This data package includes the underlying data and files to replicate the calculations, charts, and tables presented in How to Solve the Greek Debt Problem, PIIE Policy Brief 18-10. If you use the data, please cite as: Zettelmeyer, Jeromin, Emilios Avgouleas, Barry Eichengreen, Miguel Poiares Maduro, Ugo Panizza, Richard Portes, Beatrice Weder di Mauro, and Charles Wyplosz. (2018). How to Solve the Greek Debt Problem. PIIE Policy Brief 18-10. Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Key information about Greece Government Debt: % of GDP

• Greece Government debt accounted for 158.3 % of the country's Nominal GDP in Sep 2024, compared with the ratio of 160.1 % in the previous quarter.
• Greece government debt to GDP ratio data is updated quarterly, available from Dec 1999 to Sep 2024.
• The data reached an all-time high of 207.4 % in Mar 2021 and a record low of 96.4 % in Sep 2003.

• In the latest reports, Greece National Government Debt reached 413.3 USD bn in Sep 2024.
• The country's Nominal GDP reached 57.9 USD bn in Mar 2023.

Greece recorded a Government Debt to GDP of 153.60 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product in 2024. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Greece Government Debt to GDP - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

These data and syntax files can be used to replicate the published Paper in the Journal of European Union Politics by Katsanidou and Otjes "How the European debt crisis reshaped national political space: the case of Greece". The data come from the following sources: 1. CSES (2015) CSES Module 4: 2011-2016. DOI: 10.7804/cses.module4.2015-03-20 2. Preference Matcher’ consortium (www.preferencematcher.org) Gemenis K. and Triga V., data set Voting Advice Application for the Greece Parliamentary Elections May 2012, file: Greece_clean_parl_may.csv

The Abstract of the article: Where Mair (2000) saw a limited impact of Europeanisation on national party politics, other authors (e.g. Kriesi et al. 2008) proposed that in addition to the pre-existing economic left-right dimension a separate EU dimension structures the national political space. This article looks at the Greek bail-out during the European sovereign debt crisis to examine how Europeanisation can change the national political space. The bail-out came with memoranda that set the main lines of Greek economic policy for the coming years. Accepting these policies was connected with remaining in the eurozone. This restructured the political space: the economic and European integration form one dimension. A second relevant dimension focuses on cultural issues. The economic/European dimension is a stronger predictor of vote choice than the cultural dimension.

The Date Set is part of a research project based on the quantitative content analysis of the public discourse of the Church of Greece during the Greek financial crisis (2015-2019). The Data Set is based on a list of 769 texts of various types derived from two main sources, the official website of the CoG (www.ecclesia.gr) and two newspapers, Kathimerini and EFSYN, chosen for their mass circulation as well as their different ideological and political orientations. The use of this collection focus exclusively on the identification of statements and announcements presented by representatives of the CoG and not on the journalistic discourse.

A coding protocol with forty-two variables was created and a pilot research was conducted (10% of the texts). The protocol was finalised after the completion of the pilot research.

To achieve the steady growth envisaged in this report, policy makers in developing Asia need to be vigilant of potential risks. Risks to Asia’s growth prospects could come from an unwieldy resolution of the Greek debt crisis, deepening recession in the Russian Federation, and possible capital outflows in response to the imminent rise in US interest rates. Falling oil prices have largely been a boon for the region’s outlook, supporting higher growth and low inflation. However, geopolitical tensions in the Middle East remain a real risk that could produce a sudden reversal of prices. Authorities need to be ready to deploy mitigating policy responses if any of these risks materialize. Asia has seen rapid credit growth in recent years as total domestic debt nearly doubled from $18 trillion in 2009 to $34 trillion in 2013, with private borrowing accounting for the bulk of new debt. Although debt remains at manageable levels, policy makers must carefully attend to credit growth to ensure the maintenance of sound financial systems that are efficient, well-regulated, and inclusive—and therefore able to help sustain regional growth momentum and stability, as well as foster greater equity.

The research aims to explore the outputs of the training systems, aiming specifically at the evaluation of the trainees' transition to employment and the “reading” of the dynamics exhibited by this interface. The target population was graduates of initial and continuing training during the period 2008-2009 and was investigated with mixed methodology. The problematic and the research hypotheses documented data such as: a) the economic and financial crisis in recent years affects Greece, with what bad stuff this entails for Greek workers, unemployed, young people and socially vulnerable groups, b) the admissible common view on the ineffectiveness of the role and training mission in Greece, c) the low degree of connection between vocational training and employment, d) the prospects and challenges that the Greek society will face in the European context and
e) international upheavals and pressures at European and international level adjustments of national education and training systems under the weight of neoliberal globalization. Through the research findings highlighted the constant request for improving the quality of vocational training systems in Greece, the low connection of vocational training systems to employment, the low degree of retention of employment, the general frustration of trainees from the obvious weakness and ineffectiveness system to give solid access to work and the low use of the knowledge obtained from training to work. Finally, it was noted that active employment promotion policies are required, which relate to the imperative challenge of structural reconstruction of the country's productive fabric.

In 2023, the mortality rate for women was at 33.63 per 1,000 female adults, while the mortality rate for men was at 78.17 per 1,000 male adults in Greece. According to the source, the adult mortality rate is the probability of dying between the ages of 15 and 60 - that is, the probability of a 15-year-old dying before reaching age 60, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of the specified year between those ages.

In this study, a rich data survey of 3,500 Greek SMEs is used at the peak of the sovereign debt economic crisis of the year 2012 in order to explore if and how ICT and innovation efforts of SMEs influence their growth performance in a time of crisis. In this study, the effects on firm growth of employee risk taking, firm size, and age are also analyzed. The moderating role of firm location in the relation between ICT/innovation efforts and SME growth is also examined in the context of the externalities that the knowledge spillovers may create for firms located in metropolitan areas.

The unemployment rate in fiscal year 2204 rose to 3.9 percent. The unemployment rate of the United States which has been steadily decreasing since the 2008 financial crisis, spiked to 8.1 percent in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The annual unemployment rate of the U.S. since 1990 can be found here. Falling unemployment The unemployment rate, or the part of the U.S. labor force that is without a job, fell again in 2022 after peaking at 8.1 percent in 2020 - a rate that has not been seen since the years following the 2008 financial crisis. The financial crash caused unemployment in the U.S. to soar from 4.6 percent in 2007 to 9.6 percent in 2010. Since 2010, the unemployment rate had been steadily falling, meaning that more and more people are finding work, whether that be through full-time employment or part-time employment. However, the affects of the COVID-19 pandemic created a spike in unemployment across the country. U.S. unemployment in comparison Compared to unemployment rates in the European Union, U.S. unemployment is relatively low. Greece was hit particularly hard by the 2008 financial crisis and faced a government debt crisis that sent the Greek economy into a tailspin. Due to this crisis, and the added impact of the pandemic, Greece still has the highest unemployment rate in the European Union.

Prior to 1829, the area of modern day Greece was largely under the control of the Ottoman Empire. In 1821, the Greeks declared their independence from the Ottomans, and achieved it within 8 years through the Greek War of Independence. The Independent Kingdom of Greece was established in 1829 and made up the southern half of present-day, mainland Greece, along with some Mediterranean islands. Over the next century, Greece's borders would expand and readjust drastically, through a number of conflicts and diplomatic agreements; therefore the population of Greece within those political borders** was much lower than the population in what would be today's borders. As there were large communities of ethnic Greeks living in neighboring countries during this time, particularly in Turkey, and the data presented here does not show the full extent of the First World War, Spanish Flu Pandemic and Greko-Turkish War on these Greek populations. While it is difficult to separate the fatalities from each of these events, it is estimated that between 500,000 and 900,000 ethnic Greeks died at the hands of the Ottomans between the years 1914 and 1923, and approximately 150,000 died due to the 1918 flu pandemic. These years also saw the exchange of up to one million Orthodox Christians from Turkey to Greece, and several hundred thousand Muslims from Greece to Turkey; this exchange is one reason why Greece's total population did not change drastically, despite the genocide, displacement and demographic upheaval of the 1910s and 1920s. Greece in WWII A new Hellenic Republic was established in 1924, which saw a decade of peace and modernization in Greece, however this was short lived. The Greek monarchy was reintroduced in 1935, and the prime minister, Ioannis Metaxas, headed a totalitarian government that remained in place until the Second World War. Metaxas tried to maintain Greek neutrality as the war began, however Italy's invasion of the Balkans made this impossible, and the Italian army tried invading Greece via Albania in 1940. The outnumbered and lesser-equipped Greek forces were able to hold off the Italian invasion and then push them backwards into Albania, marking the first Allied victory in the war. Following a series of Italian failures, Greece was eventually overrun when Hitler launched a German and Bulgarian invasion in April 1941, taking Athens within three weeks. Germany's involvement in Greece meant that Hitler's planned invasion of the Soviet Union was delayed, and Hitler cited this as the reason for it's failure (although most historians disagree with this). Over the course of the war approximately eight to eleven percent of the Greek population died due to fighting, extermination, starvation and disease; including over eighty percent of Greece's Jewish population in the Holocaust. Following the liberation of Greece in 1944, the country was then plunged into a civil war (the first major conflict of the Cold War), which lasted until 1949, and saw the British and American-supported government fight with Greek communists for control of the country. The government eventually defeated the Soviet-supported communist forces, and established American influence in the Aegean and Balkans throughout the Cold War. Post-war Greece From the 1950s until the 1970s, the Marshall Plan, industrialization and an emerging Tourism sector helped the Greek economy to boom, with one of the strongest growth rates in the world. Apart from the military coup, which ruled from 1967 to 1974, Greece remained relatively peaceful, prosperous and stable throughout the second half of the twentieth century. The population reached 11.2 million in the early 2000s, before going into decline for the past fifteen years. This decline came about due to a negative net migration rate and slowing birth rate, ultimately facilitated by the global financial crisis of 2007 and 2008; many Greeks left the country in search of work elsewhere, and the economic troubles have impacted the financial incentives that were previously available for families with many children. While the financial crisis was a global event, Greece was arguably the hardest-hit nation during the crisis, and suffered the longest recession of any advanced economy. The financial crisis has had a consequential impact on the Greek population, which has dropped by 800,000 in 15 years, and the average age has increased significantly, as thousands of young people migrate in search of employment.

With the collapse of the U.S. housing market and the subsequent financial crisis on Wall Street in 2007 and 2008, economies across the globe began to enter into deep recessions. What had started out as a crisis centered on the United States quickly became global in nature, as it became apparent that not only had the economies of other advanced countries (grouped together as the G7) become intimately tied to the U.S. financial system, but that many of them had experienced housing and asset price bubbles similar to that in the U.S.. The United Kingdom had experienced a huge inflation of housing prices since the 1990s, while Eurozone members (such as Germany, France and Italy) had financial sectors which had become involved in reckless lending to economies on the periphery of the EU, such as Greece, Ireland and Portugal. Other countries, such as Japan, were hit heavily due their export-led growth models which suffered from the decline in international trade. Unemployment during the Great Recession As business and consumer confidence crashed, credit markets froze, and international trade contracted, the unemployment rate in the most advanced economies shot up. While four to five percent is generally considered to be a healthy unemployment rate, nearing full employment in the economy (when any remaining unemployment is not related to a lack of consumer demand), many of these countries experienced rates at least double that, with unemployment in the United States peaking at almost 10 percent in 2010. In large countries, unemployment rates of this level meant millions or tens of millions of people being out of work, which led to political pressures to stimulate economies and create jobs. By 2012, many of these countries were seeing declining unemployment rates, however, in France and Italy rates of joblessness continued to increase as the Euro crisis took hold. These countries suffered from having a monetary policy which was too tight for their economies (due to the ECB controlling interest rates) and fiscal policy which was constrained by EU debt rules. Left with the option of deregulating their labor markets and pursuing austerity policies, their unemployment rates remained over 10 percent well into the 2010s. Differences in labor markets The differences in unemployment rates at the peak of the crisis (2009-2010) reflect not only the differences in how economies were affected by the downturn, but also the differing labor market institutions and programs in the various countries. Countries with more 'liberalized' labor markets, such as the United States and United Kingdom experienced sharp jumps in their unemployment rate due to the ease at which employers can lay off workers in these countries. When the crisis subsided in these countries, however, their unemployment rates quickly began to drop below those of the other countries, due to their more dynamic labor markets which make it easier to hire workers when the economy is doing well. On the other hand, countries with more 'coordinated' labor market institutions, such as Germany and Japan, experiences lower rates of unemployment during the crisis, as programs such as short-time work, job sharing, and wage restraint agreements were used to keep workers in their jobs. While these countries are less likely to experience spikes in unemployment during crises, the highly regulated nature of their labor markets mean that they are slower to add jobs during periods of economic prosperity.