GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) in China was reported at 26920 USD in 2024, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. China - GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on September of 2025.

Germany DE: GNI: PPP data was reported at 5,904,228.878 Intl $ mn in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 5,769,539.308 Intl $ mn for 2022. Germany DE: GNI: PPP data is updated yearly, averaging 2,945,427.815 Intl $ mn from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2023, with 34 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5,904,228.878 Intl $ mn in 2023 and a record low of 1,561,696.756 Intl $ mn in 1990. Germany DE: GNI: PPP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.World Bank.WDI: Gross Domestic Product: Purchasing Power Parity. This indicator provides values for gross national income (GNI. Formerly GNP) expressed in current international dollars converted by purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factor. Gross national income is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. PPP conversion factor is a spatial price deflator and currency converter that eliminates the effects of the differences in price levels between countries. From July 2020, “GNI: linked series (current LCU)” [NY.GNP.MKTP.CN.AD] is used as underlying GNI in local currency unit so that it’s in line with time series of PPP conversion factors, which are extrapolated with linked deflators.;International Comparison Program, World Bank | World Development Indicators database, World Bank | Eurostat-OECD PPP Programme.;Gap-filled total;

GNI, PPP (current international $) in China was reported at 37923660945962 USD in 2024, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. China - GNI, PPP (current international $) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on September of 2025.

GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) in Indonesia was reported at 16010 USD in 2024, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Indonesia - GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on September of 2025.

GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) in Japan was reported at 55120 USD in 2024, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Japan - GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on September of 2025.

GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) in United Kingdom was reported at 60090 USD in 2024, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. United Kingdom - GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on September of 2025.

Russia Gross National Income per Capita: PPP data was reported at 43,512.692 USD in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 40,132.801 USD for 2022. Russia Gross National Income per Capita: PPP data is updated yearly, averaging 25,111.878 USD from Dec 2011 (Median) to 2023, with 13 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 43,512.692 USD in 2023 and a record low of 22,118.976 USD in 2011. Russia Gross National Income per Capita: PPP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal State Statistics Service. The data is categorized under Russia Premium Database’s National Accounts – Table RU.AA036: GDP: Purchasing Power Parity: Current Price.

This dataset provides a gridded subnational datasets for

• Income inequality (Gini coefficient) at admin 1 level
• Gross national income (GNI) per capita PPP at admin 1 level

The datasets are based on reported subnational admin data and spans three decades from 1990 to 2023

The datasets are presented in details in the following publication. Please cite this paper when using data.

Chrisendo D, Niva V, Hoffman R, Sayyar SM, Rocha J, Sandström V, Solt F, Kummu M. 2024. Income inequality has increased for over two-thirds of the global population. Preprint. doi: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5548291/v1

Code is available at following repositories:

• Gini coefficient data creation: https://github.com/mattikummu/subnatGini
• GNI per capita data creation: https://github.com/mattikummu/subnatGNI
• analyses for the article: https://github.com/mattikummu/gini_gni_analyses

The following data is given (formats in brackets)

Gini coefficient:

Please note, two distinct datasets for Gini cofficient are given. One based on SWIID national dataset, and another for WID national dataset. These are separated in file names as follows: _disp_ for SWIID (disposable income); _WID_ for WID.

• Income inequality (Gini coefficient) at admin 0 level (national) (GeoTIFF, gpkg, csv)
• Income inequality (Gini coefficient) at admin 1 level (subnational) (GeoTIFF, gpkg, csv)
• Slope for Gini coefficient at admin 1 level (GeoTIFF; slope is given also in gpk and csv files)
• Uncertainty (standard deviation for each year and admin area; uncertainty for slope) for Gini (based on SWIID) at admin 1 level (gpkg)
• Input data for the script that was used to generate the Gini coefficient (input_data_gini.zip)

Gross national income (GNI) pear capita PPP (in 2021 USD):

• Gross national income (GNI) per capita PPP at admin 0 level (national) (GeoTIFF, gpkg, csv)
• Gross national income (GNI) per capita PPP at admin 1 level (subnational) (GeoTIFF, gpkg, csv)
• Slope for GNI per capita (log10) at admin 1 level (GeoTIFF; slope is given also in gpk and csv files)
• Input data for the script that was used to generate the GNI per capita PPP (input_data_GNI.zip)

Files are named as follows
Format: raster data (GeoTIFF) starts with rast_*, polygon data (gpkg) with polyg_*, and tabulated with tabulated_*.
Admin levels: adm0 for admin 0 level, adm1 for admin 1 level
Product type:

• _gini_disp_ for gini coefficient based on SWIID national dataset (disposable income)
• _gini_WID_ for gini coefficient based on WID national dataset
• _uncertainty_slope_gini_disp_ for slope uncertainty of SWIID based Gini
• _uncertainty_SD_gini_disp_ for standard deviation of SWIID based Gini
• _gni_perCapita_ for GNI per capita PPP

Metadata

Grids

Resolution: 5 arc-min (0.083333333 degrees)

Spatial extent: Lon: -180, 180; -90, 90 (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)

Coordinate ref system: EPSG:4326 - WGS 84

Format: Multiband geotiff; one band for each year over 1990-2021

Unit: no unit for Gini coefficient and PPP USD in 2017 international dollars for GNI per capita

Geospatial polygon (gpkg) files:

Spatial extent: -180, 180; -90, 83.67 (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)

Temporal extent: annual over 1990-2021

Coordinate ref system: EPSG:4326 - WGS 84

Format: gkpk

Unit: no unit for Gini coefficient and PPP USD in 2017 international dollars for GNI per capita

Version 3 changes (24.07.2025)

• both datasets updated to cover 1990-2023 (previously 1990-2021)
• extrapolation method updated
• Gini data now produced also using WID national data as a base (previously only one based on SWIID was provided)
• uncertainty analysis done for Gini (SWIID)

GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) in Poland was reported at 48680 USD in 2024, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Poland - GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on September of 2025.

This indicator provides values for gross national income (GNI) expressed in current international dollars, converted by purchasing power parities (PPPs). PPPs account for the different price levels across countries and thus PPP-based comparisons of economic output are more appropriate for comparing the output of economies and the average material well-being of their inhabitants than exchange-rate based comparisons. Gross national income is the total income earned by all residents within an economic territory during an accounting period. It is equal to gross domestic product plus earned income receivable from abroad minus earned income payable abroad. This series has been linked to produce a consistent time series to counteract breaks in series over time due to changes in base years, source data and methodologies. Thus, it may not be comparable with other national accounts series in the database for historical years. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. The PPP conversion factor is a currency conversion factor and a spatial price deflator. PPPs convert different currencies to a common currency and, in the process of conversion, equalize their purchasing power by eliminating the differences in price levels between countries, thereby allowing volume or output comparisons of GDP and its expenditure components.

Romania RO: GNI: PPP data was reported at 492,575.315 Intl $ mn in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 442,188.659 Intl $ mn for 2016. Romania RO: GNI: PPP data is updated yearly, averaging 176,381.537 Intl $ mn from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2017, with 28 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 492,575.315 Intl $ mn in 2017 and a record low of 102,141.955 Intl $ mn in 1992. Romania RO: GNI: PPP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Romania – Table RO.World Bank.WDI: Gross Domestic Product: Purchasing Power Parity. PPP GNI (formerly PPP GNP) is gross national income (GNI) converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GNI as a U.S. dollar has in the United States. Gross national income is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in current international dollars. For most economies PPP figures are extrapolated from the 2011 International Comparison Program (ICP) benchmark estimates or imputed using a statistical model based on the 2011 ICP. For 47 high- and upper middle-income economies conversion factors are provided by Eurostat and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).; ; World Bank, International Comparison Program database.; Gap-filled total;

Time series data for the statistic GNI, PPP (current international $) and country Trinidad and Tobago. Indicator Definition:This indicator provides values for gross national income (GNI. Formerly GNP) expressed in current international dollars converted by purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factor. Gross national income is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. PPP conversion factor is a spatial price deflator and currency converter that eliminates the effects of the differences in price levels between countries. From July 2020, “GNI: linked series (current LCU)” [NY.GNP.MKTP.CN.AD] is used as underlying GNI in local currency unit so that it’s in line with time series of PPP conversion factors, which are extrapolated with linked deflators.The indicator "GNI, PPP (current international $)" stands at 49.65 Billion usd as of 12/31/2024, the highest value at least since 12/31/1991, the period currently displayed. Regarding the One-Year-Change of the series, the current value constitutes an increase of 2.82 percent compared to the value the year prior.The 1 year change in percent is 2.82.The 3 year change in percent is 21.28.The 5 year change in percent is 26.84.The 10 year change in percent is 22.38.The Serie's long term average value is 28.49 Billion usd. It's latest available value, on 12/31/2024, is 74.28 percent higher, compared to it's long term average value.The Serie's change in percent from it's minimum value, on 12/31/1990, to it's latest available value, on 12/31/2024, is +525.41%.The Serie's change in percent from it's maximum value, on 12/31/2024, to it's latest available value, on 12/31/2024, is 0.0%.

Brazil BR: GNI: PPP: GNI per Capita data was reported at 20,470.000 Intl $ in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 19,330.000 Intl $ for 2022. Brazil BR: GNI: PPP: GNI per Capita data is updated yearly, averaging 11,930.000 Intl $ from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2023, with 34 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 20,470.000 Intl $ in 2023 and a record low of 6,510.000 Intl $ in 1990. Brazil BR: GNI: PPP: GNI per Capita data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.World Bank.WDI: Gross Domestic Product: Purchasing Power Parity. This indicator provides per capita values for gross national income (GNI. Formerly GNP) expressed in current international dollars converted by purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factor. GNI is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. PPP conversion factor is a spatial price deflator and currency converter that eliminates the effects of the differences in price levels between countries.;International Comparison Program, World Bank | World Development Indicators database, World Bank | Eurostat-OECD PPP Programme.;Weighted average;

Argentina AR: GNI: PPP: GNI per Capita data was reported at 28,710.000 Intl $ in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 28,490.000 Intl $ for 2022. Argentina AR: GNI: PPP: GNI per Capita data is updated yearly, averaging 15,080.000 Intl $ from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2023, with 34 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 28,710.000 Intl $ in 2023 and a record low of 6,870.000 Intl $ in 1990. Argentina AR: GNI: PPP: GNI per Capita data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Argentina – Table AR.World Bank.WDI: Gross Domestic Product: Purchasing Power Parity. This indicator provides per capita values for gross national income (GNI. Formerly GNP) expressed in current international dollars converted by purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factor. GNI is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. PPP conversion factor is a spatial price deflator and currency converter that eliminates the effects of the differences in price levels between countries.;International Comparison Program, World Bank | World Development Indicators database, World Bank | Eurostat-OECD PPP Programme.;Weighted average;

GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) in Italy was reported at 60460 USD in 2024, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Italy - GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on September of 2025.

This indicator provides values for gross national income (GNI) expressed in constant international dollars, converted by purchasing power parities (PPPs). PPPs account for the different price levels across countries and thus PPP-based comparisons of economic output are more appropriate for comparing the output of economies and the average material well-being of their inhabitants than exchange-rate based comparisons. Gross national income is the total income earned by all residents within an economic territory during an accounting period. It is equal to gross domestic product plus earned income receivable from abroad minus earned income payable abroad. This indicator is expressed in constant prices, meaning the series has been adjusted to account for price changes over time. The reference year for this adjustment is 2021. The PPP conversion factor is a currency conversion factor and a spatial price deflator. PPPs convert different currencies to a common currency and, in the process of conversion, equalize their purchasing power by eliminating the differences in price levels between countries, thereby allowing volume or output comparisons of GDP and its expenditure components.

GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) in Jamaica was reported at 11410 USD in 2024, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Jamaica - GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on September of 2025.

GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) in Egypt was reported at 18230 USD in 2024, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Egypt - GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on September of 2025.

Canada CA: GNI: PPP: GNI per Capita data was reported at 62,640.000 Intl $ in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 61,920.000 Intl $ for 2022. Canada CA: GNI: PPP: GNI per Capita data is updated yearly, averaging 37,850.000 Intl $ from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2023, with 34 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 62,640.000 Intl $ in 2023 and a record low of 19,500.000 Intl $ in 1990. Canada CA: GNI: PPP: GNI per Capita data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Canada – Table CA.World Bank.WDI: Gross Domestic Product: Purchasing Power Parity. This indicator provides per capita values for gross national income (GNI. Formerly GNP) expressed in current international dollars converted by purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factor. GNI is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. PPP conversion factor is a spatial price deflator and currency converter that eliminates the effects of the differences in price levels between countries.;International Comparison Program, World Bank | World Development Indicators database, World Bank | Eurostat-OECD PPP Programme.;Weighted average;

Sudan SD: GNI: PPP: GNI per Capita data was reported at 4,480.000 Intl $ in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 4,290.000 Intl $ for 2016. Sudan SD: GNI: PPP: GNI per Capita data is updated yearly, averaging 2,020.000 Intl $ from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2017, with 28 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4,480.000 Intl $ in 2017 and a record low of 1,040.000 Intl $ in 1990. Sudan SD: GNI: PPP: GNI per Capita data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sudan – Table SD.World Bank.WDI: Gross Domestic Product: Purchasing Power Parity. GNI per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP). PPP GNI is gross national income (GNI) converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GNI as a U.S. dollar has in the United States. GNI is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in current international dollars based on the 2011 ICP round.; ; World Bank, International Comparison Program database.; Weighted average;