Throughout the 1920s, prices on the U.S. stock exchange rose exponentially, however, by the end of the decade, uncontrolled growth and a stock market propped up by speculation and borrowed money proved unsustainable, resulting in the Wall Street Crash of October 1929. This set a chain of events in motion that led to economic collapse - banks demanded repayment of debts, the property market crashed, and people stopped spending as unemployment rose. Within a year the country was in the midst of an economic depression, and the economy continued on a downward trend until late-1932.

It was during this time where Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) was elected president, and he assumed office in March 1933 - through a series of economic reforms and New Deal policies, the economy began to recover. Stock prices fluctuated at more sustainable levels over the next decades, and developments were in line with overall economic development, rather than the uncontrolled growth seen in the 1920s. Overall, it took over 25 years for the Dow Jones value to reach its pre-Crash peak.

Over the course of their first terms in office, no U.S. president in the past 100 years saw as much of a decline in stock prices as Herbert Hoover, and none saw as much of an increase as Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) - these were the two presidents in office during the Great Depression. While Hoover is not generally considered to have caused the Wall Street Crash in 1929, less than a year into his term in office, he is viewed as having contributed to its fall, and exacerbating the economic collapse that followed. In contrast, Roosevelt is viewed as overseeing the economic recovery and restoring faith in the stock market played an important role in this.

By the end of Hoover's time in office, stock prices were 82 percent lower than when he entered the White House, whereas prices had risen by 237 percent by the end of Roosevelt's first term. While this is the largest price gain of any president within just one term, it is important to note that stock prices were valued at 317 on the Dow Jones index when Hoover took office, but just 51 when FDR took office four years later - stock prices had peaked in August 1929 at 380 on the Dow Jones index, but the highest they ever reached under FDR was 187, and it was not until late 1954 that they reached pre-Crash levels once more.

Historical dataset of the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) stock market index for the last 100 years. Historical data is inflation-adjusted using the headline CPI and each data point represents the month-end closing value. The current month is updated on an hourly basis with today's latest value.

The Long Depression was, by a large margin, the longest-lasting recession in U.S. history. It began in the U.S. with the Panic of 1873, and lasted for over five years. This depression was the largest in a series of recessions at the turn of the 20th century, which proved to be a period of overall stagnation as the U.S. financial markets failed to keep pace with industrialization and changes in monetary policy. Great Depression The Great Depression, however, is widely considered to have been the most severe recession in U.S. history. Following the Wall Street Crash in 1929, the country's economy collapsed, wages fell and a quarter of the workforce was unemployed. It would take almost four years for recovery to begin. Additionally, U.S. expansion and integration in international markets allowed the depression to become a global event, which became a major catalyst in the build up to the Second World War. Decreasing severity When comparing recessions before and after the Great Depression, they have generally become shorter and less frequent over time. Only three recessions in the latter period have lasted more than one year. Additionally, while there were 12 recessions between 1880 and 1920, there were only six recessions between 1980 and 2020. The most severe recession in recent years was the financial crisis of 2007 (known as the Great Recession), where irresponsible lending policies and lack of government regulation allowed for a property bubble to develop and become detached from the economy over time, this eventually became untenable and the bubble burst. Although the causes of both the Great Depression and Great Recession were similar in many aspects, economists have been able to use historical evidence to try and predict, prevent, or limit the impact of future recessions.

Graph and download economic data for NBER based Recession Indicators for the United States from the Peak through the Trough (USRECDM) from 1854-12-01 to 2025-03-25 about peak, trough, recession indicators, and USA.

On October 29, 1929, the U.S. experienced the most devastating stock market crash in it's history. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 set in motion the Great Depression, which lasted for twelve years and affected virtually all industrialized countries. In the United States, GDP fell to it's lowest recorded level of just 57 billion U.S dollars in 1933, before rising again shortly before the Second World War. After the war, GDP fluctuated, but it increased gradually until the Great Recession in 2008. Real GDP Real GDP allows us to compare GDP over time, by adjusting all figures for inflation. In this case, all numbers have been adjusted to the value of the US dollar in FY2012. While GDP rose every year between 1946 and 2008, when this is adjusted for inflation it can see that the real GDP dropped at least once in every decade except the 1960s and 2010s. The Great Recession Apart from the Great Depression, and immediately after WWII, there have been two times where both GDP and real GDP dropped together. The first was during the Great Recession, which lasted from December 2007 until June 2009 in the US, although its impact was felt for years after this. After the collapse of the financial sector in the US, the government famously bailed out some of the country's largest banking and lending institutions. Since recovery began in late 2009, US GDP has grown year-on-year, and reached 21.4 trillion dollars in 2019. The coronavirus pandemic and the associated lockdowns then saw GDP fall again, for the first time in a decade. As economic recovery from the pandemic has been compounded by supply chain issues, inflation, and rising global geopolitical instability, it remains to be seen what the future holds for the U.S. economy.

Graph and download economic data for OECD based Recession Indicators for Ireland from the Period following the Peak through the Trough (DISCONTINUED) (IRLREC) from Feb 1960 to Aug 2022 about Ireland, peak, trough, and recession indicators.

The base flow recession time constant (tau) is a hydrologic index that characterizes the ability of a ground-water system to supply flow to a stream draining from that system. Tau and other correlated hydrologic indices have been used as explanatory variables to greatly improve the predictive power of low-flow regression equations. Tau can also be used as an indicator of streamflow dependence on groundwater inflow to the channel. Tau values were calculated for 10 streamgages in the Niobrara National Scenic River study area. The calculated tau values were then used to create a kriged map. Kriging is a geostatistical method that can be used to determine optimal weights for measurements at sampled locations (streamgages) for the estimation of values at unsampled locations (ungaged sites). The kriged tau map could be used (1) as the basis for identifying areas with different hydrologic responsiveness, with differing potential to demonstrate the effects of management changes and (2) in the development of regional low-flow regression equations. The Geostatistical Analyst tools in ArcGIS Pro version 2.5.2 (Environmental Systems Research Institute, 2012) were used to create the kriged tau map and perform cross validation to determine the root mean square error (RMSE) of the tau map.

The Covid-19 pandemic saw growth fall by 2.2 percent, compared with an increase of 2.5 percent the year before. The last time the real GDP growth rates fell by a similar level was during the Great Recession in 2009, and the only other time since the Second World War where real GDP fell by more than one percent was in the early 1980s recession. The given records began following the Wall Street Crash in 1929, and GDP growth fluctuated greatly between the Great Depression and the 1950s, before growth became more consistent.

OECD based Recession Indicators for the United States from the Peak through the Trough was 0.00000 +1 or 0 in September of 2022, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, OECD based Recession Indicators for the United States from the Peak through the Trough reached a record high of 1.00000 in March of 1947 and a record low of 0.00000 in November of 1949. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for OECD based Recession Indicators for the United States from the Peak through the Trough - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on May of 2025.

Content

This dataset contains a geological map of the Afar Depression (1:1’000’000), including all the associated data.

This dataset includes:

The map in JPEG, PDF, and GeoTIFF format

The shapefiles of the map

One document listing all sources used for the compilation of this map (Source_Material_Afar Depression.pdf)

One document describing the uncertainty of the map (Reliability_geol_map.pdf)

One dating database compiling published datings from the literature in .txt and shapefile formats. This database has been reviewed and mistakes in coordinates were corrected (see comments column). The precision of the position is also evaluated (1 = poor - possibly up to more than 10km uncertainty; 2 = average - no precise GPS measurement of the coordinates but good localisation on map or description of the outcrop; 3 = very good - most of the time GPS measurement or very precise descriptions/map).

This database is an additional complement to the paper ‘Rime, V., Foubert, A., Ruch, J. & Kidane, T. (in prep.), Tectonostratigraphic evolution and significance of the Afar Depression’.

References

The map was developed by compiling a large number of published maps, descriptions, datings and other studies, complemented by fieldwork and remote sensing. All sources and references are mentioned in the Source_Material_Afar_Depression. Material and methods of mapping have been described in detail within the paper.

Citation

When using the data, please cite the data as ‘Rime, V., Foubert, A., Atnafu, B. & Kidane, T. (2022) Geological map of the Afar Depression. Zenodo’ and refer to the accompanying paper as ‘Rime, V., Foubert, A., Ruch, J. & Kidane, T. (in prep.) Tectonostratigraphic evolution and significance of the Afar Depression’

The map and additional data are given without any guarantee of correctness. Any use of these are under the user’s full responsibility. The authors decline any responsibility.

Acknowledgements

This study was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF project SERENA – SEdimentary REcord of the Northern Afar 200021_163114). We are grateful to the University of Fribourg (Switzerland), the University of Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), the Ethiopian Ministry of Mines and Energy, the Ethiopian Geological Survey, Circum Minerals, former Allana Potash and Yara Dallol for their support. We particularly acknowledge Samuel Getachew that helped us to access some of the geological maps. We thank David Jaramillo-Vogel, Jean-Charles Schaegis, Haileyesus Negga, Addis Endeshaw, Ermias Gebru, Eva de Boever, Juan-Carlos Braga, Pia Wyler, Xenia Haberditz, the Ethioder team as well as the regional and local administration of the Afar for their help and support during fieldwork.

OECD based Recession Indicators for the United States from the Period following the Peak through the Trough was 0.00000 +1 or 0 in September of 2022, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, OECD based Recession Indicators for the United States from the Period following the Peak through the Trough reached a record high of 1.00000 in March of 1947 and a record low of 0.00000 in November of 1949. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for OECD based Recession Indicators for the United States from the Period following the Peak through the Trough - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on May of 2025.

This is a source dataset for a Let's Get Healthy California indicator at "https://letsgethealthy.ca.gov/." This table displays the proportion of adults who were ever told they had a depressive disorder in California. It contains data for California only. The data are from the California Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS). The California BRFSS is an annual cross-sectional health-related telephone survey that collects data about California residents regarding their health-related risk behaviors, chronic health conditions, and use of preventive services. The BRFSS is conducted by Public Health Survey Research Program of California State University, Sacramento under contract from CDPH. This indicator is based on the question: "“Has a doctor, nurse or other health professional EVER told you that you have a depressive disorder (including depression, major depression, dysthymia, or minor depression)?” NOTE: Denominator data and weighting was taken from the California Department of Finance, not U.S. Census. Values may therefore differ from what has been published in the national BRFSS data tables by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) or other federal agencies.

Group of Seven (G7) - OECD based Recession Indicators for Major Seven Countries from the Peak through the Trough was 0.00000 +1 or 0 in August of 2021, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, Group of Seven (G7) - OECD based Recession Indicators for Major Seven Countries from the Peak through the Trough reached a record high of 1.00000 in March of 1960 and a record low of 0.00000 in February of 1961. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Group of Seven (G7) - OECD based Recession Indicators for Major Seven Countries from the Peak through the Trough - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on April of 2025.

Between the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the end of the Great Depression in the late 1930s, the Soviet Union saw the largest growth in its gross domestic product, growing by more than 70 percent between 1929 and 1937/8. The Great Depression began in 1929 in the United States, following the stock market crash in late October. The inter-connectedness of the global economy, particularly between North America and Europe, then came to the fore as the collapse of the U.S. economy exposed the instabilities of other industrialized countries. In contrast, the economic isolation of the Soviet Union and its detachment from the capitalist system meant that it was relatively shielded from these events. 1929-1932 The Soviet Union was one of just three countries listed that experienced GDP growth during the first three years of the Great Depression, with Bulgaria and Denmark being the other two. Bulgaria experienced the largest GDP growth over these three years, increasing by 27 percent, although it was also the only country to experience a decline in growth over the second period. The majority of other European countries saw their GDP growth fall in the depression's early years. However, none experienced the same level of decline as the United States, which dropped by 28 percent. 1932-1938 In the remaining years before the Second World War, all of the listed countries saw their GDP grow significantly, particularly Germany, the Soviet Union, and the United States. Coincidentally, these were the three most powerful nations during the Second World War. This recovery was primarily driven by industrialization, and, again, the U.S., USSR, and Germany all experienced the highest level of industrial growth between 1932 and 1938.

OECD based Recession Indicators for the Slovak Republic from the Peak through the Period preceding the Trough was 0.00000 +1 or 0 in October of 2021, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, OECD based Recession Indicators for the Slovak Republic from the Peak through the Period preceding the Trough reached a record high of 1.00000 in March of 1993 and a record low of 0.00000 in September of 1993. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for OECD based Recession Indicators for the Slovak Republic from the Peak through the Period preceding the Trough - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on April of 2025.

Graph and download economic data for Sahm Rule Recession Indicator (SAHMCURRENT) from Mar 1949 to May 2025 about recession indicators, academic data, and USA.

This data package includes the underlying data and files to replicate the calculations, charts, and tables presented in Supply-Side Policies in the Depression: Evidence from France, PIIE Working Paper 17-4. If you use the data, please cite as: Cohen-Setton, Jérémie, Joshua K. Hausman, and Johannes F. Wieland. (2017). Supply-Side Policies in the Depression: Evidence from France. PIIE Working Paper 17-4. Peterson Institute for International Economics.

United States - OECD based Recession Indicators for OECD Europe from the Peak through the Trough was 0.00000 +1 or 0 in August of 2022, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - OECD based Recession Indicators for OECD Europe from the Peak through the Trough reached a record high of 1.00000 in May of 1962 and a record low of 0.00000 in March of 1960. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - OECD based Recession Indicators for OECD Europe from the Peak through the Trough - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on May of 2025.

The Great Depression of the early twentieth century is widely considered the most devastating economic downturn that the developed world has ever seen. Industrial output was severely affected across Europe, and in Germany alone, it fell to just 58 percent of its pre-Depression level by 1932. Other Central European countries, such as Austria and Czechoslovakia, also saw their output fall to just sixty percent of their pre-Depression levels, while output in Western and Northern Europe declined by much less. By 1937/8, almost a decade after the Wall Street Crash, most of these countries saw their industrial output increase above its pre-Depression level. Germany saw its output increase to 132 percent of its 1928 output, as it emerged as Europe's strongest economy shortly before the beginning of the Second World War.