In 2023, the population of the Birmingham-Hoover metropolitan area in the United States was about 1.18 million people. This is consistent with the previous year, when the population was also about 1.18 million people.

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London was by far the largest urban agglomeration in the United Kingdom in 2025, with an estimated population of *** million people, more than three times as large as Manchester, the UK’s second-biggest urban agglomeration. The agglomerations of Birmingham and Leeds / Bradford had the third and fourth-largest populations, respectively, while the biggest city in Scotland, Glasgow, was the fifth largest. Largest cities in Europe Two cities in Europe had larger urban areas than London, with Istanbul having a population of around **** million and the Russian capital Moscow having a population of over **** million. The city of Paris, located just over 200 miles away from London, was the second-largest city in Europe, with a population of more than **** million people. Paris was followed by London in terms of population size, and then by the Spanish cities of Madrid and Barcelona, at *** million and *** million people, respectively. The Italian capital, Rome, was the next largest city at *** million, followed by Berlin at *** million. London’s population growth Throughout the 1980s, the population of London fluctuated from a high of **** million people in 1981 to a low of **** million inhabitants in 1988. During the 1990s, the population of London increased once again, growing from ****million at the start of the decade to **** million by 1999. London's population has continued to grow since the turn of the century, and despite declining between 2019 and 2021, it reached *** million people in 2023 and is forecast to reach almost *** million by 2047.

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Cambridge was the fastest growing city in the United Kingdom between 2013 and 2023, with its population increasing by 17.3 percent. Exeter, Milton Keynes, and Peterborough also grew quite fast, with their populations increasing by 15.2 percent, 14.9 percent, and 14 percent, respectively. Largest UK urban areas When looking at cities defined by their urban agglomerations, as of 2023, London had approximately 9.65 million people living there, far larger than any other city in the United Kingdom. The urban agglomeration around the city of Birmingham had a population of approximately 2.67 million, while the urban areas around Manchester and Leeds had populations of 2.79 and 1.92 million respectively. London not only dominated other UK cities in terms of its population, but in its importance to the UK economy. In 2023, the gross domestic product of Greater London was approximately 569 billion British pounds, compared with 101 billion for Greater Manchester, and 85 billion in the West Midlands Metropolitan Area centered around Birmingham. UK population growth In 2023, the overall population of the United Kingdom was estimated to have reached approximately 68.3 million, compared with around 58.9 million in 2000. Since 1970, 2023 was also the year with the highest population growth rate, growing by 0.98 percent, and was at its lowest in 1982 when it shrank by 0.12 percent. Although the UK's birth rate has declined considerably in recent years, immigration to the UK has been high enough to drive population growth in the UK, which has had a positive net migration rate since 1994.

Crude rate per 100,000 population: the number of fast food outlets is divided by the population of the area and multiplied by 100,000.

Rationale

The environment in which we live and work has positive and negative effects on our health and wellbeing. One component of the built-up environment is food outlets and the choices they provide. Meals eaten outside of the home tend to be associated with higher calories, and portion sizes tend to be bigger, which can make it more challenging to eat healthily [1,2]. The neighbourhood food environment is one important modifiable determinant of dietary behaviour and obesity [3].

The availability of fast food in our environment is one issue, within a complex system [4], which is associated with a range of negative health outcomes and contributes to the obesogenic nature of some of our neighbourhoods. Fast food is more abundantly available in the most deprived areas of England where obesity in children and adults and the associated health conditions, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease are most prevalent [5,6].

This indicator is designed to help users understand the number of fast food outlets in an area taking the size of the population into account. It is intended to support national policy making and influence planning activities in local authorities [7] with the aim of reducing the availability of fast food, where this is deemed desirable, in order to improve health outcomes.

References

Sugar reduction programme: industry progress 2015 to 2020 - GOV.UK
Calorie reduction programme: industry progress 2017 to 2021 - GOV.UK
Dietary inequalities: What is the evidence for the effect of the neighbourhood food environment?
A foresight whole systems obesity classification for the English UK biobank cohort
The Association between Fast Food Outlets and Overweight in Adolescents Is Confounded by Neighbourhood Deprivation
The association between the presence of fast-food outlets and BMI
No new fast-food outlets allowed! Evaluating the effect of planning policy on the local food environment in the North East of England

Definition of numerator The numerator is a count, at a specific point in time, of fast food outlets in each geographic area. The inclusion criteria for counting fast food outlets is described in the methodology section below.

Definition of denominator Count of the population in each geographic area from Office for National Statistics (ONS) mid-year population estimates 2023.

Caveats

The Impact of Food Delivery Services In recent years there has been a large growth of food delivery services and meal delivery apps (MDAs). These companies allow customers to order food via mobile apps or websites for delivery to a chosen address. The availability of fast food through MDAs expands the geographic coverage of fast food outlets, increasing the likelihood that customers will order from outlets in neighbouring local authority areas, especially in urban settings. These apps extend the reach of fast food outlets beyond the immediate resident or visiting population.

Cross Local Authority Movements Some individuals may travel to neighbouring local authorities to access fast food outlets. Therefore, data showing fast food outlets within a specific area may underestimate actual exposure for the resident population. Users should consider data from neighbouring areas to gain a more comprehensive understanding of fast food exposure.

The Impact of Non-Resident Populations Movements for work, shopping, entertainment, or tourism also affect exposure. Local authorities with high numbers of fast food outlets per 100,000 residents may have large non-resident populations who are not included in the population denominator but are still exposed to these outlets.

Data Source and Methods The data may not fully capture all fast food outlets. Many businesses are multi-functional—offering dine-in, takeaway, and delivery—and may be categorized as restaurants or cafés, thus excluded from fast food counts. Inclusion based on business names helps mitigate this, but some outlets may still be missed. Conversely, some outlets categorized as ‘Takeaway/sandwich shop’ may not be considered fast food.

Data from the FSA FHRS is presumed accurate, but errors in collection, collation, and entry are possible. Categorization may vary between local authorities. For example, an outlet selling sandwiches and tea might be recorded as a Restaurant/Café/Canteen in one area and as a Takeaway/sandwich shop in another.

Different data sources use varying definitions and categorizations, so numbers may differ across datasets. The data here counts businesses identified as fast food outlets, not direct access for individuals, which is influenced by factors like opening hours, pricing, parking, and delivery options. It reflects premises use rather than individual access.

The population of the United Kingdom in 2023 was estimated to be approximately 68.3 million in 2023, with almost 9.48 million people living in South East England. London had the next highest population, at over 8.9 million people, followed by the North West England at 7.6 million. With the UK's population generally concentrated in England, most English regions have larger populations than the constituent countries of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, which had populations of 5.5 million, 3.16 million, and 1.92 million respectively. English counties and cities The United Kingdom is a patchwork of various regional units, within England the largest of these are the regions shown here, which show how London, along with the rest of South East England had around 18 million people living there in this year. The next significant regional units in England are the 47 metropolitan and ceremonial counties. After London, the metropolitan counties of the West Midlands, Greater Manchester, and West Yorkshire were the biggest of these counties, due to covering the large urban areas of Birmingham, Manchester, and Leeds respectively. Regional divisions in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland The smaller countries that comprise the United Kingdom each have different local subdivisions. Within Scotland these are called council areas whereas in Wales the main regional units are called unitary authorities. Scotland's largest Council Area by population is that of Glasgow City at over 622,000, while in Wales, it was the Cardiff Unitary Authority at around 372,000. Northern Ireland, on the other hand, has eleven local government districts, the largest of which is Belfast with a population of around 348,000.

In 2023, almost nine million people lived in Greater London, making it the most populated ceremonial county in England. The West Midlands Metropolitan County, which contains the large city of Birmingham, was the second-largest county at 2.98 million inhabitants, followed by Greater Manchester and then West Yorkshire with populations of 2.95 million and 2.4 million, respectively. Kent, Essex, and Hampshire were the three next-largest counties in terms of population, each with around 1.89 million people. A patchwork of regions England is just one of the four countries that compose the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, with England, Scotland and Wales making up Great Britain. England is therefore not to be confused with Great Britain or the United Kingdom as a whole. Within England, the next subdivisions are the nine regions of England, containing various smaller units such as unitary authorities, metropolitan counties and non-metropolitan districts. The counties in this statistic, however, are based on the ceremonial counties of England as defined by the Lieutenancies Act of 1997. Regions of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland Like England, the other countries of the United Kingdom have their own regional subdivisions, although with some different terminology. Scotland’s subdivisions are council areas, while Wales has unitary authorities, and Northern Ireland has local government districts. As of 2022, the most-populated Scottish council area was Glasgow City, with over 622,000 inhabitants. In Wales, Cardiff had the largest population among its unitary authorities, and in Northern Ireland, Belfast was the local government area with the most people living there.

In 2020, the population of the United Kingdom was estimated to have grown by approximately 0.4 percent, with the population growing fastest in the South West and East Midlands, which reported growth rates of 0.6 percent in this year. By contrast, growth in Northern Ireland and Scotland was below the UK average, at just 0.1 percent and zero percent, respectively. Four countries of the UK Within the UK, South East England had the highest population of the regions that comprise the United Kingdom, at more than 9.37 million people. In terms of the four countries of the UK, England had by far the highest population at over 57.7 million people, compared with Scotland (5.5 million) Wales (3.13 million) and Northern Ireland (1.9 million people) which have comparatively smaller populations. Largest cities in the UK With 8.9 million people living there, London is one of the most heavily population regions of the UK, and by far the largest city. Other large cities in the UK include West Midlands urban area, centered around the city of Birmingham at 2.95 million people, along with Greater Manchester at 2.91 million, with these two cities generally considered as the main contenders for being the country's second-city.

The highest level of qualification is derived from the question asking people to indicate all qualifications held, or their nearest equivalent. This may include foreign qualifications where they were matched to the closest UK equivalent.The types of qualification included in each level are:Level 1 and entry level qualifications: 1 to 4 GCSEs grade A* to C , Any GCSEs at other grades, O levels or CSEs (any grades), 1 AS level, NVQ level 1, Foundation GNVQ, Basic or Essential SkillsLevel 2 qualifications: 5 or more GCSEs (A* to C or 9 to 4), O levels (passes), CSEs (grade 1), School Certification, 1 A level, 2 to 3 AS levels, VCEs, Intermediate or Higher Diploma, Welsh Baccalaureate Intermediate Diploma, NVQ level 2, Intermediate GNVQ, City and Guilds Craft, BTEC First or General Diploma, RSA DiplomaLevel 3 qualifications: 2 or more A levels or VCEs, 4 or more AS levels, Higher School Certificate, Progression or Advanced Diploma, Welsh Baccalaureate Advance Diploma, NVQ level 3; Advanced GNVQ, City and Guilds Advanced Craft, ONC, OND, BTEC National, RSA Advanced DiplomaLevel 4 qualifications or above: degree (BA, BSc), higher degree (MA, PhD, PGCE), NVQ level 4 to 5, HNC, HND, RSA Higher Diploma, BTEC Higher level, professional qualifications (for example, teaching, nursing, accountancy)Other qualifications: vocational or work-related qualifications, other qualifications achieved in England or Wales, qualifications achieved outside England or Wales (equivalent not stated or unknown)Quality information: There are quality considerations about higher education qualifications, including those at Level 4+, responses from older people and international migrants, and comparability with 2011 Census data.CoverageThis dataset is focused on the data for Birmingham at Ward level. Also available at LSOA, MSOA and Constituency levels.About the 2021 CensusThe Census takes place every 10 years and gives us a picture of all the people and households in England and Wales.Protecting personal dataThe ONS sometimes need to make changes to data if it is possible to identify individuals. This is known as statistical disclosure control. In Census 2021, they:

Swapped records (targeted record swapping), for example, if a household was likely to be identified in datasets because it has unusual characteristics, they swapped the record with a similar one from a nearby small area. Very unusual households could be swapped with one in a nearby local authority. Added small changes to some counts (cell key perturbation), for example, we might change a count of four to a three or a five. This might make small differences between tables depending on how the data are broken down when they applied perturbation.For more geographies, aggregations or topics see the link in the Reference below. Or, to create a custom dataset with multiple variables use the ONS Create a custom dataset tool.Population valueThe value column represents All usual residents aged 16 years and over.The percentage shown is the value as a percentage of All usual residents aged 16 years and over within the given geography.

In 2023, the population of the United Kingdom was around **** million, with approximately **** million women and **** million men. Since 1953, the male population of the UK has grown by around *** million, while the female population has increased by approximately *** million. Throughout this provided time period, the female population of the UK has consistently outnumbered the male population. UK population one of the largest in Europe As of 2022, the population of the United Kingdom was the largest it has ever been, and with growth expected to continue, the forecasted population of the United Kingdom is expected to reach over ** million by the 2030s. Despite the relatively small size of its territory, the UK has one of the largest populations among European countries, slightly larger than France but smaller than Russia and Germany. As of 2022, the population density of the UK was approximately *** people per square kilometer, with London by far the most densely populated area, and Scotland the most sparsely populated. Dominance of London As seen in the data regarding population density, the population of the United Kingdom is not evenly distributed across the country. Within England, London has a population of almost **** million, making it significantly bigger than the next largest cities of Birmingham and Manchester. As of 2022, Scotland's largest city, Glasgow had a population of around *** million, with the largest cities in Northern Ireland, and Wales being Belfast and Cardiff, which had populations of ******* and ******* respectively.

By 2047 the population of London is expected to reach 9.97 million people, an increase of almost 699,500 when compared with 2025. While there has been quite a steep rise in its population in recent years, London’s population growth was relatively stagnant throughout the 1980s and even decreased slightly towards the end of that decade. After peaking at 8.89 million in 2019, the population of London has fallen slightly, to 8.8 million by 2021. UK population forecast Like London, the population of the United Kingdom is forecast to continue to grow well into the middle of the century. By 2046, the population of the UK is estimated to be over 76.3 million people, an increase of over 20 million people when compared with the population figures for 1976. Additionally, the average age of the population is predicted to increase from 39.5 years in 2020 to 44.5 years by the mid-2040s, and continue to increase towards the end of the century. London looms large In the UK, London is by far the largest urban agglomeration in the country, dwarfing the UK's next largest cities of Birmingham, Manchester, and Leeds. London also has a dominant economic position in the UK, with the city accounting for around a quarter of the total GDP in the country. The UK capital also has a far higher GDP per head than the rest of the county, at over ****** pounds in 2023, compared with the UK average of ****** pounds.

Women’s Health Needs in Birmingham (2024)Women’s Health Needs in Birmingham (2024). The Gender-related Health Inequalities programme aims to influence and support local actions to reduce health inequalities affecting women, men and non-binary populations in Birmingham. Beneath these inequalities lie many interconnected factors such as social determinants, risk behaviours, and gender norms around health-seeking. There are also important intersectional factors, with certain subgroups of people being particularly disadvantaged – e.g. homeless people, sex workers or those in contact with the criminal justice system.The Women’s Health Needs in Birmingham (2024) report aims to highlight key health inequalities experienced by women in Birmingham. The research found that women's health in Birmingham faces a number of challenges spanning the need for greater prevention of premature mortality linked to lifestyle-related risk factors, specialist, intersectional approaches to mental health service provision, improvements in maternal care, and a multi-agency approach to reducing violence against women and girls. 17.7% more women under 75 died from cancer in Birmingham compared to England (OHID, 2022). Despite women in Birmingham experiencing high mortality rates from circulatory, respiratory, and cancer-related illnesses, screening for cancers such as breast and cervical cancer remains lower than national. Furthermore, cardiovascular disease (CVDs) disproportionately affects Birmingham's female population. The prevalence of obesity, especially among marginalized communities, exacerbates health inequalities, with socioeconomic status strongly linked to risk factors including low rates of physical activity and lower levels of health literacy.All the above highlight the growing need to develop a gender-based approach to reducing health inequalities in the city.For further details, please visit: https://www.birmingham.gov.uk/info/50342/public_health_reports/2946/gender_health_inequalities Viewing and downloadingThis dataset contains unstructured files such as documents, PDF's and images. To view and download the files click on the Table tab at the top and select the desired file in the File name column. You may use the filters to further refine your selection.

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Note

The Export and API will only download the table of contents.

Between 1500 and 1800, London grew to be the largest city in Western Europe, with its population growing almost 22 times larger in this period. London would eventually overtake Constantinople as Europe's largest in the 1700s, before becoming the largest city in the world (ahead of Beijing) in the early-1800s.

The most populous cities in this period were the capitals of European empires, with Paris, Amsterdam, and Vienna growing to become the largest cities, alongside the likes of Lisbon and Madrid in Iberia, and Naples or Venice in Italy. Many of northwestern Europe's largest cities in 1500 would eventually be overtaken by others not shown here, such as the port cities of Hamburg, Marseilles or Rotterdam, or more industrial cities such as Berlin, Birmingham, and Munich.

About this dataset

Context

The dataset presents the median household income across different racial categories in Birmingham. It portrays the median household income of the head of household across racial categories (excluding ethnicity) as identified by the Census Bureau. The dataset can be utilized to gain insights into economic disparities and trends and explore the variations in median houshold income for diverse racial categories.

Key observations

Based on our analysis of the distribution of Birmingham population by race & ethnicity, the population is predominantly White. This particular racial category constitutes the majority, accounting for 84.89% of the total residents in Birmingham. Notably, the median household income for White households is $158,173. Interestingly, despite the White population being the most populous, it is worth noting that Asian households actually reports the highest median household income, with a median income of $193,654. This reveals that, while Whites may be the most numerous in Birmingham, Asian households experience greater economic prosperity in terms of median household income.

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates.

Racial categories include:

• White
• Black or African American
• American Indian and Alaska Native
• Asian
• Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
• Some other race
• Two or more races (multiracial)

Variables / Data Columns

• Race of the head of household: This column presents the self-identified race of the household head, encompassing all relevant racial categories (excluding ethnicity) applicable in Birmingham.
• Median household income: Median household income, adjusting for inflation, presented in 2023-inflation-adjusted dollars

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Recommended for further research

This dataset is a part of the main dataset for Birmingham median household income by race. You can refer the same here