This dataset tracks annual diversity score from 2019 to 2023 for Grow Academy Shafter vs. California and Grow Academy Shafter School District

This web map summarizes racial and ethnic diversity in the United States. The Diversity Index shows the likelihood that two persons chosen at random from the same area, belong to different race or ethnic groups. The index ranges from 0 (no diversity) to 100 (complete diversity). The diversity score for the entire United States in 2010 is 60. This data variable is included in Esri’s Updated Demographics (2010/2015). Diversity in the U.S. population is increasing. The states with the most diverse populations are California, Hawaii, and New Mexico. This map shows Esri's 2010 estimates using Census 2000 geographies. The geography depicts States at greater than 25m scale, Counties at 1m to 25m scale, Census Tracts at 250k to 1m scale, and Census Block Groups at less than 250k scale.Esri's Updated Demographics (2010/2015) – Population, age, income, sex, and race are among the variables included in the database. Each year, Esri's data development team employs its proven methodologies to update more than 2,000 demographic variables for a variety of geographies. See Updated Demographics for more information. Information about the USA Diversity Index map service used in this map is here.

This dataset tracks annual diversity score from 2003 to 2006 for Growing Children Elementary School vs. California and Oakland Unified School District

Urbanization is a strong driver of plant diversity and may have complex effects on developed ecosystems. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether urban environments increase or decrease plant biodiversity compared with rural environments. Further, it is also unclear how non-native plant species contribute to spatial diversity patterns and ecosystem services. Better understanding these diversity drivers across gradients of urbanization has the potential to enhance native species conservation (e.g., targeted restoration activities), leading to positive feedbacks for broader promotion of biodiversity and societal benefits (e.g., links with native biodiversity and human health). In this study, we hypothesized that for plant species in unmanaged grasslands, urbanization would lead to declines in diversity at both small and medium scales. We established a network of remnant grassland sites across an urban to rural gradient in Los Angeles, CA, USA. Across this gradient we assessed patterns of alpha and beta diversity during the 2019 growing season. We found that local plant alpha diversity in remnant grasslands declined in urban landscapes (measured by surrounding percent development) due mostly to loss of native species. However, at intermediate scales across unmanaged parks and greenspaces, we saw increases in beta diversity at more urban locations. This was possibly due to the patchy dominance of different exotic species at urban locations; whereas, in rural locations non-native and native species were common across plots. Conservation is often informed by examinations of large scale, city-wide assessment of diversity, however, our results show that urban plant diversity, particularly native species, is affected at all spatial scales and beta-diversity can add important insights into how to manage urban ecosystems. Conservation that accounts for alpha and beta diversity may promote “virtuous cycle” frameworks where the promotion and protection of biodiversity simultaneously reduces the negative effects of invasion.

Urban agriculture has received considerable attention for its role in supporting biodiversity and ecosystem services, and health and well-being for growing urban populations. Urban gardens managed with agroecological practices and higher plant diversity support more biodiversity and may support higher crop production. Plant selection in gardens is a function of temperature and environmental conditions and also depends on gardener socio-demographic characteristics, motivations for gardening, and gardening experience. In this study, we examined how plant richness and composition vary with gardener socio-demographic factors, gardening experience and garden use, and gardener motivations. We focused on the socio-demographic factors of age, gender, education, and region of national origin, used information on years spent gardening and hours spent in gardens as a proxy for gardening experience, and collected information on motivations, as well as crop and ornamental plants grown by individual gardeners. We found that gender, region of origin, time spent gardening, and gardener motivations all influenced plant richness or composition. Specifically, women plant more plant species than men, especially of ornamental plants, and individual gardeners motivated by nature connection tend to plant strongly different plant compositions in their gardens. We also found that region of national origin strongly influences crop composition. In contrast to previous studies, we did not find that gardeners more motivated by food grow a higher proportion of or more crop species compared with ornamentals. Thus we show that multiple socio-demographic characteristics and motivations influence garden plant communities, and thus assuring access to gardens for all groups may boost plant richness and support ecosystem services in gardens.

High severity fire may promote or reduce plant understory diversity in forests. However, few empirical studies test long-standing theoretical predictions that productivity may help to explain observed variation in post-fire plant diversity. Support for the influence of productivity on disturbance-diversity relationships is found predominantly in experimental grasslands, while tests over large areas with natural disturbance and productivity gradients are few and have yielded inconsistent results. Here, we measured the response of post-fire understory plant diversity to natural gradients of fire severity and productivity in a large-scale observational study in California’s subalpine forests. We found that plant species richness increased with increasing fire severity and that this trend was stronger at high productivity. We used plant traits to investigate whether release from competition might contribute to increasing diversity and found that short-lived and far-dispersing species benefited more from high severity fire than their long-lived and near-dispersing counterparts. For far-dispersing species only, the benefit from high severity fire was stronger in high productivity plots where unburned species richness was lowest. Our results support theoretical connections between fire severity, productivity and plant communities that are key to predicting the consequences of increasing fire severity and frequency on diversity in the coming decades.

Methods Fire and plot selection

Over the course of three summers (July – September, 2017 – 2019), we sampled 248 plots across 13 fires in subalpine forest (see Appendix S1: Table S1 for fire information). We identified fires that contained each of six fire severity classes (unburned, low, low-moderate, moderate, high-moderate, and high) corresponding to fire-caused basal area mortality (0%, 0-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, 75-90%, and 90-100% respectively) using the remotely sensed relativized differenced normalized burn ratio (RdNBR; Miller and Thode 2007). Relativized fire severity measures such as RdNBR report relative change such that areas of both sparser and denser vegetation can experience the full fire severity spectrum. This helps to decouple the correlation between fire severity and productivity that can arise with absolute measures of biomass change or mortality (Pausas and Bradstock 2007). We sampled all 10 subalpine fires in the study region that contained six fire severity classes and were within two days hike of a trailhead as well as 3 smaller fires with fewer severity classes. Time since fire at the time of sampling ranged relatively evenly from 2-17 years.

We used a stratified random sampling design, placing 405 square meter circular plots at the crosshairs of a 200x200 meter grid in upland areas with no recorded history of previous fire or logging. We stratified plots across preliminary fire severity classes (from RdNBR) as well as aspect (see Appendix S1: Supplemental Methods & Figure S1) and estimated final plot-level fire severity based on fire-caused basal area mortality as described above as well as relative fuel consumption (see Appendix S1: Table S2 for fire severity class descriptions). We subsequently censused all vascular plant species in the plot by systematically searching the plot area. Species richness was low in our study area (median 10), making it easy to locate all species.

Remotely sensed environmental variables

We used NDVI, a remotely sensed measure of photosynthetic activity, to represent plot-level productivity. NDVI has strong theoretical and empirical links to Gross Primary Productivity (GPP; Glenn et al. 2008), and robust correlations have been found between NDVI and tree radial growth measurements in other energy-limited systems like boreal forest (Beck et al. 2011). NDVI derived from 30x30m Landsat imagery is commonly used to represent productivity in montane forest (Burkle et al. 2015) and a recent study in Sierra Nevada subalpine forest found that it declined with mortality in whitebark pine stands and that inter-annual variability in NDVI tracked snow accumulation throughout a 30 year study period (Potter and Dolanc 2016). Using Google Earth Engine, we removed snow and cloud pixels from Landsat V imagery and calculated the average of maximum annual NDVI for the years 1995 through 2000 (Pettorelli et al. 2005, Gorelick et al. 2017). This six-year time period predates sampled fires, represents both wet and dry years in the study region, and its average correlates well with total aboveground tree biomass calculated for 37 unburned plots (Appendix S1: Fig. S1). We calculated Heat Load Index, a single metric accounting for slope, aspect, and some elements of slope position and shadow (essentially total plot-level solar radiation), using the R package spatialEco (McCune and Keon, 2002).

Plant trait data

We compiled available information on plant life history and dispersal syndrome for species in our dataset using the University of California Jepson Herbarium (http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu), the USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information System (feis-crs.org), JSTOR Global Plants (https://plants.jstor.org/), and our own familiarity with the species. We characterized species life history as either annual/biennial, short-lived perennial (non-woody perennial without rhizomes, stolons, bulbs or root storage organs) or long-lived perennial (woody perennials and/or perennials with rhizomes, stolons, bulbs, or other storage organs), and species dispersal syndrome as either far-dispersing (vertebrate or wind dispersal syndrome) or near-dispersing (unassisted dispersal syndrome) (Supplement S1: Table S3). Species dispersal syndrome was classified as vertebrate-dispersing if the reproductive structures were fleshy or adhesive, wind-dispersing if the reproductive structure included a pappus, and unassisted if the reproductive structure had none of the previously described characteristics.

California Supplements Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the California supplements market size reached USD 8.7 billion in 2024, reflecting a robust consumer demand for health and wellness products across the state. The market is projected to expand at a CAGR of 7.5% from 2025 to 2033, reaching an estimated value of USD 16.7 billion by 2033. This sustained growth is driven by increasing health consciousness, a growing aging population, and the rising prevalence of lifestyle-related diseases, all of which are propelling consumers to seek supplements for preventive and therapeutic purposes. As per the latest research, the market’s upward trajectory is further supported by innovations in product formulations and a dynamic retail landscape.

One of the primary growth factors for the California supplements market is the heightened awareness surrounding personal health and preventive care. Californians, known for their proactive approach to wellness, are increasingly seeking dietary supplements to address nutritional gaps, boost immunity, and support overall well-being. The COVID-19 pandemic further accelerated this trend, with consumers prioritizing immune-boosting vitamins and minerals such as vitamin C, vitamin D, and zinc. Moreover, the state’s diverse and health-conscious population is more inclined to invest in premium, organic, and clean-label supplements, thereby shaping market trends and encouraging manufacturers to innovate with natural and plant-based ingredients. This evolving consumer mindset is expected to maintain strong demand across various supplement categories.

The growth of the supplements market in California is also fueled by the expanding fitness and sports nutrition segment. The state’s culture of active living, combined with a significant number of fitness enthusiasts, athletes, and gym-goers, has led to a surge in demand for protein supplements, amino acids, and sports nutrition products. The proliferation of fitness centers, yoga studios, and wellness retreats across urban and suburban areas further supports the consumption of supplements designed to enhance performance, recovery, and muscle health. Additionally, the influence of social media and fitness influencers has made dietary supplements more accessible and desirable, particularly among younger demographics seeking to emulate healthy lifestyles.

Another significant factor contributing to the market’s expansion is the rapid growth of e-commerce and digital retail channels. Online platforms have revolutionized supplement purchasing, offering consumers greater convenience, access to a wider variety of products, and the ability to compare prices and read reviews. Leading supplement brands and retailers are investing heavily in digital marketing, personalized recommendations, and subscription-based models to attract and retain customers. This digital transformation is particularly impactful in California, where tech-savvy consumers are quick to adopt new shopping behaviors. Furthermore, the state’s regulatory environment, which emphasizes product safety and quality, instills consumer confidence and encourages repeat purchases.

Regionally, Southern California dominates the state’s supplements market, accounting for the largest share due to its dense population, affluent communities, and vibrant fitness culture. Northern California, home to Silicon Valley and a highly educated populace, is also a significant contributor, with consumers favoring innovative and specialty supplements. Central California, while smaller in market size, is witnessing steady growth as awareness and accessibility improve. The regional diversity of California ensures that the supplements market is dynamic, with localized trends and preferences driving demand for specific product types and formulations.

Product Type Analysis

The California supplements market is characterized by a diverse range of product types, including vitamins, minerals, herbal supplements, protein supplements, sports nutrition, and others. Vitamins continue to hold the largest share owing to their widespread use for general wellness and immunity support. Consumers across all age groups incorporate multivitamins and single-nutrient supplements such as vitamin D, vitamin B12, and vitamin C into their daily routines. The increasing prevalence of vitamin deficiencies, particularly among the elderly and specific ethnic groups, drives sustained demand. Additionally, publi

This dataset tracks annual diversity score from 2019 to 2023 for Grow Academy Arvin vs. California and Grow Academy Arvin School District

Sampling

Shaw’s Agave leaf tissues were collected from 27 individual plants (Figure 1G, 1H) across the habitat range (Figure 1G) i.e. Point Loma (CNM, NB), Border Field State Park, Rosarito, and Arroyo Hondo. An individual is one tightly grouped cluster of rosettes (Figure 1A-C) or a lone rosette (Figure 1D). Individual’s samples were collected from three sites in California, USA: CNM, CA (7; June 2017); NB, CA (5; June 2017); BC, CA (5; March 2008), and two sites in Mexico: AH, MX (5; October 2008); RS, MX (5; June 2008). Samples were collected from U.S. National Park Service (NPS)-predetermined sites at CNM and NB. Leaf tissue surfaces were cleaned with 70% ethanol and excised with sterile scissors. Three replicates from each individual’s rosette (Figure 1H) were collected at CNM and NB, placed on ice, and stored at -80°C. Leaf tissues collected from BC, AH, and RS (Figure 1G) were stored in silica gel.

Soil samples were collected at a maximal depth of 30 cm within 1-meter from the ...

BackgroundLarge-scale patterns or trends in species diversity have long interested ecologists. The classic pattern is for diversity (e.g., species richness) to decrease with increasing latitude. Taxonomic distinctness is a diversity measure based on the relatedness of the species within a sample. Here we examined patterns of taxonomic distinctness in relation to latitude (ca. 32–48 °N) and depth (ca. 50–1220 m) for demersal fishes on the continental shelf and slope of the US Pacific coast.Methodology/Principal FindingsBoth average taxonomic distinctness (AvTD) and variation in taxonomic distinctness (VarTD) changed with latitude and depth. AvTD was highest at approximately 500 m and lowest at around 200 m bottom depth. Latitudinal trends in AvTD were somewhat weaker and were depth-specific. AvTD increased with latitude on the shelf (50–150 m) but tended to decrease with latitude at deeper depths. Variation in taxonomic distinctness (VarTD) was highest around 300 m. As with AvTD, latitudinal trends in VarTD were depth-specific. On the shelf (50–150 m), VarTD increased with latitude, while in deeper areas the patterns were more complex. Closer inspection of the data showed that the number and distribution of species within the class Chondrichthyes were the primary drivers of the overall patterns seen in AvTD and VarTD, while the relatedness and distribution of species in the order Scorpaeniformes appeared to cause the relatively low observed values of AvTD at around 200 m.Conclusions/SignificanceThese trends contrast to some extent the patterns seen in earlier studies for species richness and evenness in demersal fishes along this coast and add to our understanding of diversity of the demersal fishes of the California Current.

Aim: Fire can strongly influence ecosystem function, and human activities are disrupting fire activity at the global scale. Ecological theory and a growing body of literature suggest that a mixed severity fire regime promotes biodiversity in western North America. Some researchers advocate the use of pyrodiversity (i.e., heterogeneity in aspects of the fire regime such as time since fire or severity) as a conservation index to be maximized. Others caution against this approach arguing that the index oversimplifies fire-biodiversity interactions across trophic, spatial, and temporal scales. We evaluated the effects of several landscape-scale pyrodiversity indices, and their severity and time-since-fire components, on species richness of forest carnivores.

Location: Northern California, United States

Methods: We gathered data on fire history and mammal occurrence from camera trap surveys at 1,451 sites across Northern California public and private forestlands during 2009–2018. We used this data to model the effects of fire severity diversity, and its components (i.e., low, moderate, and high severity wildfires), on carnivore richness at short (10 years) and longer (25 years) timeframes. We repeated the modeling using a measure of time-since-fire diversity and its components (<10 yrs, 10–20 yrs, 20–30 ys, 30–40 yrs, 40–100 yrs.). We used Bayesian multispecies occupancy modeling to correct for imperfect measurement of species richness.

Results: We found that carnivore richness was highest at locations with intermediate fire severity diversity (0.46, 90%CI: 0.40–0.52) calculated using Simpson's Measure of Evenness (range: 0–1) for the 10-yr timeframe, and the results were almost identical yet less precise for the longer timeframe. When we separated fire severity diversity into its components, we found that carnivore richness was highest at locations where 17% (90%CI: 4–20) of the landscape had experienced low severity burns over the past decade. In contrast, we found no association between time-since-fire diversity and carnivore richness, however, an intermediate amount of one of the components (e.g, the total amount of fire in the past 10 years) was positively associated with carnivore richness. Our results are consistent with a mixed severity fire regime wherein there is a greater extent of low severity than high severity fire.

Main Conclusions: Overall our results suggest that carnivores would benefit from landscapes managed for greater, but not maximal, fire severity diversity. Our results also suggest that prescribed, low severity burns may provide ecological services to wildlife not otherwise provided by silviculture in a managed forest landscape.

California Title 24 HVAC Controls Upgrades Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the California Title 24 HVAC Controls Upgrades market size reached USD 1.47 billion in 2024, reflecting the region’s robust commitment to energy efficiency and regulatory compliance. The market is expected to grow at a steady CAGR of 7.9% from 2025 to 2033, with the forecasted market size anticipated to reach USD 2.97 billion by 2033. This growth trajectory is driven by stringent state mandates, increasing adoption of smart building technologies, and a heightened focus on sustainability across commercial, residential, and industrial sectors.

A significant growth factor for the California Title 24 HVAC Controls Upgrades market is the state’s ongoing regulatory evolution. Title 24, a pivotal component of the California Building Standards Code, continually raises the bar for energy efficiency in HVAC systems. The frequent updates to Title 24 standards push building owners and operators to invest in advanced HVAC controls such as smart thermostats, zoning systems, and building automation systems. These upgrades are not only necessary for compliance but also offer substantial energy savings and operational efficiencies. As California leads the nation in environmental policy, the ripple effect is seen in accelerated market adoption rates, with both new construction and retrofit projects prioritizing Title 24 compliance.

Another critical driver is the rapid advancement and integration of innovative technologies within the HVAC controls segment. The proliferation of IoT-enabled devices, wireless controls, and cloud-based building management platforms has revolutionized how buildings manage heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. These technologies enable real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and adaptive energy management, which are crucial for meeting Title 24 requirements. Furthermore, the increasing consumer demand for smart homes and automated commercial buildings has fueled investments in sophisticated controls, further propelling market growth. The synergy between regulatory pressure and technological innovation creates a fertile environment for sustained expansion of the California Title 24 HVAC Controls Upgrades market.

Market growth is also underpinned by robust incentives and financial support mechanisms provided by state and local governments. Various utility programs, rebates, and tax incentives are specifically designed to ease the financial burden of HVAC upgrades for both residential and commercial property owners. These programs not only accelerate the adoption of advanced HVAC controls but also enhance the return on investment for end-users. Additionally, the growing awareness of climate change and the state’s ambitious carbon neutrality goals have catalyzed the adoption of energy-efficient controls, making Title 24 compliance a focal point for a wide range of stakeholders, from developers to facility managers and homeowners.

Regionally, Southern California continues to dominate the market due to its high concentration of commercial real estate, rapid urbanization, and a large base of residential properties requiring upgrades. Northern California, with its strong tech sector and progressive sustainability initiatives, also demonstrates significant market momentum, particularly in the commercial and institutional segments. Central California, while smaller in comparison, is experiencing steady growth driven by industrial expansion and the modernization of public infrastructure. This regional diversity ensures a balanced market landscape, with unique drivers and challenges shaping the adoption of HVAC controls upgrades in each area.

Solution Type Analysis

The solution type segment of the California Title 24 HVAC Controls Upgrades market encompasses a broad range of technologies, including thermostats, zoning systems, sensors, building automation systems, and other innovative solutions. Among these, smart thermostats have seen the highest adoption rates in both residential and commercial applications. Their ability to provide precise temperature control, learning algorithms, and seamless integration with mobile devices makes them a cornerstone of Title 24 compliance. The market for smart thermostats is further buoyed by their cost-effectiveness and ease of installation, making them an attractive choice for retrofit projects as well as new construction.

Cities are sometimes characterized as homogenous with species assemblages composed of abundant, generalist species having similar ecological functions. Under this assumption, rare species, or species observed infrequently, would have especially high conservation value in cities for their potential to increase functional diversity. Management to increase the number of rare species in cities could be an important conservation strategy in a rapidly urbanizing world. However, most studies of species rarity define rarity in relatively pristine environments where human management and disturbance is minimized. We know little about what species are rare, how many species are rare, and what management practices promote rare species in urban environments. Here, we identified which plants and species of birds and bees that control pests and pollinate crops are rare in urban gardens and assessed how social, biophysical factors, and cross-taxonomic comparisons influence rare species richness. We found overwhelming numbers of rare species, with over 50% of plant cultivars observed classified as rare. Our results highlight the importance of women, older individuals, and gardeners who live closer to garden sites in increasing the number of rare plants within urban areas. Fewer rare plants were found in older gardens and gardens with more bare soil. There were more rare bird species in larger gardens and more rare bee species where canopy cover was higher. We also found that in some cases, rarity begets rarity, with positive correlations found between the number of rare plants and bee species and between bee and bird species. Overall, our results suggest that urban gardens include a high number of species existing at low frequency and that social and biophysical factors promoting rare, planned biodiversity can cascade down to promote rare, associated biodiversity. Methods Study Region We worked in 18 urban community gardens in three counties (Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, and Monterey) in the central coast region of California, USA. The gardens differ in local habitat (structural and compositional diversity of both crop and non-crop species) and landscape context (amount of natural, agricultural, and urban land cover in the surrounding area). All gardens have been cultivated for five to 47 years and range from 444 to 15,525 m2 in size. All of the gardens use organic management practices and prohibit the use of chemical pesticides and insecticides. Gardens were chosen because they represent sites across a gradient of urban, natural, and agricultural landscapes and were separated from each other by >2 km, the farthest distance between gardens was 90 km and the closest was 2 km (Cohen et al., 2020; Egerer et al., 2017; Philpott and Bichier, 2017). Gardener demographic data indicates that gardeners are diverse in their make-up, covering a range of family sizes, education, salary, and food insecurity levels (Egerer et al., 2017; Philpott et al., 2020). Data Collection We provide the following framework (Fig. 1) to help visualize the specific set of questions posed in this study and the data and analyses used to address them. First, we ask which gardener characteristics (Q1), and which local and landscape garden features affect the number of rare plant cultivars (Q2a) and rare bird and bee species (Q2b) in urban community gardens. We include cultivars as distinct types per (Reiss and Drinkwater 2018). Subsequently, we ask if there is an association between the number of rare plant cultivars and the number of rare bird and bee species (Q3), and if the number of rare bird and bee species are also related to one another (Q4).
The data analyzed for this research was collected in two summer field seasons (2015, 2017), from May to September, which is the peak urban garden growing season for the region. Gardener characteristics data (defined below) and gardener self-reported plant data were collected in summer 2017 to address Q1 (Fig. 1). Direct sampling of biodiversity (plants, bees, birds) and garden characteristics was done in summer 2015 to address Q2-4 (Fig. 1). Though structural equation modeling (SEMs) was considered, there is no direct way to compare data from 2017 and 2015 because of the methodological differences outlined below. Thus, separate statistical analyses are conducted for 2017 and 2015 data. We can test the relationship between gardener characteristics and number of rare plant cultivars because gardeners reported what plants they grew in our surveys. We cannot directly test how gardener characteristics influenced the number of rare bird and bee species because gardeners were not asked about these species. Instead, we infer effects of gardener characteristics on bees and birds indirectly via the overall research framework in Figure 1. We explain the specific methods for each type of data collection and the analysis below. Gardener characteristics data We surveyed gardeners from 18 urban community gardens during the 2017 summer field season. Survey questionnaires collected information on gardener demographic information as well as gardening experience and use data (Table 1). Specifically, we surveyed 185 gardeners in total, or six to 14 gardeners per garden (9.5-65% of the gardener population in a site). We only included surveys in our analysis if plant information on the survey was completed (n=162). We administered surveys in English (n=123), Spanish (n=38), and Bosnian (n=1) and either read the survey out loud in person (n=138) or via phone (n=1), and either had the gardener fill out the survey themselves (n=21) or had a gardener read the survey to another gardener (n=1). Two of the surveys did not have information on the method of survey administration. We also note that despite best efforts to surveys gardens equally, uneven gardener availability resulted in unequal gardener sampling across the 18 community gardens, requiring us to calculate the number of rare plant cultivars in gardener-reported data (2017) by gardener surveys rather than by garden as was done in direct field-based data (2015) described below. Gardener-reported plant data Gardeners were asked to identify and list the plant species and cultivars that they planted in their plots. We then classified gardener-reported plants into either crop or ornamental species. Crop species included fruits, vegetables, herbs, and other consumable plants. Ornamental species included plants grown for decorative purposes, such as flowers and non-food providing crops. Though we included plant cultivars as distinct types, gardeners varied in the level of cultivar specificity provided, which we acknowledge is a limitation to our study. We looked up scientific names for common names provided and supplemented these results with direct field-based plant data where researchers identified species and cultivars in the field using methods described in detail below. Garden characteristics data Landscape-level garden data For each garden, we measured the surrounding landscape composition within buffers surrounding gardens at the 0.5, 1, and 3 km scale. We used the 2011 National Land Cover Database (NLCD) (Jin et al. 2015) to calculate the percentage of urban NLCD land cover class using ArcGIS (v. 10.1) (ESRI 2011). Urban land cover was calculated by combining developed low, medium, and high intensity developed land. Urban land cover is correlated with many other land use categories (e.g., natural land), thus we chose to focus on only urban land cover in our models because we were most interested in the effects of urbanization on biodiversity; further, urban land cover has been a significant predictor of biodiversity in previous analyses of these gardens (Quistberg et al. 2016, Egerer et al. 2017). Urban cover at the 1 km scale best predicted pooled species rarity across taxa, exhibiting the lowest AIC of all the scale models (Appendix S1: Table S1), thus the 1 km spatial scale was used for all subsequent analyses. Local-level garden data To collect local-scale garden characteristics, we established a 20 x 20 m plot in the center of each garden. In this plot, we measured canopy cover using a spherical densiometer at the center and N, S, E, and W edges of the plot, counted the number and species of trees and shrubs, and counted the number of trees or shrubs in flower within the plot. We determined age and size of each garden by examining historic Google Earth images and noting the first appearance of the gardens, and then we used ground-truthed GPS points taken from each garden to calculate size. For a few of the gardens older than 35 years, we used historical information gained through community resources or discussions with farm management to determine age. We measured ground characteristics using four 1 x 1 m sub-plots within the 20 x 20 m plots. The 1 x 1 m sub-plots were randomly placed anywhere (including pathways) within the 20 x 20 m plots. Within each 1 x 1 m sub-plot, we measured the height of the tallest herbaceous vegetation and estimated ground cover composition (percent bare soil, rocks, leaf litter, grass, mulch). We repeated sampling once per month between May and September 2015 and calculated the mean value for each environmental variable for each garden at each time point. Field-based biodiversity data Field-based plant data We measured plant biodiversity using the same four 1 x 1 m sub-plots within the 20 x 20 m plots. Within each sub-plot, we identified the species and cultivars of all herbaceous plants and measured the percent cover for each species and cultivar. This was measured once per month for five sampling periods, separated by roughly 21 days. As with gardener-reported plant data, researchers classified field-based plant data into either crop or ornamental species and cultivars. Plants that did not fit crop or ornamental categories were designated weeds. Gardeners were not asked to report any weeds, thus not classified in gardener-reported plant

California Supplements Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global supplements market size in 2024 stands at USD 196.5 billion, with the California supplements market accounting for a significant share due to the state’s health-conscious population and advanced retail infrastructure. The global supplements market is projected to reach USD 340.2 billion by 2033, registering a robust CAGR of 6.2% over the forecast period. This growth is primarily driven by increasing consumer awareness regarding preventive healthcare, rising incidences of lifestyle-related diseases, and a marked shift toward natural and organic wellness solutions. As per our latest research, California’s unique demographic profile, progressive regulatory environment, and focus on wellness continue to position it as a pivotal market within the United States supplements industry.

One of the primary growth factors fueling the California supplements market is the heightened consumer focus on preventive health and wellness. Californians are increasingly prioritizing dietary supplementation as a means to bridge nutritional gaps, improve immune function, and support overall well-being. The state’s population, known for its active lifestyles and health-conscious attitudes, has rapidly adopted supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and herbal remedies. This trend is further amplified by the influence of social media, celebrity endorsements, and the proliferation of fitness and wellness influencers, all of which have contributed to mainstream acceptance and demand for high-quality supplements. Additionally, the widespread availability of personalized nutrition plans and the integration of digital health platforms have made it easier for consumers to identify and purchase supplements tailored to their specific needs, thus driving market expansion.

Another significant driver is the innovation and diversification within product offerings, which has led to the emergence of novel supplement forms and targeted formulations. Manufacturers are investing heavily in research and development to create products that cater to specific consumer groups, including children, the elderly, pregnant women, and athletes. The introduction of convenient formats such as gummies, powders, and ready-to-drink liquids has broadened the appeal of supplements, making them more accessible and enjoyable for a wider range of consumers. Furthermore, the growing demand for plant-based and organic supplements, as well as clean-label products free from artificial additives, has prompted companies to reformulate their offerings to align with evolving consumer preferences. This wave of product innovation, coupled with strategic partnerships between supplement brands and healthcare providers, has significantly contributed to the sustained growth of the California supplements market.

The robust distribution network in California also plays a crucial role in market growth. The proliferation of online stores, specialty health retailers, supermarkets, and pharmacies has ensured that supplements are widely available across the state. E-commerce, in particular, has seen exponential growth, with consumers increasingly opting for the convenience of home delivery and the ability to compare products and read reviews before making a purchase. Retailers have responded by expanding their online presence and offering subscription-based models, discounts, and personalized recommendations to enhance customer loyalty. Additionally, the presence of a large number of specialty stores and pharmacies in urban centers like Los Angeles, San Francisco, and San Diego has further strengthened the market’s distribution infrastructure, ensuring that consumers have easy access to a diverse array of supplement products.

Regionally, Southern California continues to dominate the supplements market, accounting for the largest share due to its dense population, high disposable income levels, and vibrant health and wellness culture. Northern California follows closely, driven by a strong presence of tech-savvy consumers and a thriving start-up ecosystem focused on health innovation. Central California, while smaller in market size, is witnessing steady growth as awareness about supplements spreads to more rural and suburban areas. The state’s diverse demographic composition and its role as a trendsetter in health and wellness ensure that the California supplements market remains dynamic and poised for continued expansion throughout the forecast period.

As of July 2024, the largest age group among the United States population were adults aged 30 to 34 years old. There were 11.9 million males and some 12.1 million females in this age cohort. The total population of the country was estimated to be 340.1 million Which U.S. state has the largest population? The United States is the third most populous country in the world. It is preceded by China and India, and followed by Indonesia in terms of national population. The gender distribution in the U.S. has remained consistent for many years, with the number of females narrowly outnumbering males. In terms of where the residents are located, California was the state with the largest population. The U.S. population by race and ethnicity The United States poses an ethnically diverse population. In 2023, the number of Black or African American individuals was estimated to be 45.76 million, which represented an increase of over four million since the 2010 census. The number of Asian residents has increased at a similar rate during the same time period and the Hispanic population in the U.S. has also continued to grow.

Expression diversity of P. ramorum isolates belonging to the NA1 clonal lineage growing on solid CV8 was examined. It was found that although all the analyzed isolates belonged to a single clonal lineage, expression patterns were distinctive between isolates originating from coast live oak and California bay laurel. Overall design: Global expression patterns of 13 isolates originating from coastal live oak and California bay laurel was investigated. No biological replicates were generated. The sequenced strain Pr102 was included. Gene models Phytophthora ramorum v1.0 were used to construct NimbleGen 72K x4 custom arrays.

This dataset tracks annual diversity score from 2019 to 2023 for Collegiate Charter High School Of Los Angeles vs. California and Collegiate Charter High School Of Los Angeles School District

[Methods] We mapped all emergent wetlands > 5×5 m within our study area—California’s Sierra Nevada foothills EPA zone III eco-region in Yuba, Nevada, and southern Butte countieso of California. Mapping was done by manually interpreting summer 2013 GeoEye-1 0.4 m imagery in Google Earth 7.1.5. Areas covered by hydrophytes (Typha spp., Scirpus spp., Juncus effusus, Leersia oryzoides, or various sedges) were considered wetland. We included hydrophytes that appeared seasonally dried; if green vegetation was present along the wetland-upland transition zone, we buffered 5 m into it. Open water and rice were excluded. If imagery was ambiguous, we used Google Earth imagery from adjacent years to help distinguish if a wetland was present. Each wetland’s geomorphology was classified as slope (shallow hillside flow), pond fringe, fluvial, rice fringe, irrigation ditch, or waterfowl impoundment. We combined historic imagery and field data to determine the water sources. We surveyed 237 wetlands for occupancy of Black Rails up to three times each summer from 2012–2016 using established broadcast survey methods (for details see Richmond et al. 2010). To assess the effects of water source on wetland hydrology, we resurveyed wetlands for 14 periods: in the early wet season (January 8–27), late wet season (March 22–25), early dry season (May 17–June 20), and late dry season (July 15–August 15) from summer 2013–2016. At each visit we walked throughout the wetland with a map of aerial imagery and recorded the percent wetness (areal percent of wetland saturated with water). We trapped mosquitoes at 63 wetlands from June–October, 2012–2014 (4710 trap/nights) and estimated WNV prevalence (probability of a mosquito testing positive for WNV) with genetic testing. We estimated WNV transmission risk at each wetland as the mean abundance of WNV-infected Culex spp. (the main WNV vectors) per trap/night. [Usage Notes] Note that wetland data is not a comprehensive list of all wetlands in the region. Missing values for black rail occupancy in some years or visits within years are delineated with Theory posits that resilience of ecosystems increases when there is a diversity of agents (e.g., species) and linkages between them. If ecosystems are conceptualized as components of “coupled human and natural systems”, then a corollary would be that novel types of human-induced diversity may also foster resilience. We explored this hypothesis by studying how socially created diversity mediated the impact of a historically severe drought on a network of wetlands in the foothills of the California Sierra Nevada containing a metapopulation of the threatened California Black Rail (Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus). We examined how (1) diversity in motivations for land ownership affected use of irrigation water and response to drought, (2) differences in natural and irrigated water sources affected wetland drying in response to drought, and (3) these processes affected the persistence of rails and the transmission risk of West Nile virus, an emerging infectious disease that threatens people and rails. Wetlands were mostly fed by inefficiencies and leaks from the irrigation system. Wetlands with both natural and irrigated water sources were larger, wetter, and likelier to persist through drought because these two sources showed response diversity by drying at different times. Wetlands with diverse water sources also provided the best habitat for the California Black Rail, and irrigation appeared responsible for its persistence through the drought. Irrigation increased WNV transmission risk by increasing the quantity, but not the quality, of wetland habitats for mosquitoes. The impacts of social diversity were more ambiguous, with redundancy prevalent. However, profit-motivated landowners provided wetlands more irrigation during non-drought conditions, while other landowner types were more likely to continue providing irrigation during drought. This dataset provides the wetland, California Black Rail, and West Nile virus data that support the findings of this study. Partial social and geospatial data are available by emailing the first author upon request, excluding some information that would make respondents identifiable.

This dataset tracks annual diversity score from 1991 to 2023 for Cesar Chavez Middle School vs. California and New Haven Unified School District

This dataset tracks annual diversity score from 2021 to 2023 for Options For Youth - Duarte Inc vs. California and Options For Youth - Duarte Inc School District