maintenance, requiring thorough subsurface evaluations to identify potential hazards and structural weaknesses. This regulatory environment has spurred increased investment in GPR technologies and services, particularly among government agencies, transportation departments, and engineering firms. Additionally, the growing emphasis on sustainable infrastructure development has encouraged the adoption of GPR data services for optimizing resource utilization and minimizing environmental impact during roadworks.

Regionally, North America and Europe are leading the adoption of GPR data services for roads, driven by extensive infrastructure networks, high safety standards, and significant public and private investments in transportation projects. Asia Pacific is rapidly emerging as a lucrative market, fueled by massive infrastructure development initiatives in countries like China, India, and Japan. The Middle East & Africa and Latin America are also witnessing growing interest in GPR technologies, supported by increasing urbanization and government-led infrastructure modernization programs. Each region presents unique opportunities and challenges, shaping the competitive landscape and growth prospects of the global market.

Service Type

This data set includes a 3D modeled ground-penetrating radar (GPR) reflection data set as well as the underlying realistic sedimentary model.

We provide a 3D porosity model showing heterogeneities down to the sub-facies scale. We have inferred this model from the publicly available 3D Herten hydrofacies model ('Realization 1' in Supplementary Material of Comunian et al., 2011; see related links down below) and the associated porosity values and ranges (Bayer et al., 2011; see related links down below). Details on the generation of our porosity model are found in the associated article. We deliver our unprocessed 3D GPR reflection data set modeled using gprMax (Warren et al., 2016; see related links down below) across the entire model surface assuming fresh-water saturated sediments. Details on the transformation of the porosity model into electrical parameter fields used as input for GPR modeling as well as information on the GPR modeling procedure are found in the associated article.

Additionally, we provide basic code to read and visualize the provided data in MATLAB and python. The Readme-file comprises detailed descriptions of the data files and formats and step-by-step instructions on code usage and ParaView visualization.

Historic African-American Salem Cemetery College Station, TX Identification of Unmarked Graves Using Ground-Penetrating Radar

The Antarctic megadune research was conducted during two field seasons, one in November 2002 and the other in December 2003 through January 2004. The megadune field site is located on the East Antarctic Plateau, southeast of Vostok station. The objectives of this multi-facetted research are to determine the physical characteristics of the firn across the dunes including typical climate indicators such as stable isotopes and major chemical species and to install instruments to measure the time variation of near-surface wind and temperature with depth, to test and refine hypotheses for megadune formation. It is important to improve our current understanding of the megadunes because of their extreme nature, their broad extent, and their potential impact on the climate record. Megadunes are a manifestation of an extreme terrestrial climate and may provide insight on past terrestrial climate or on processes active on other planets.

Snow megadunes are undulating variations in accumulation and surface texture with wavelengths of 2 to 5 km and amplitudes up to 5 meters. The features cover 500,000 km² of the East Antarctic plateau, occurring in areas of moderate regional slope and low accumulation on the flanks of the ice sheet between 2500 and 3800 meters elevation. Landsat images and aerial photography indicate the dunes consist of alternating surfaces of glaze and rough sastrugi, with gradational boundaries. This pattern is oriented perpendicular to the mean wind direction, as modeled in katabatic wind studies. Glaze surfaces cover the leeward faces and troughs; rough sastrugi cover the windward faces and crests. The megadune pattern is crossed by smooth to eroded wind-parallel longitudinal dunes. Wind-eroded longitudinal dunes form spectacular 1-meter-high sastrugi in nearby areas.

This data set contains ground penetrating radar (GPR) data showing surface morphology and internal layering structure along with global positioning system (GPS) data collected within an area of 60 km². GPS data are provided in space-delimited ASCII text Microsoft Excel formats, while GPR data are in JPEG format. Data are available via FTP.

Each .zip archive contains a collection of .dat files obtained via a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR).The numerical values in each file are obtained by defining sampling points with a grid of equally spaced lines (50 mm distance between each other) on each coordinate axis.Archive names follow the convention "GPR_ DATE.zip" where DATE can be either 30-08-2017 or 31-08-2017 while .mat file names follow the convention "GPR_X#_Y#.dat" where X# spans from X0 to X13 and Y# from Y0 to Y22.

This record contains processed and topographically corrected Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) data (.segy, .bmps) and summary shapefile collected on fieldwork at Old Bar Beach, NSW for the Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC Project, Resilience to Clustered Disaster Events on the Coast - Storm Surge. The data was collected from 3 - 5 March 2015 using a MALA ProEx GPR system with a 250 MHz shielded antennae. The aim of the field work was to identify and define a minimum thickness for the beach and dune systems, and where possible depth to any identifiable competent substrate (e.g. bedrock) or pre-Holocene surface which may influence the erosion potential of incident wave energy. Surface elevation data was co-acquired and used to topographically correct the GPR profiles. This dataset is published with the permission of the CEO, Geoscience Australia.

Scientists from the United States Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, and students from the University of Hawaii at Manoa collected sediment cores, sediment surface grab samples, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) data from within the Edwin B. Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge-Holgate Unit located on the southern end of Long Beach Island, New Jersey, in April 2015 (FAN 2015-611-FA). The study's objective was to identify washover deposits in the stratigraphic record to aid in understanding barrier island evolution. This report is an archive of GPR and DGPS data collected from Long Beach Island in 2015. Data products, including raw GPR and processed DGPS data, elevation corrected GPR profiles, and accompanying Federal Geographic Data Committee metadata can be downloaded from the Data Downloads page.

The overall project assessed the linkages and controls of a subarctic glacier-permafrost hydrological system from a watershed-scale perspective using field measurements, remote sensing and numerical modeling. Jarvis Creek (634 km 2 ), which feeds the Delta and Tanana River in Interior Alaska, was studied as a proxy of the observed mountain glacier melting and permafrost degradation that has been documented across the Arctic region in recent decades. The specific objectives were to assess the hydrologic fluxes (including streamflow source components), stores, pathways and the role of glacier wastage on watershed hydrology, through hydrologic and geochemical field measurements as well as numerical and statistical modeling quantify the effect of glaciers and permafrost on recent historical (1960-present) hydrologic fluxes and storage by combining remote sensing, field measurements of glacier mass balance, and hydrology with a heat- and mass transfer model project the future hydrologic regime using custom-derived downscaled climate projections The purpose of this Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) data set was to quantify winter snow accumulation hydrological contributions separately from the glacierized and non-glacierized regions of Jarvis Watershed estimate total glacier ice volume of Jarvis Glacier and, based on yearly mass balance calculations, estimate total future glacier contribution changes from Jarvis Glacier to hydrological discharge The 2016 data set contains GSSI 900 MHz helicopter-borne GPR over Jarvis Watershed and Jarvis Glacier (labeled "PROJECT007_###") and GSSI 400 MHz ground-collected GPR over Jarvis Glacier (labeled "PROJECT006_###").