Map of the potential groundwater recharge zones across New Zealand (500m x 500m resolution), which can be used to identify areas of high nutrient leaching in zones where high groundwater recharge potential exists. Sources and Flows research identified potential groundwater recharge zones across New Zealand. Knowledge of groundwater recharge potential is required for sustainable groundwater management, including the assessment of vulnerability to contamination. The maps can be used to identify areas of high nutrient leaching in zones where high groundwater recharge potential exists (regions with large lakes and in the lower elevation plains). See also: https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1674987118301488-gr4_lrg.jpg Groundwater recharge occurs when surface water moves downward to groundwater. Recharge is the main way that water enters an aquifer. National data sets of lithology, slope, aspect, land use, soil drainage and drainage density were used to derive groundwater potential zones. The resulting map demonstrates that the potential is low in urban and mountainous areas, such as the Southern Alps, whereas the highest potential can be found in regions with large lakes and in the lower elevation plains areas. The map can be used to identify areas of high nutrient leaching in zones where high groundwater recharge potential exists. The mapped zones agree well with the locations of aquifers in New Zealand and provide a quick nationwide overview of the groundwater recharge potential zones. The map can be used as an initial guide for nationwide assessment of sustainable management of groundwater resources. Furthermore, the map can be used to estimate vulnerable regions for pollution of groundwater, as highly rechargeable zones are most effective as transmitters of pollutants to groundwater.

Demarcation of the groundwater recharge prospective zones can be the foremost step in facilitating groundwater recharge in any terrain, as most nations have a major concern about unreasonable use of groundwater and declining the water table. To identify groundwater recharge zones in Haridwar district of Uttarakhand state in India, this study employs the integration of remote sensing data along with the Geographical Information System (GIS) and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique by incorporating remote sensing data acquired from different sources. Soil texture, slope, drainage density, land use/land cover (LULC), lithology, geomorphology, lineament density, topographic wetness index (TWI), and rainfall were analysed, and weights were assigned using the AHP technique to assess their impact on groundwater recharge. The study region has been divided into five possible groundwater recharge zones by using weighted overlay analysis: very high (0.82%), high (37.03%), moderate (40.22%), low (17.91%), and very low (4.02%). The verified groundwater recharge potential map for the study region has been validated with 30 existing bore wells. The efficacy of the method was confirmed by an Area Under Curve (AUC) calculated to be 71.08% with the evidence obtained, and the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve is plotted. The findings facilitate the sustainable management of groundwater and the application of artificial recharge techniques in Haridwar.

Recharge areas were delineated for the principal aquifers of densely populated basins and valleys of Utah for implementation of state and county groundwater protection plans. This data was compiled from multiple studies and sources. Some data was modified from the original to provide a dataset with consistent scale and attributes. For original data please contact the Utah Geological Survey or the USGS (cited in credits). Bedrock Recharge - Anderson and others (1994) chose not to differentiate between bedrock and aluvial fill when delineating the primary discharge zone while the UGS studies only evaluated the alluvial aquifers making the assumption that potential for contamination in the bedrock aquifers and recharge zones is generally high. We added a bedrock class to the results of the Anderson study to create a more consistent dataset. Bedrock areas are generally considered to occupy the primary recharge zone but may locally discharge large amounts of water at springs or seeps. Primary Recharge - Basin or valley-fill area with a significant downward groundwater gradient lacking confining layers thicker than 20 feet. Secondary Recharge - Basin or valley-fill area with a downward groundwater gradient with a confining layer thicker than 20 feet. Discharge -Basin or valley-fill area where the groundwater gradient is upward. Discharge in unconfined aquifers are areas of springs and seeps. Discharge in confined aquifers will discharge into the overlying unconfined aquifer or to a spring or flowing well. Data last updated 5/24/2016.

Vulnerability assessment using DRASTIC method (Aller et al., 1987)

Abstract

This dataset was derived by the Bioregional Assessment Programme from multiple source datasets. The source datasets are identified in the Lineage field in this metadata statement. The processes undertaken to produce this derived dataset are described in the History field in this metadata statement.

This is a set of polygon feature classes representing the boundaries of zones of potential hydrological change in the regional watertable, and groundwater model layers 10 and 12. These boundaries were created mainly for cartographic purposes enabling the outline of zones to be shown.

Dataset History

Polygons were derived by overlaying the 95th percentile additional groundwater drawdown values (for the regional watertable, and layers 10 and 12) to the MBC assessment units, selecting values >=0.2m and dissolving the result to give a single polygon shape representing the area where the 95th percentile additional drawdown was >= 0.2m (i.e. the zone of potential hydrological change) for each layer (regional watertable, and modelled aquifer layers 10 and 12).

Dataset Citation

Bioregional Assessment Programme (2016) MBC Zones of potential hydrological change. Bioregional Assessment Derived Dataset. Viewed 25 October 2017, http://data.bioregionalassessments.gov.au/dataset/c9f7f097-95b1-47a4-8854-a32a95635b83.

Dataset Ancestors

• Derived From MBC Groundwater model baseline 5th to 95th percentile drawdown

• Derived From Preliminary Assessment Extent (PAE) for the Maranoa-Balonne-Condamine subregion - v03

• Derived From Surface Geology of Australia, 1:1 000 000 scale, 2012 edition

• Derived From Queensland Water Commission, Underground Water Impact Report for the Surat Cumulative Management Area, 2012 - Report and Data

• Derived From Natural Resource Management (NRM) Regions 2010

• Derived From Surface water Preliminary Assessment Extent (PAE) for the Maranoa Balonne Condamine (MBC) subregion - v03

• Derived From Groundwater Preliminary Assessment Extent (PAE) for the Maranoa Balonne Condamine (MBC) subregion - v02

• Derived From Great Artesian Basin - Hydrogeology and Extent Boundary

• Derived From MBC Assessment unit codified by regional watertable

• Derived From GEODATA TOPO 250K Series 3, File Geodatabase format (.gdb)

• Derived From MBC Groundwater model layer boundaries

• Derived From NSW Catchment Management Authority Boundaries 20130917

• Derived From Geological Provinces - Full Extent

• Derived From Baseline drawdown Layer 1 - Condamine Alluvium

• Derived From MBC Groundwater model domain boundary

• Derived From MBC Groundwater model mine footprints

• Derived From Bioregional Assessment areas v03

• Derived From Groundwater Preliminary Assessment Extent (PAE) for the Maranoa Balonne Condamine (MBC) subregion - v01

• Derived From MBC Groundwater model uncertainty plots

• Derived From GEODATA TOPO 250K Series 3

• Derived From Great Artesian Basin and Laura Basin groundwater recharge areas

• Derived From MBC Groundwater model ACRD 5th to 95th percentile drawdown

• Derived From MBC Groundwater model

• Derived From MBC Assessment Units 20160714 v02

• Derived From MBC Assessment unit summary tables - groundwater

• Derived From Bioregional Assessment areas v01

• Derived From Bioregional Assessment areas v02

• Derived From MBC Groundwater model uncertainty analysis

• Derived From Surface water preliminary assessment extent for the Maranoa-Balonne-Condamine subregion - v02

In forested, seasonally dry watersheds, winter rains commonly replenish moisture deficits in the vadose zone before recharging underlying hillslope groundwater systems that sustain streamflow. However, the relative inaccessibility of the subsurface has hindered efforts to include the role of storage deficits, primarily generated by plant-water uptake, in moderating groundwater recharge. Here, we compare groundwater recharge inferred from the storage-discharge relationship with independent, distributed estimates of vadose zone storage deficits across 12 undisturbed California watersheds, thereby tracking the evolution of the deficit-recharge relationship without intensive field instrumentation. We find accrued deficits during the dry season alone insufficiently explain differences in the wet season partitioning of rainfall due to the non-monotonic behavior of the deficit during the subsequent wet season. Tracking the deficit at the storm event-scale within the wet season, however, reveals a characteristic response in groundwater to increasing rainfall not captured in the seasonal analysis, and may improve estimates of the rainfall required to generate recharge and streamflow on a per-storm basis. Our findings demonstrate the potential for existing public datasets to better capture water partitioning within the subsurface using a combined deficit-recharge approach, though our analysis is currently limited to basins with select characteristics.

CODE AVAILABLE ON GITHUB: https://github.com/noah-beniteznelson/recharge_deficit

The files and folders in this data release contain the input and output files and MATLAB algorithms used for simulations described in the associated journal article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-024-02868-x). The algorithms implement a data-driven, mechanistic model of vertical infiltration through the unsaturated zone and recharge to the water table that is developed from water-balance concepts. The model of infiltration and recharge is defined in terms of observed states (such as, the water-table altitude) and unobserved states (such as, fluxes through the unsaturated zone and recharge to the water table) and includes both diffuse and preferential flow through the unsaturated zone to the water table. Estimates of the daily contributions to recharge at the water table from diffuse and preferential flow are performed by interpreting daily time-series records of observations of water-table altitude and meteorological inputs (such as, the liquid precipitation rate, snowmelt rate, and the Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) rate). The modeling approach used here is an extension of concepts of modeling infiltration and rapid recharge originally presented in Shapiro and Day-Lewis (2021) https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR029110 and Shapiro and others (2022) (https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.13206). The model of infiltration and recharge to the water table is applied to daily records available at 32 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Climate Response Network (CRN) wells located in the Delaware River Basin (DRB) in the eastern United States from January 1, 2005, through December 31, 2021. The daily water-table altitude and the meteorological records described in the associated journal article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-024-02868-x) are included as input files to the MATLAB algorithms described in this data release.

The suitability for managed aquifer recharge (MAR) in the eastern Albuquerque metropolitan area was mapped using weighted overlay analyses. The study area extends from the Rio Grande eastward to the Sandia Mountains and from Sandia Pueblo southward to ~1 mi (~2 km) south of Tijeras Arroyo. This area is under the jurisdiction of the Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority (ABCWUA), which will likely be the main user of this work.

We produced two maps for MAR suitability, each with a grid cell resolution of 100 x 100 m: one showing the suitability for deep-injection recharge (i.e., pumping water directly into the saturated zone) and the other for shallow recharge (by infiltration or vadose- zone injection). These maps depict three color-coded suitability bins—low suitability, moderate suitability, and high suitability—as well as exclusionary zones. A third map predicts the susceptibility of different areas to soil hydrocompaction, a potential adverse consequence of infiltrating surface water into certain types of previously unsaturated soils.

Publication_Date: 20050901 Title: Edwards Aquifer Protection Program, Chapter 213 Rules - Recharge Zone, Transition Zone, Contributing Zone, and Contributing Zone Within the Transition Zone. This dataset represents the geographic areas identified in TCEQ rules as being subject to regulation under the Edwards Aquifer Protection Program. The coverage was derived from existing official hard copy maps, containing regulatory boundaries based on previous geologic interpretation of the Edwards Aquifer Recharge, Transition, Contributing and Contributing Within the Transition zones, as defined in 30 TAC 213. This dataset contains lines, area features and zone types attributes extended to all 90 USGS 7.5-minute maps under TCEQ rules. Effective September 1, 2005, amended 30 TAC 213 changes the designation of portions of four areas in northern Hays and southern Travis Counties. The commission adopts changes from transition zone to contributing zone within the transition zone, from transition zone to recharge zone and from recharge zone to transition zone. These changes were made to regulatory zone boundaries on the Oak Hill 7.5 Minute Quadrangle, the Mountain City 7.5 Minute Quadrangle, and the Buda 7.5 Minute Quadrangle. Also effective September 1, 2005, with this amendment, the commission is adopting changes from transition zone to recharge zone, and contributing zone within the transition zone; in southern Hays and Comal Counties for areas along the eastern boundary of the recharge zone in the vicinity of the Blanco River, the City of San Marcos, the City of New Braunfels, the community of Hunter and the community of Garden Ridge. Changes are depicted on the Mountain City 7.5 Minute Quadrangle; on the San Marcos North 7.5 Minute Quadrangle; on the San Marcos South 7.5 Minute Quadrangle; on the Hunter 7.5 Minute Quadrangle; and on the Bat Cave 7.5 Minute Quadrangle. The commission also adopted changes along the western boundary of the recharge zone in southern Hays and Comal Counties. Effective September 1, 2005, areas are changed from contributing zone to recharge zone in the Guadalupe River basin, and other areas in the Guadalupe River basin, and near Wimberley are changed from recharge zone to contributing zone. These changes occur on the Smithson Valley, Sattler, Devil’s Backbone and Wimberley 7.5 Minute Quadrangles. Another area near Hays City was changed to recharge zone from contributing zone, and is changed accordingly in the Driftwood 7.5 Minute Quadrangle. Purpose: This dataset provides TCEQ regional office and public with information on Edwards Aquifer Protection areas and types, including changes made to the boundaries by the most recent rules revisions, according to 30 TAC Ch. 213 (1999). This coverage is to facilitate the eventual replacement of the hard copy maps, historically used to identify the geographic location of Edwards Aquifer Protection Program regulated areas. The purpose of the TCEQ Rule 30, Texas Administrative Code(TAC), Chapter 213 is to regulate activities having the potential for polluting the Edwards Aquifer and hydrologically connected surface streams in order to protect existing and potential uses of ground- water and maintain Texas Surface Water Quality Standards. The following definitions are founded under Chapter: The Edwards Aquifer - portion of an arcuate belt of porous, waterbearing, predominantly carbonate rocks known as the Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer trending from west to east to north- east in Kinney, Uvalde, Medina, Bexar, Comal, Hays, Travis, and Williamson Counties; and is composed of the Salmon Peak Limestone, McKnight Formation, West Nueces Formation, Devil's River Limestone, Person Formation, Kainer Formation, Edwards Group and Georgetown Formation. The permeable aquifer units generally overlie the less- permeable Glen Rose Formation to the south, overlie the less- permeable Comanche Peak and Walnut formations north of the Colorado River, and underlie the less-permeable Del Rio Clay regionally. (30 TAC, § 213.3(8) ) Recharge Zone - area where the stratigraphic units constituting the Edwards Aquifer crop out, including the outcrops of geologic form- ations in proximity to the Edwards Aquifer where caves, sinkholes, faults, fractures, or other permeable features would create a potential for recharge to surface waters into the Edwards Aquifer. (30 TAC, § 213.3(25) ) Transition Zone - area where geologic formations crop out in proximity to and south and southeast of the recharge zone and where faults, fractures, and other geologic features present a possible avenue for recharge of surface water to the Edwards Aquifer, including portions of the Del Rio Clay, Buda Limestone, Eagle Ford Group, Austin Chalk, Pecan Gap Chalk, and Anacacho Limestone. ( 30 TAC, § 213.3(34) ) Contributing Zone - The area or watershed where runoff from precipitation flows downgradient to the recharge zone of the Edwards Aquifer. The Contributing Zone is located upstream (upgradient) and generally north and northwest of the Recharge Zone for the following counties: (A) all areas within Kinney County, except the area within the watershed draining to Segment 2304 of the Rio Grande Basin; (B) all areas within Uvalde, Medina, Bexar, and Comal Counties; (C) all areas within Hays and Travis Counties, except the area within the watersheds draining to the Colorado River above a point 1.3 miles upstream from Tom Miller Dam, Lake Austin at the confluence of Barrow Brook Cove, Segment 1403 of the Colorado River Basin; and (D) all areas within Williamson County, except the area within the watersheds draining to the Lampasas River above the dam at Stillhouse Hollow reservoir, Segment 1216 of the Brazos River Basin. ( 30 TAC, §213.22(2) )
Contributing Zone Within the Transition Zone - The area or watershed where runoff from precipitation flows downgradient to the Recharge Zone of the Edwards Aquifer. The Contributing Zone Within the Transition Zone is located downstream (downgradient) and generally south and southeast of the Recharge Zone and includes specifically those areas where stratigraphic units not included in the Edwards Aquifer crop out at topographically higher elevations and drain to stream courses where stratigraphic units of the Edwards Aquifer crop out and are mapped as Recharge Zone. ( 30 TAC, § 213.22(3) )

Publication_Date: 20050901 Title: Edwards Aquifer Protection Program, Chapter 213 Rules - Recharge Zone, Transition Zone, Contributing Zone, and Contributing Zone Within the Transition Zone. This dataset represents the geographic areas identified in TCEQ rules as being subject to regulation under the Edwards Aquifer Protection Program. The coverage was derived from existing official hard copy maps, containing regulatory boundaries based on previous geologic interpretation of the Edwards Aquifer Recharge, Transition, Contributing and Contributing Within the Transition zones, as defined in 30 TAC 213. This dataset contains lines, area features and zone types attributes extended to all 90 USGS 7.5-minute maps under TCEQ rules. Effective September 1, 2005, amended 30 TAC 213 changes the designation of portions of four areas in northern Hays and southern Travis Counties. The commission adopts changes from transition zone to contributing zone within the transition zone, from transition zone to recharge zone and from recharge zone to transition zone. These changes were made to regulatory zone boundaries on the Oak Hill 7.5 Minute Quadrangle, the Mountain City 7.5 Minute Quadrangle, and the Buda 7.5 Minute Quadrangle. Also effective September 1, 2005, with this amendment, the commission is adopting changes from transition zone to recharge zone, and contributing zone within the transition zone; in southern Hays and Comal Counties for areas along the eastern boundary of the recharge zone in the vicinity of the Blanco River, the City of San Marcos, the City of New Braunfels, the community of Hunter and the community of Garden Ridge. Changes are depicted on the Mountain City 7.5 Minute Quadrangle; on the San Marcos North 7.5 Minute Quadrangle; on the San Marcos South 7.5 Minute Quadrangle; on the Hunter 7.5 Minute Quadrangle; and on the Bat Cave 7.5 Minute Quadrangle. The commission also adopted changes along the western boundary of the recharge zone in southern Hays and Comal Counties. Effective September 1, 2005, areas are changed from contributing zone to recharge zone in the Guadalupe River basin, and other areas in the Guadalupe River basin, and near Wimberley are changed from recharge zone to contributing zone. These changes occur on the Smithson Valley, Sattler, Devil’s Backbone and Wimberley 7.5 Minute Quadrangles. Another area near Hays City was changed to recharge zone from contributing zone, and is changed accordingly in the Driftwood 7.5 Minute Quadrangle. Purpose: This dataset provides TCEQ regional office and public with information on Edwards Aquifer Protection areas and types, including changes made to the boundaries by the most recent rules revisions, according to 30 TAC Ch. 213 (1999). This coverage is to facilitate the eventual replacement of the hard copy maps, historically used to identify the geographic location of Edwards Aquifer Protection Program regulated areas. The purpose of the TCEQ Rule 30, Texas Administrative Code(TAC), Chapter 213 is to regulate activities having the potential for polluting the Edwards Aquifer and hydrologically connected surface streams in order to protect existing and potential uses of ground- water and maintain Texas Surface Water Quality Standards. The following definitions are founded under Chapter: The Edwards Aquifer - portion of an arcuate belt of porous, waterbearing, predominantly carbonate rocks known as the Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer trending from west to east to north- east in Kinney, Uvalde, Medina, Bexar, Comal, Hays, Travis, and Williamson Counties; and is composed of the Salmon Peak Limestone, McKnight Formation, West Nueces Formation, Devil's River Limestone, Person Formation, Kainer Formation, Edwards Group and Georgetown Formation. The permeable aquifer units generally overlie the less- permeable Glen Rose Formation to the south, overlie the less- permeable Comanche Peak and Walnut formations north of the Colorado River, and underlie the less-permeable Del Rio Clay regionally. (30 TAC, § 213.3(8) ) Recharge Zone - area where the stratigraphic units constituting the Edwards Aquifer crop out, including the outcrops of geologic form- ations in proximity to the Edwards Aquifer where caves, sinkholes, faults, fractures, or other permeable features would create a potential for recharge to surface waters into the Edwards Aquifer. (30 TAC, § 213.3(25) ) Transition Zone - area where geologic formations crop out in proximity to and south and southeast of the recharge zone and where faults, fractures, and other geologic features present a possible avenue for recharge of surface water to the Edwards Aquifer, including portions of the Del Rio Clay, Buda Limestone, Eagle Ford Group, Austin Chalk, Pecan Gap Chalk, and Anacacho Limestone. ( 30 TAC, § 213.3(34) ) Contributing Zone - The area or watershed where runoff from precipitation flows downgradient to the recharge zone of the Edwards Aquifer. The Contributing Zone is located upstream (upgradient) and generally north and northwest of the Recharge Zone for the following counties: (A) all areas within Kinney County, except the area within the watershed draining to Segment 2304 of the Rio Grande Basin; (B) all areas within Uvalde, Medina, Bexar, and Comal Counties; (C) all areas within Hays and Travis Counties, except the area within the watersheds draining to the Colorado River above a point 1.3 miles upstream from Tom Miller Dam, Lake Austin at the confluence of Barrow Brook Cove, Segment 1403 of the Colorado River Basin; and (D) all areas within Williamson County, except the area within the watersheds draining to the Lampasas River above the dam at Stillhouse Hollow reservoir, Segment 1216 of the Brazos River Basin. ( 30 TAC, §213.22(2) )
Contributing Zone Within the Transition Zone - The area or watershed where runoff from precipitation flows downgradient to the Recharge Zone of the Edwards Aquifer. The Contributing Zone Within the Transition Zone is located downstream (downgradient) and generally south and southeast of the Recharge Zone and includes specifically those areas where stratigraphic units not included in the Edwards Aquifer crop out at topographically higher elevations and drain to stream courses where stratigraphic units of the Edwards Aquifer crop out and are mapped as Recharge Zone. ( 30 TAC, § 213.22(3) )

The purpose of the Aquifer Protection Districts are to protect the Town of Easton's groundwater recharge areas for each existing and potential municipal well.

Link to the ScienceBase Item Summary page for the item described by this metadata record. Service Protocol: Link to the ScienceBase Item Summary page for the item described by this metadata record. Application Profile: Web Browser. Link Function: information

In Ethiopia, groundwater is the main source of freshwater to support human consumption and socio-economic development. Little Akaki watershed is located in Upper Awash basin, known for its high annual rainfall and considered as the potential groundwater recharge zone. On the contrary, urbanization and industrial expansion are increasing at an alarming rate in the area. This became a concern threatening the groundwater resources' sustainability. To address these challenges, integrated analysis of groundwater recharge and groundwater numerical simulations were made. For groundwater recharge estimation, SWAT model was used. The result indicated that recharge in the watershed mostly occurs from July to October with maximum values in August. On average, the estimated annual catchment recharge was 179 mm. For the numerical simulation and prediction of the groundwater flow system, MODFLOW 2005 was used. The model simulations indicated that the groundwater head converges towards the main river and, finally, to the outlet of the watershed. The study indicated areas of interactions between the river and groundwater. The scenario examination result reveals increasing the present pumping rate by over fifty percent (by 50%, 100%, and 200%) will surely cause visible groundwater head decline near the outlet of the watershed, and substantial river baseflow reduction. The recharge reduction scenario also indicates the huge risk of groundwater sustainability in the area.

Shallow renewable groundwater sources have been used to satisfy the domestic needs and the irrigation in many parts of Saudi Arabia. Increased demand for water resulting from accelerated development activities has placed excess stress on the renewable sources especially in coastal aquifers of the western region of Saudi Arabia. It is expected that the current and future development activities will increase the rate of groundwater mining of the coastal aquifer near the major city Jeddah and surrounding communities unless management measures are implemented. The current groundwater development of Dahaban coastal aquifer located at alluvial fan at the confluence of three major Wadis is depleting the shallow renewable groundwater sources and causes deterioration of its quality. Numerical models are known tools to evaluate groundwater management scenarios under a variety of development options under different hydrogeological regimes. In this study, two models are applied-the MODFLOW for evaluating the hydrodynamic behaviors of the aquifer and MT3D salinity distribution to the costal aquifer near Dahaban town. The models' simulation evaluates two development scenarios-the impact of excessive abstraction and the water salinity variation keeping abstraction at its current or increases in levels with or without groundwater recharge taking place. The simulation evaluated two scenarios covering a 25-year period-keeping the current abstraction at its current and the other scenario is increasing the well abstraction by 50% for dry condition (no recharge) and wet condition (with recharge). The analysis reveals that, under the first scenario, the continuation of the current pumping rates will result in depletion of the aquifer resulting in drying of many wells and quality deterioration at the level of 2,500 ppm. The results are associated with the corresponding salinity distribution in the region. Simulation of salinity in the region is a density-independent problem as salt concentration does not exceed 2,000 ppm, which is little value compared with sea salinity that amounts to 40,000 ppm. It is not recommended to increase the pumping rate than the current values. However, for the purpose of increasing water resources in the region, it is recommended to install new wells in virgin zones west of Dahaban main road. Maps of high/low potential groundwater and maps of salinity zones (more or less than 1,000 ppm) are provided and could be used to identify zones of high groundwater potential for the four studied scenarios. The implemented numerical simulation of Dahaban aquifer was undertaken to assess the water resources potential in order to reduce the depletion of sources in the future.

This data package contains input files for TOUGHREACT for a modeling study examining the effects of managed aquifer recharge on agricultural lands on nitrate cycling and transport in the Central Valley of CA near Modesto. The files contain all the geochemical species, reactions, and hydrological parameters for the model. The files are text files used for the TOUGH family of code created by LBNL. To use the files a license is required. https://tough.lbl.gov/licensing-download/toughreact-licensing-download/ Accompanying Paper Abstract: Agricultural managed aquifer recharge (AgMAR) is a proposed management strategy whereby surface water flows are used to intentionally flood croplands with the purpose of recharging underlying aquifers. However, legacy nitrate (NO3-) contamination in agriculturally-intensive regions poses a threat to groundwater resources under AgMAR. To address these concerns, we use a reactive transport modeling framework to better understand the effects of AgMAR management strategies (i.e., by varying the frequency, duration between flooding events, and amount of water) on N leaching to groundwater under different stratigraphic configurations and antecedent moisture conditions. In particular, we examine the potential of denitrification and nitrogen retention in deep vadose zone sediments (~15 m) using variable AgMAR application rates on two-dimensional representations of differently textured soils, soils with discontinuous bands/channels, and soils with preferential flow paths characteristic of typical agricultural field sites. Our results indicate that finer textured sediments, such as silt loams, alone or embedded within high flow regions, are important reducing zones providing conditions needed for denitrification. Simulation results further suggest that applying water all-at-once rather than in increments for a fixed volume of recharge transports higher concentrations of NO3- deeper into the profile, which has the potential to exacerbate groundwater quality. This transport into deeper depths can be aggravated by wetter antecedent soil moisture conditions. However, applying water all-at-once also increases denitrification within the vadose zone by promoting anoxic conditions. We conclude that AgMAR management strategies can be designed to enhance denitrification in the subsurface and reduce N leaching to groundwater, while specifically accounting for lithologic heterogeneity, antecedent soil moisture conditions, and depth to the water table. Our findings are potentially relevant to other systems that experience flooding inundation such as riparian corridors, floodplains, wetlands, and other managed landscapes like dedicated recharge basins.

Widespread nitrate contamination of groundwater in agricultural areas poses a major challenge to sustainable water resources. Efficient analysis of nitrate fluxes across large regions also remains difficult. This study introduces a method of characterizing nitrate transport processes continuously across regional unsaturated zones and groundwater based on surrogate, machine-learning metamodels of an N flux process-based model. The metamodels used boosted regression trees (BRTs) to relate mappable variables to parameters and outputs of a “vertical flux method” (VFM) applied in the Fox-Wolf-Peshtigo (FWP) area in Wisconsin. In this context, the metamodels are upscaling the VFM results throughout the region, and the VFM parameters and outputs (collectively referred to as “nitrate flux”) are the BRT metamodel response variables: VFM_fcN, nitrate (NO3−) source concentration factor (which determines the local NO3− input concentrations); VFM_travel_time_yrs, unsaturated zone travel time; NO3_WT_mgL_1980−2020, NO3− concentration at the water table in 1980, 2000, and 2020 (three separate metamodels); and Zss_N_ext_depth, NO3− “extinction depth”, the eventual steady state depth of the nitrate front. The metamodels were trained using 129 wells within an active MODFLOW model area of the FWP and 58 mappable predictor variables from a geographic information system, resulting in training and cross-validation testing R2 values of 0.52 – 0.86 and 0.22 – 0.38, respectively. The provided metadata file describes all 58 predictor variables considered in metamodel development, whereas the ascii predictor variable grids comprise those in the final metamodels. Metamodel outputs (ascii prediction grids) were compiled as maps of the above metamodel response variables. Relationships between predictor variables and outputs were generally consistent with expectations, e.g. with greater source concentrations and NO3− at the groundwater table in areas of intensive crop use and well drained soils. Shorter unsaturated zone travel time in poorly drained areas indicated possible preferential flow through clay soils and a tendency for fine grained deposits to collocate with areas of shallower water table. Numerical estimates of groundwater recharge may have been a proxy for N input and redox conditions in the northern FWP, which had shallow predicted NO3− extinction depth. The metamodel results provide proof-of-concept for regional estimation of NO3− transport processes in a statistical metamodel framework based on mappable GIS input variables.

Processes controlling groundwater recharge have been a topic of pursuit in the hydrological research community. The groundwater recharge in hard-rock aquifers is significantly impacted by rainfall patterns, aquifer characteristics, weathering/soil conditions, topography, land use, and land cover. Analysis of the recharge process in tropical semi-arid hard-rock aquifer regions of southern India is crucial due to several factors, including (a) a heavily tailed monsoon system prevailing in the region, which is characterized by very few episodic storm events; (b) heterogeneity of aquifers in terms of fractures; and (c) the presence of several man-made irrigation lakes/tanks along with the drainage network. This study uses a lumped unconfined aquifer model to estimate the groundwater recharge for nine locations in Gundlupet taluk and 150 locations in Berambadi Experimental Watershed (EWS) in the south Indian state of Karnataka. Analysis of estimated recharge factors identifies 30 high-episodic recharge events out of 292 observations (around 10%) in Gundlupet taluk and 80 out of 150 locations in 2017 in Berambadi EWS. Partial information correlation (PIC) analysis is used to select the significant predictors out of potential predictors based on rainfall intensity distribution and climatological indices. PIC analysis reveals that the number of rainfall events with 15–30 mm daily rainfall intensity are most significant for normal recharge events in Gundlupet taluk and Berambadi EWS. The combined information on daily rainfall distribution, daily rainfall events of 20–40 mm, and the number of La Niña months in a particular year can explain the variability of high-episodic recharge events in Gundlupet taluk. These high-intensity rainfall events can be potential sources of alternate recharge pathways resulting in faster indirect recharge, which dominates the diffused recharge and results in high-episodic recharge events. Rainfall intensity distribution and climatological indices contain the potential information required to disaggregate normal and high-episodic recharge factors for future rainfall projections, which is useful for future groundwater level projections.

Overview: Water, in its many forms is one of Whatcom County’s signature features from snow-capped mountains,to our rainy climate, salmon-bearing streams, wetlands, lakes, marine waters, and marine shorelines. Five distinct hydrologic components control the storage and movement of water through the canopy and soils: canopy interception store (green trees), upper soil zone (vadose zone, brown soil fill) store, groundwater saturated zone (gray soil fill), channel flow (blue), and artificial drainage (blue line from agriculture to channel). Surface water inputs from direct precipitation, throughfall through the vegetation canopy, and irrigation are taken as input to the unsaturated, or vadose zone soil store. The unsaturated portion of the upper soil layer (brown), or vadose zone, is shown with recharge water (blue downward line) infiltrating the surface layer of soils, draining through the unsaturated zone (brown), to recharge the saturated zone (gray). The thickness of the vadose zone changes as the water table level (hashed gray and brown interface) shifts up and down, depending on the water held in the saturated zone. Based on the input and storage in the vadose zone, recharge to groundwater (gray, saturated zone) and surface water runoff is calculated. The vadose zone soil store is decreased by artificial drainage, representing ditch and tile drains that remove water directly from the vadose zone soil store to channels. The vadose zone soil store calculation also accounts for potential upwelling from groundwater where the water table is shallow. The groundwater saturated zone calculations account for recharge, upwelling and groundwater pumping and produce baseflow as an output. In the Lower Nooksack Water Budget, baseflow is defined as the outflow from the saturated zone and referred to as groundwater contribution; and baseflow and surface runoff are combined to calculate channel flow.

Purpose: The baseflow in streams is supported by the gradual drainage of groundwater in shallow aquifer systems. The rate of this drainage depends on the amount of water stored in shallow aquifers (depth to water table) and the hydraulic properties of the aquifer, specifically the lateral hydraulic conductivity, or its depth integral, transmissivity. The amount of water stored depends on recharge, the vertical movement of water through unsaturated soils from the surface into the shallow groundwater. The rate of recharge is determined by the supply of water above. This is a function of whether surface water input is retained in the soil zone where it is taken up by plant roots and becomes evapotranspiration, or whether it infiltrates beyond the root zone and percolates to aquifers. These processes depend on the properties of the soils, such as porosity, field capacity, and hydraulic conductivity. The representation of the hydrologic processes of recharge and drainage to baseflow on a drainage scale is done using estimates based on measured data at point locations, as well as soil texture information. As more data is collected, information about subsurface processes can be incorporated into the model representation.

For the Lower Nooksack Water Budget soils parameters, soils data was compiled from both local and federal datasets. Using data available from the Natural Resource Conversation Service (NRCS – formerly the Soil Conservation Service) soils databases (NRCS; SSURGO and STATSGO (www.soilsdatamart.gov)), we have used estimates of averaged soils parameter values over each drainage area as data inputs for the hydrology model compiled in previous work (Tarboton, 2007). These soil parameters include plant available soil moisture, soil depth, hydraulic conductivity, and wetting front suction. Earlier calibrations of Topnet-WM showed that the most sensitive and therefore important soil parameters controlling baseflow movement are saturated soil store sensitivity (f) and soil profile lateral conductivity or transmissivity (To). The Lower Nooksack transmissivity parameters were derived from aquifer hydraulic conductivity values for specific wells, completed within shallow near surface aquifers, as described in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Lynden-Everson-Nooksack-Sumas (LENS) Study (Cox and Kahle, 1999). Although the variability in well data is high given the heterogeneity of glacial and alluvial deposits, interpolating available well data to derive drainage average values captures the drainage level heterogeneity. Here changes in average depth to water table described in the Department of Ecology Study, Nooksack Watershed Surficial Aquifer Characterization (Tooley and Erickson, 1996), were used. Water movement through the surficial aquifer is assumed to decrease exponentially as the depth to the water table increases based on the Topmodel algorithm (Beven, et al., 1995a).

This resource is a subset of the Lower Nooksack Water Budget (LNWB) Collection Resource.

Abstract

The dataset was derived by the Bioregional Assessment Programme from multiple source datasets. The source datasets are identified in the Lineage field in this metadata statement.

The processes undertaken to produce this derived dataset are described in the History field in this metadata statement.

Dataset contains assessment units with attributes denoting their inclusion within surface water and groundwater zones potential hydrological change, groundwater mine footprints, reporting regions, and surface water model interpolation allocations. Dataset also contains the river lines containing surface water modelling reaches and a relational table of surface water modelling node to reach ID interpolations. These data represent boundaries based on assessment units that are identical to their parent dataset (Namoi ZoPHC and component layers 20170629) but were reformatted for input to the IMIA anlaysis database for the Namoi subregion.

Dataset History

Modified allocation of river reaches to assessment units with the Zone of Potential Hydrological Change (ZOPHC) master file to align with input datasets.

Dataset Citation

Bioregional Assessment Programme (2017) NAM ZOPHC Master for impact and risk analysis 20170629. Bioregional Assessment Derived Dataset. Viewed 11 December 2018, http://data.bioregionalassessments.gov.au/dataset/00d84f32-82ef-46ae-908b-880a727fafaf.

Dataset Ancestors

• Derived From Groundwater Zone of Impact for the Namoi subregion

• Derived From Namoi AWRA-R model implementation (post groundwater input)

• Derived From NSW Office of Water GW licence extract linked to spatial locations NIC v2 (28 February 2014)

• Derived From Namoi hydraulic conductivity measurements

• Derived From River Styles Spatial Layer for New South Wales

• Derived From Namoi AWRA-R (restricted input data implementation)

• Derived From Groundwater Preliminary Assessment Extent for the Namoi subregion

• Derived From Namoi groundwater uncertainty analysis

• Derived From Namoi NGIS Bore analysis for 2012

• Derived From Australian 0.05º gridded chloride deposition v2

• Derived From Geofabric Surface Network - V2.1

• Derived From Border Rivers Gwydir / Namoi Regional Native Vegetation Map Version 2.0. VIS_ID 4204

• Derived From Bioregional Assessment areas v06

• Derived From GEODATA 9 second DEM and D8: Digital Elevation Model Version 3 and Flow Direction Grid 2008

• Derived From Namoi GW mine footprints for IMIA 20170516

• Derived From Bioregional Assessment areas v04

• Derived From Namoi Leapfrog geological model

• Derived From NAM Analysis Boundaries 20160908 v01

• Derived From Historical Mining Footprints DTIRIS NAM 20150914

• Derived From Gippsland Project boundary

• Derived From NAM Assessment Units 20160908 v01

• Derived From Natural Resource Management (NRM) Regions 2010

• Derived From Namoi Environmental Impact Statements - Mine footprints

• Derived From Namoi CMA Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems

• Derived From National Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems (GDE) Atlas (including WA)

• Derived From Soil and Landscape Grid National Soil Attribute Maps - Clay 3 resolution - Release 1

• Derived From GEODATA TOPO 250K Series 3, File Geodatabase format (.gdb)

• Derived From NAM Riverstyles Stream Reaches for Impact and Risk Analysis 20170601

• Derived From Bioregional_Assessment_Programme_Catchment Scale Land Use of Australia - 2014

• Derived From GEODATA TOPO 250K Series 3

• Derived From NSW Office of Water Groundwater Licence Extract NIC- Oct 2013

• Derived From Geological Provinces - Full Extent

• Derived From Namoi groundwater model alluvium extent

• Derived From Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA), Version 7 (Regions)

• Derived From Surface Geology of Australia, 1:1 000 000 scale, 2012 edition

• Derived From Landscape classification of the Namoi preliminary assessment extent

• Derived From Namoi GW exceedance probability and drawdown quantile aspatial summary tables

• Derived From Bioregional Assessment areas v03

• Derived From Bioregional Assessment areas v05

• Derived From BOM, Australian Average Rainfall Data from 1961 to 1990

• Derived From National Surface Water sites Hydstra

• Derived From Preliminary Assessment Extent (PAE) for the Namoi subregion - v04

• Derived From Namoi Hydstra surface water time series v1 extracted 140814

• Derived From BA ALL Assessment Units 1000m 'super set' 20160516_v01

• Derived From NSW Catchment Management Authority Boundaries 20130917

• Derived From BA ALL Assessment Units 1000m Reference 20160516_v01

• Derived From GIS analysis of HYDMEAS - Hydstra Groundwater Measurement Update: NSW Office of Water - Nov2013

• Derived From Hydstra Groundwater Measurement Update - NSW Office of Water, Nov2013

• Derived From Namoi groundwater drawdown grids

• Derived From Namoi ZoPHC and component layers 20170629

• Derived From Namoi AWRA-L model

• Derived From Namoi dryland diffuse groundwater recharge

• Derived From Namoi Surface Water Mine Footprints - digitised

• Derived From Namoi PAE - Pilliga IBRA subregion

• Derived From Surface water Preliminary Assessment Extent (PAE) for the Namoi (NAM) subregion - v03

• Derived From Bioregional Assessment areas v01

• Derived From Bioregional Assessment areas v02

• Derived From Namoi groundwater model

• Derived From Namoi bore locations, depth to water for June 2012

*

West Bridgewater's complete zoning by-laws can be found here.General Residential and Farming District: The purpose of the General Residential and Farming District is to provide suitable areas devoted to residential uses and agricultural pursuits.Business District: The purpose of the Business District is to provide areas for the conduct of business activities.Industrial District: The purpose of the Industrial District is to provide areas for industry, research and office and industrial parksTown Center District: The purposes of the Town Center District are to create a traditional town center-like setting in West Bridgewater’s Central Square that has the potential to become more pedestrian-oriented. The District shall primarily include commercial uses providing local goods and services rather than regional goods and services. Buildings shall be of proportionately small scale commensurate with the provision of local goods and services to reinforce the town center setting. Housing is also encouraged in this district on upper floors above ground floor commercial stores along the street frontage.Water Resource Protection District: The purposes of the Water Resource Protection District as an overlay district to all other zoning districts are to protect the public health of the residents of the Town from contamination of existing and potential public groundwater supplies and to protect, preserve and maintain the aquifers and recharge areas of existing and potential groundwater supplies within the Town as sources of public water. FEMA National Flood Hazard Areas (NFHL): This layer is a compilation of effective Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) databases and any Letters of Map Revision (LOMR) that have been issued against those databases since their publication date. The NFHL is updated as new data reaches its designated effective date and becomes valid for regulatory use under the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). Users may also visit: FEMA Flood Map Service Center