Total domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D) as percentage of gross domestic product (GDP). This table is included in Section D: Postsecondary education: Research and development of the Pan Canadian Education Indicators Program (PCEIP). PCEIP draws from a wide variety of data sources to provide information on the school-age population, elementary, secondary and postsecondary education, transitions, education finance and labour market outcomes. The program presents indicators for all of Canada, the provinces, the territories, as well as selected international comparisons and comparisons over time. PCEIP is an ongoing initiative of the Canadian Education Statistics Council, a partnership between Statistics Canada and the Council of Ministers of Education, Canada that provides a set of statistical measures on education systems in Canada.

In 2022, Israel invested *** percent of the country's gross domestic product (GDP) into research and development, the highest worldwide. In South Korea, the expenditure on R&D reached over **** percent of its GDP.

RU: GERD Performed: Private Non-Profit Sector data was reported at 0.727 % in 2020. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.428 % for 2019. RU: GERD Performed: Private Non-Profit Sector data is updated yearly, averaging 0.179 % from Dec 1989 (Median) to 2020, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.727 % in 2020 and a record low of 0.009 % in 1994. RU: GERD Performed: Private Non-Profit Sector data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Russian Federation – Table RU.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.

In response to Russia's large-scale aggression against Ukraine, the OECD Council decided on 8 March 2022 to immediately suspend the participation of Russia and Belarus in OECD bodies. In view of this decision, the OECD suspended its solicitation of official statistics on R&D from Russian authorities, leading to the absence of more recent R&D statistics for this country in the OECD database. Previously collected and compiled indicators are still available.

The business enterprise sector includes all organisations and enterprises whose main activity is connected with the production of goods and services for sale, including those owned by the state, and private non-profit institutions serving the above-mentioned organisations. In practice however, R&D performed in this sector is carried out mostly by industrial research institutes other than enterprises. This particularity reflects the traditional organisation of Russian R&D.

Headcount data include full-time personnel only, and hence are underestimated, while data in full-time equivalents (FTE) are calculated on the basis of both full-time and part-time personnel. This explains why the FTE data are greater than the headcount data.

New budgetary procedures introduced in 2005 have resulted in items previously classified as GBARD being attributed to other headings and have affected the coverage and breakdown by socio-economic objective.

The gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) in France decreased by 0.03 percent of GDP in 2023 in comparison to the previous year. This marks the lowest gross domestic expenditure in this industry during the observed period. Find more key insights for the gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) in countries like the Netherlands and Slovenia.

The attached files include: A data set that describes Slovenia's Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D between 2007-2013 (the only time frame the data is currently available for). A R script to produce a plot which shows spending by sector (the sector that spent the money) and the field of science (broadly) they spent their funds on. The final plot.

The R script is heavily commented and includes links to the original data source, and descriptions of why things are done. It is very simple!

Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) in United States was reported at 3.5862 % in 2022, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. United States - Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on September of 2025.

RU: HERD Financed: Business Sector data was reported at 29.660 % in 2020. This records a decrease from the previous number of 32.186 % for 2019. RU: HERD Financed: Business Sector data is updated yearly, averaging 27.389 % from Dec 1994 (Median) to 2020, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 32.613 % in 2004 and a record low of 22.429 % in 2009. RU: HERD Financed: Business Sector data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Russian Federation – Table RU.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.

In response to Russia's large-scale aggression against Ukraine, the OECD Council decided on 8 March 2022 to immediately suspend the participation of Russia and Belarus in OECD bodies. In view of this decision, the OECD suspended its solicitation of official statistics on R&D from Russian authorities, leading to the absence of more recent R&D statistics for this country in the OECD database. Previously collected and compiled indicators are still available.

The business enterprise sector includes all organisations and enterprises whose main activity is connected with the production of goods and services for sale, including those owned by the state, and private non-profit institutions serving the above-mentioned organisations. In practice however, R&D performed in this sector is carried out mostly by industrial research institutes other than enterprises. This particularity reflects the traditional organisation of Russian R&D.

Headcount data include full-time personnel only, and hence are underestimated, while data in full-time equivalents (FTE) are calculated on the basis of both full-time and part-time personnel. This explains why the FTE data are greater than the headcount data.

New budgetary procedures introduced in 2005 have resulted in items previously classified as GBARD being attributed to other headings and have affected the coverage and breakdown by socio-economic objective.

The gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) in Poland increased and reached **** percent of GDP in 2023.

Series Name: Gross domestic expenditure on R & D: Funds from abroadPublication Year: 2018 The Statistical Yearbook provides in a single volume a comprehensive compilation of internationally available statistics on social and economic conditions and activities, at world, regional and national levels, for an appropriate historical period. It is prepared by the Statistics Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, of the United Nations Secretariat.Table: Gross domestic expenditure on research and development (R&D)Topic: Science and technologyFor more information on the compilation methodology of this dataset, see https://unstats.un.org/unsd/publications/statistical-yearbook/

Series Name: Gross domestic expenditure on R & D: Not distributedPublication Year: 2018 The Statistical Yearbook provides in a single volume a comprehensive compilation of internationally available statistics on social and economic conditions and activities, at world, regional and national levels, for an appropriate historical period. It is prepared by the Statistics Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, of the United Nations Secretariat.Table: Gross domestic expenditure on research and development (R&D)Topic: Science and technologyFor more information on the compilation methodology of this dataset, see https://unstats.un.org/unsd/publications/statistical-yearbook/

The average for 2021 based on 78 countries was 1.25 percent. The highest value was in Israel: 5.56 percent and the lowest value was in Iraq: 0.04 percent. The indicator is available from 1996 to 2022. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) in Canada was reported at 1.7013 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Canada - Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.

Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) in Israel was reported at 6.0192 % in 2022, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Israel - Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on September of 2025.

The gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) as a percentage of GDP in Hungary increased overall during the considered period. In 2022, this figure totaled 1.64 percent compared to 0.79 percent recorded in 2000.

This table contains data on R & D staff and R & D expenditure for own research and development activities. The figures are given for the following sectors: — companies — institutions — higher education institutions. The R & D is carried out with its own staff in the Netherlands. Outsourced R & D is not included in this table.

As of the reporting year 2011, the Dutch R & D figures have changed significantly compared to previous years. Important reasons to change the Dutch R & D figures are: — A new version of the Eurostat Regulation from reporting year 2011. — Changes in the CBS business register.

The following changes have been made: — Broadening the R & D definition. — Changes in the processing of the R & D research. — Adding R & D expenses from companies with fewer than 10 employees. — Reducing the total benefits of higher education institutions as a basis for R & D expenditure. As a result, a 26 percent increase in total expenditure on own R & D activities of all companies in 2011.

Between 2011 and 2012, the number of institutions with their own R & D activities increased sharply. This is due to the fact that in 2011, as in previous years, only a panel of large institutions was surveyed. As of 2012, institutions are observed via a stratified sample, which results in more institutions being surveyed. However, the institutions approached in 2011 are the biggest players in this area, making the increase in R & D staff and spending between 2011 and 2012 less significant.

The R & D intensity expresses expenditure on own R & D activities as a percentage of gross domestic product. The revision of the national accounts from ESA1995 to ESA2010 increases the level of gross domestic product. The result for the R & D intensity is a decrease in the level of about 0.15 percentage points.

Data available from 2011 to 2017.

Status of the figures: The data for 2011-2015 are final. The 2016 data are further provisional and the 2017 data are provisional. As this table has been discontinued, the data will no longer be finalised.

Changes as of 18 October 2019: None. This table has been discontinued.

When will there be new figures? No longer applicable.

Is there a successor? This table is followed by "Research and development; key figures by sector of implementation”. See paragraph 3.

Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) in China was reported at 2.5552 % in 2022, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. China - Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on August of 2025.

This table contains data on the staff and expenditure associated with Research and Development (R & D) activities carried out with own and/or borrowed staff.

The figures are given for the following sectors: — companies — institutions — higher education institutions.

The R & D activities are carried out within the company with its own staff and/or borrowed staff in the Netherlands. Outsourced R & D is not included in this table.

Data available from: 2013

Status of the figures: The data for 2013-2020 are final, the 2021 data are further provisional and the 2022 data are provisional.

The status of the figures in this table is related to the status of the gross domestic product figures. Until GDP is final, the R & D intensity can be adjusted.

Amendments as of 19 December 2023: Provisional figures for 2022 have been added.

When will there be new figures? The final figures for 2022 will be published in mid-2024.

The Egyptian gross domestic spending on research and development (GERD) amounted to **** billion U.S. dollars in 2022. This was slightly lower than the *** billion U.S. dollars spent the prior year. Egypt was the country with the largest absolute GERD on the African continent. In contrast, South Africa ranked first in terms of GERD as a share of GDP.

In 2022, Nigeria's gross domestic expenditure on research & development (GERD) accounted for **** percent of its GDP. The share kept stable compared to the previous year. In absolute terms, the country spent *** billion U.S. dollars on R&D in 2022.

This table contains figures related to the personnel and the expenditure related to in-house Research and Development (R & D) activities that are conducted with own or external personnel.

The figures are provided for the following sectors: — businesses — institutions — Institutes of Higher Education

The R & D activities are conducted in-house by own or external personnel in the Netherlands. Outsourced R & D is not included in this table.

Data available from: 2013

Status of the figures: The data concerning 2013-2020 are definitive, the data concerning 2021 are revised provisional and the data concerning 2022 are provisional.

The status of the figures in this table is related to the status of the figures on the gross domestic product (GDP). Until the GDP is definitive, the R & D intensity can be adjusted.

Changes as of 19 December 2023: The provisional figures about 2022 have been published.

When will new figures be published? Mid 2024 the definitive figures about 2022 will be published.