Gypsy or Irish Traveller populations by country or continent of birth across different geographical areas.

IntroductionRoma people in Europe are still in a great risk of social exclusion because of the stereotypes, prejudices, and discrimination against them, known as Antigypsyism. They also encounter high levels of poverty, lower levels of education, housing conditions, and health care, high rates of unemployment, and so on. Based on the push-pull theory, the present study examines the phenomenon of international migration of the Roma population from Olt County, Romania, capturing the specific factors that led to their migration and return to the country, and also the effects of this phenomenon on the community at the place of origin.Methodsour study used a mixed-methods approach, applying a non-standardized questionnaire to 796 Roma people who have experienced international, temporary migration and currently live in Olt County from Romania and semistructured interviews with 15 managers and representatives of the local public and socio-cultural institutions from the same region.Resultsthe results show us that the main push-pull factors of external migration of Roma people from Romania, as well as of their return home are economic and socio-cultural ones. Our data can add to the mentioned theory new pull factors for migration to certain countries, such as the friendly climate and easier learning of the language of the host country. We have also discovered that family is the main factor for returning home to Romania, and also the disappointment of their migration experience. The effects of their return migration on them and the community can be positive (e.g., cultural exchange, awareness of the role of education), but also negative (e.g., increasing unemployment, the negative image of Romania).Conclusionthe findings highlight some assumptions of the push-pull theory, but they also bring new perspectives for understanding and approaching this phenomenon. The perspectives of Roma and representatives of institutions are different regarding the push factors that generate external migration of Roma, Roma identify only economic factors that lead to migration, while managers and representatives also talk about socio-cultural factors involved in the decision to migrate of Roma. The study also identifies the implications generated by the return home of the Roma, with economic, socio-cultural, and educational effects, but also effects at the level of public policies. We believe that the push-pull factors of external migration and the effects of Roma's return to the country are interconnected, generating an amplification of the problems for which Roma migrate. Therefore, they constitute solid arguments for building and streamlining social integration policies for Roma.

Die Roma-Erhebung 2021 ist Teil einer Reihe von Erhebungen, die von der EU Fundamental Rights Agency durchgeführt werden, um die Fortschritte bei der Integration der Roma in ausgewählten Mitgliedstaaten und Beitrittsländern zu bewerten. Politischer Hintergrund ist der (2020 angekündigte) Strategische Rahmen der EU für die Integration und Teilhabe der Roma, der messbare quantitative Ziele (Portfolio von Indikatoren) festlegt, die die Mitgliedstaaten bis 2030 erreichen sollen. Die Erhebung soll Daten liefern, die als Grundlage für die Haupt- und Nebenindikatoren des EU-Roma-Rahmens dienen können. Sie liefert auch wertvolle Informationen darüber, wie sich die Situation seit der EU-MIDIS-II-Erhebung von 2016 entwickelt hat, mit der sie vergleichbar ist.Im Rahmen der Roma-Erhebung 2021 wurden Informationen von 8461 Befragten und zusätzlich - für eine Reihe ausgewählter Variablen - Informationen über 20 212 Personen erhoben, die im Haushalt der Befragten oder in der Infrastruktur ihrer Wohnviertel, Siedlungen oder Lager leben. Die befragten Länder waren Kroatien, Tschechien, Griechenland, Ungarn, Italien, Portugal, Rumänien und Spanien sowie die EU-Beitrittsländer Nordmazedonien und Serbien.In allen Ländern wurde die gleiche Methodik angewandt. Die Interviews wurden persönlich durchgeführt, wobei ein mehrstufiges, geschichtetes Zufallsverfahren angewandt wurde. Alle Interviews wurden mittels CAPI durchgeführt. Die Erhebung richtete sich an Personen ab 16 Jahren, die sich selbst als Personen mit Roma-Hintergrund (oder einer anderen unter diesem Oberbegriff zusammengefassten Gruppe) bezeichneten, in Privathaushalten lebten und ihren gewöhnlichen Wohnsitz während mindestens sechs der zwölf Monate vor der Erhebung im Erhebungsland hatten. Den Befragten wurde eine breite Palette von Fragen zu ihrem Alltag gestellt. Die von der Erhebung erfassten Bereiche sind die sozioökonomische Situation, einschließlich Einkommen, Bildung, Beschäftigung und Gesundheit, sowie die Erfahrungen der Befragten mit Diskriminierung, Belästigung und Gewalt, einschließlich rassistisch motivierter Vorfälle. Der Datensatz enthält auch unterstellte Variablen für die vorgenannten Haupt- und Sekundärindikatoren. The Roma Survey 2021 makes part of a series of surveys carried out by the EU Fundamental Rights Agency that assess the progress towards Roma inclusion in selected Member States and accession countries. The policy background is the EU Roma Strategic Framework for equality inclusion and participation (announced in 2020) that sets out measurable quantitative targets (portfolio of indicators) to achieve by the Member States by 2030. The survey aims to provide data that can be used as a baseline for the EU Roma Framework’s headline and secondary indicators. It also provides valuable information of how the situation developed since EU MIDIS II survey in 2016, to which it is comparable.The Roma Survey 2021 collected information from 8461 respondents and additionally - for a selected number of variables - information on 20,212 persons living in a respondent’s household or in the infrastructure of their neighborhoods, settlements or camps. The countries surveyed were Croatia, Czechia, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Romania and Spain as well as the EU accession countries North Macedonia and Serbia. The same methodology was applied in all countries. Interviews were conducted face to face using a multi-stage stratified random sampling approach. All interviews were conducted through CAPI. The survey targeted individuals aged 16 or over who self-identified as having a Roma background (or any group subsumed under this umbrella term), who lived in private households and whose usual place of residence had been the survey country for at least six of the 12 months before the survey. Respondents were asked a wide range of questions about their everyday life. The areas covered by the survey are the socio-economic situation including income, education, employment and health as well as respondents’ experiences of discrimination, harassment and violence, including any racially motivated incidents. The dataset includes also imputed variables for the aforementioned headline and secondary indicators. Computer Assisted Personal Interview (CAPI) –face-to-face interviews administered by interviewers using a computerized questionnaire. Selbst identifizierte Roma-Bevölkerung und alle Einzelpersonen, die sich als Mitglied einer der unter dem Oberbegriff „Roma“ subsumierten Gruppen identifizieren und mindestens 16 Jahre alt sind und in Kroatien, Griechenland, Italien, Portugal, Rumänien, Spanien, Nordmazedonien, Serbien und der Tschechischen Republik leben. Self-identified Roma population and all individuals that identify as a member of one of the groups subsumed under the umbrella term ‘Roma’ aged 16 and above living in Croatia, Czechia, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Romania and Spain, North Macedonia and Serbia. Sampling Procedure Comment: The target population is considered ‘hard to reach’ for survey research, due to the absence of sampling frames – there is no register data available on the Roma population in any of the countries. An area sampling frame was established at the level of Primary Sampling units. For the primary sampling units (usually municipalities or provinces) there was either census data on the size of the Roma population available or alternative sources, such as estimated from Roma associations were used. Following a mapping of the Roma population in the sampled Primary Sampling Units they were partitioned into smaller secondary sampling units, to ensure a sufficient number of Roma living in the area. In these secondary sampling units the households were selected via random walk and in eligible households the respondents were selected randomly from the list of eligible household members.

Roma populations by country of birth, with age, sex and main language breakdowns across different geographical areas.

Abstract

Since its inception in the mid-1990s, the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys programme, known as MICS, has become the largest source of statistically sound and internationally comparable data on children and women worldwide. In countries as diverse as Bangladesh, Thailand, Fiji, Qatar, Cote d’Ivoire, Turkmenistan and Argentina, trained fieldwork teams conduct face-to-face interviews with household members on a variety of topics – focusing mainly on those issues that directly affect the lives of children and women. MICS is an integral part of plans and policies of many governments around the world, and a major data source for more than 30 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) indicators. The MICS programme continues to evolve with new methodologies and initiatives, including MICS Plus, MICS Link, MICS GIS and the MICS Tabulator.

Geographic coverage

North Macedonia, Republic of (Roma Settlements) The majority of MICS surveys are designed to be representative at the national level. Sample sizes are sufficient to generate robust data at the regional or provincial levels, and for urban and rural areas. Subnational surveys, covering specific population groups (such as Palestinians in Lebanon) or specific geographical areas (such as selected regions of East in Afghanistan) within countries are also conducted.

Analysis unit

Household, Individual

Sampling procedure

Sample sizes vary greatly from one survey to the other, currently averaging around 12,000 households (for national surveys).

The sample for the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) was designed to provide estimates on a large number of indicators on the situation of children and women at the national level, for areas of residence, and for geographical locations, such as regions, governorates, or districts. A multi-stage, stratified cluster sampling approach was typickly used for the selection of the survey sample. MICS6 surveys are not self-weighting. For reporting national level results, sample weights were used. A more detailed description of the sample design can be found in Appendix A of Final Report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

MICS questionnaires were designed by implementing agencies, typically the National Statistical Offices. In each country, MICS questionnaires were based on an assessment of the country’s data needs. The starting point were the standard MICS questionnaires designed by UNICEF’s Global MICS Team, in close coordination with experts, development partners and other international survey programmes. Countries chose from the MICS modules in the standard MICS questionnaires. UNICEF’s MICS experts supported implementing agencies to customize the questionnaires, as required, to the national setting. All survey activities, from sample and survey design, to fieldwork and report writing are carried out by the implementing agencies – with continuous technical support from UNICEF.

The sixth round of MICS included six model questionnaires: • Household Questionnaire • Water Quality Testing Questionnaire • The Questionnaire for Individual Women • The Questionnaire for Individual Men • The Questionnaire for Children Age 5-17 and • The Questionnaire for Children Under Five

The flexible, modular nature of MICS questionnaires makes it easy to remove modules which may not be relevant, and modules for which there is already good quality data from other sources.

Refer to tools page on mics.unicef.org for more detailed information on the flow of questionnaires and contents of the modules.

In 2021, most individuals of the Roma and Sinti population living in North-Italy were Italians. More specifically, the share of people with the Italian nationality was equal to 87 percent. On the contrary, 68 percent of Roma and Sinti residing in Central Italy held a nationality of an Ex-Yugoslavia country.

The Roma and Sinti population in Italy was often victim of episodes of hate speech. In 2018, 125 cases of hate speech against Roma and Sinti were recorded nationwide.

The products of the polymorphic ADME genes are involved in Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of drugs. The pharmacogenetic data have been studied extensively due to their clinical importance in the appropriate drug prescription, but such data from the isolated populations are rather scarce. We analyzed the distribution of 95 polymorphisms in 31 core ADME genes in 20 populations worldwide and in newly genotyped samples from the Roma (Gypsy) population living in Croatia. Global distribution of ADME core gene loci differentiated three major clusters; (1) African, (2) East Asian, and (3) joint European, South Asian and South American cluster. The SLCO1B3 (rs4149117) and CYP3A4 (rs2242480) genes differentiated at the highest level the African group of populations, while NAT2 gene loci (rs1208, rs1801280, and rs1799929) and VKORC1 (rs9923231) differentiated East Asian populations. The VKORC1 rs9923231 was among the investigated loci the one with the largest global minor allele frequency (MAF) range; its MAF ranged from 0.027 in Nigeria to 0.924 in Han Chinese. The distribution of the investigated gene loci positions Roma population within the joined European and South Asian clusters, suggesting that their ADME gene pool is a combination of ancestral (Indian) and more recent (European) surrounding, as it was already implied by other genetic markers. However, when compared to the populations worldwide, the Croatian Roma have extreme MAF values in 10 out of the 95 investigated ADME core gene loci. Among loci which have extraordinary MAFs in Roma population two have strong proof of clinical importance: rs1799853 (CYP2C9) for warfarin dosage, and rs12248560 (CYP2C19) for clopidogrel dosage, efficacy and toxicity. This finding confirms the importance of taking the Roma as well as the other isolated populations`genetic profiles into account in pharmaco-therapeutic practice.

Abstract

The Montenegro Roma Settlements Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS-RS) were carried out in 2013 by the Statistical Office of Montenegro (MONSTAT). Financial and technical support was provided by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and UN Montenegro. MICS is an international household survey programme developed by UNICEF. The 2013 Montenegro Roma Settlements MICS was conducted as part of the fifth global round of MICS surveys (MICS5). MICS provides up-to-date information on the situation of children and women and measures key indicators that allow countries to monitor progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), EU integration and other internationally agreed upon commitments.

Montenegro participated in the third global round of MICS surveys (MICS3) in 2005, at that time as part of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. In the fifth round of the MICS surveys (MICS5), scheduled for 2012-2014, Montenegro participated for the first time as a sovereign state. The survey provides a rich foundation of comparative data for comprehensive reporting on progress towards national MDGs targets and EU integration. The 2013 Montenegro MICS survey captures rapid changes in key indicators between this and the previous round of the survey especially regarding the situation of the most vulnerable children - children in the poorest households, Roma children or those living in rural areas - and in that way contributes to expanding the evidence base for policies and programmes.

The sample for the 2013 Montenegro Roma Settlements MICS was designed to provide estimates of a large number of indicators on the situation of children, women and men in the Roma settlements of Montenegro, at the level of Montenegro. The findings pertain to March-May 2013, when the fieldwork was conducted.

Geographic coverage

Roma settlements

Analysis unit

• individuals
• households

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged between 15-49 years, all children under 5 living in the household and all men aged between 15-49 years.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The primary objective of the sample design for the 2013 Montenegro Roma Settlements MICS was to produce statistically reliable estimates of most indicators, at the level of Montenegro.

According to the 2011 Montenegro Census, there are only 1,541 Roma households in Montenegro, or less than 1 percent of all households in the country. (A Roma household was defined as a household with at least one Roma person.) In order to examine the geographical distribution of the Roma households, MONSTAT tabulated the total number of Roma households by EA. A total of 201 EAs were identified with at least one Roma household, and most of these (114 EAs) have only one or two Roma households. The EAs were sorted in reverse order of the number of Roma households, and it was found that only 33 EAs had 10 or more Roma households, and these EAs accounted for 73% of all the Roma households in Montenegro. A total of 63 EAs have five or more Roma households, and account for 85.5 percent of all Roma households. The Roma survey was limited to the areas with a greater concentration of Roma because the purpose of the 2013 Montenegro Roma Settlements MICS is not to make estimates for all Roma households in Montenegro - the aim is to survey Roma households which have not been assimilated into Montenegro society, and probably have a worse economic status than the average Montenegrin household.

It was decided that it would be both cost-effective and analytically appropriate to limit the 2013 Montenegro Roma settlements MICS to EAs with 10 or more Roma households. The 33 EAs in this frame are listed. It can be seen that the two largest EAs have 148 and 178 Roma households; these EAs are in the areas referred to as the Roma camps. In these camps the families actually live in individual households, so it would be effective to conduct a household survey in these areas. A total of 12 EAs have 30 or more Roma households.

Since the sampling frame (the 2011 Population Census) was not up to date, a new listing of households was conducted in 33 sample enumeration areas prior to the selection of households. For this purpose, listing teams were formed, who visited each enumeration area and listed the occupied households.

MONSTAT was responsible for the recruitment of the teams responsible for listing and fieldwork. For each team, maps and descriptions of the selected cluster from the 2011 Census were provided. The interviewers' task was to go to the specific area and to record whether the dwelling is occupied or unoccupied; whether a Roma household lives in the dwelling or not; fill in the name of the head of household and the correct address; note whether children under 5 live in the household; and note whether at least one member of the household is Roma or Egyptian. If at least one member of the household was found to be Roma or Egyptian that household was classified as a Roma household. The listing was carried out from 22 January until 10 February 2013. During the listing of Roma households as well as during data collection, it was effective to use Roma enumerators who were more likely to elicit cooperation with the Roma community. Therefore, in one of the teams for data collection two interviewers and a measurer/driver were Roma and were responsible for interviewing only Roma households in Podgorica. In all other municipalities, Roma households were interviewed by interviewers who were also responsible for households from the general population.

In order to increase the sample size for the Roma households and ensure a sufficient number of children in smaller subgroups related to certain indicators, 30 Roma households were selected in EAs where 30 or more Roma households are identified in the listing. In the case of EAs with less than 30 Roma households, they were all included in the sample, regardless of whether or not they have children under 5. In the case of EAs with 30 or more Roma households and at least 12 of these have children under 5, 12 Roma households with children and 18 households without children were selected. Where there were fewer than 12 Roma households with children under 5, all of them were selected and then the remaining households were selected from those without children under 5 to sum up to 30 households. Based on the distribution of the Roma households in the frame, this sampling approach resulted in a sample of 685 Roma households.

The sampling procedures are more fully described in "Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2013 - Final Report" pp.283-285.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaires for the Generic MICS were structured questionnaires based on the MICS5 model questionnaire with some modifications and additions. Household questionnaires were administered in each household, which collected various information on household members including sex, age and relationship. The household questionnaire includes List of Household Members, Education, Child Labour, Child Discipline, Household Characteristics, Water and Sanitation, Handwashing.

In addition to a household questionnaire, questionnaires were administered in each household for women age 15-49, children under age five and men age 15-49. The questionnaire was administered to the mother or primary caretaker of the child.

The women's questionnaire includes Woman's Background, Fertility, Desire for Last Birth, Maternal and Newborn Health, Postnatal Health Checks, Illness Symptoms, Contraception, Unmet Need, Attitudes Toward Domestic Violence, Marriage/Union, Sexual Behaviour, HIV/AIDS, Tobacco and Alcohol Use and Life Satisfaction.

The men's questionnaire includes Men's Background, Attitudes Toward Domestic Violence, Marriage/Union, Sexual Behaviour, HIV/AIDS, Tobacco and Alcohol Use and Life Satisfaction.

The children's questionnaire includes Child's Age, Birth Registration, Early Childhood Development, Breastfeeding and Dietary Intake, Immunization, Care of Illness and Anthropometry.

The questionnaires are based on the MICS5 model questionnaire. The questionnaires were translated into Montenegrin from the English version of the MICS5 model and were pre-tested in Podgorica, Niksic and Cetinje during January 2013. Based on the results of the pre-test, modifications were made to the wording and translation of the questionnaires.

Cleaning operations

Data was entered using CSPro software. The data was entered on 10 microcomputers and carried out by 15 data entry operators and one data entry supervisor. In order to ensure quality control, all questionnaires were entered twice and internal consistency checks were performed. Procedures and standard programmes developed under the global MICS5 programme and adapted to the Montenegro questionnaire were used throughout. Data processing began simultaneously with data collection in March 2013 and was completed in May 2013 for both surveys. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software program, Version 18, and the model syntax and tabulation plans developed by UNICEF were used for this purpose.

Response rate

In Roma settlements, of the 685 households selected for the sample, 649 were found to be occupied. Of these, 615 were successfully interviewed for a household response rate of 95 percent. In the interviewed households, 1,001 women (age 15–49 years) were identified. Of these, 980 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 98 percent within interviewed households. In

Abstract

The Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian Communities in Kosovo Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS-RAEC) was carried out in 2013-2014 by the Kosovo Agency of Statistics, as part of the global MICS programme. Technical support was provided by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). UNICEF, the Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs of Austria, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), and the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare (MLSW) provided financial support. UNICEF, UNFPA and MLSW as well as the World Health Organisation, the National Institute of Public Health, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, the Office of Strategic Planning and the Kosovo Agency of Statistics of the Office of the Prime Minister were represented on the Inter-Ministerial Technical and Steering Committees. Technical support was provided throughout the entire process through the secondment of UNICEF Staff and Consultants to work alongside the Kosovo Agency of Statistics during all stages of the implementation of these surveys.

The global MICS programme was developed by UNICEF in the 1990s as an international household survey programme to support countries in the collection of internationally comparable data on a wide range of indicators on the situation of children and women. MICS surveys measure key indicators that allow countries to generate data for use in policies and programmes, and to monitor progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and other internationally agreed upon commitments. This MICS presents up-to-date information for assessing the situation of Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian children, women and men as well as to provide data for monitoring the existing strategies and action plans on the inclusion of Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian communities. This MICS will also furnish data for designing future programme interventions and support evidence based planning of Kosovo institutions. Importantly it will provide data to inform Kosovo’s EU aspirations and planning in the EU enlargement process while contributing to improved quality in statistics, data collection, management and monitoring systems.

The 2013-2014 Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian Communities in Kosovo MICS is a nationally representative sample survey in which 1,118 households, 1,439 women, 599 men and 735 mothers (or caretakers) on behalf of children under five were interviewed. This MICS was conducted in parallel to the 2013-2014 Kosovo MICS which was based on a separate sample. The Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian Communities in Kosovo MICS has a sample of the population living in those particular communities. The fieldwork was conducted between November 2013 – March 2014 by the Kosovo Agency of Statistics with financial and technical support from the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF).

Geographic coverage

Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian Communities

Analysis unit

• Individuals
• Households

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged between 15-49 years, all men age 15-49 years and all children under 5 living in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The primary objective of the sample design for the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian communities in Kosovo MICS was to produce statistically reliable estimates of most indicators, at the Kosovo level. The sample was stratified by Enumeration Areas with more than 50 Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian households and less than 50 Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian households.

A two-stage, stratified cluster sampling approach was used for the selection of the survey sample. The sample size for the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian communities in Kosovo MICS was calculated as about 1,200 households.

According to the 2011 Kosovo Census, there are only 6,308 Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian households in Kosovo, or about two percent of all households. A Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian household is defined as a household with at least one person in the Roma, Ashkali or Egyptian ethnic groups. In order to examine the geographic distribution of the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian households, KAS staff tabulated the total number of households with at least one person from these ethnic groups by EA. A total of 667 EAs were identified with at least one Roma/Ashkali/Egyptian household, but about half of these (338 EAs) have only one to three Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian households. The EAs were sorted in reverse order of the number of Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian households. It was found that 169 EAs have 10 or more Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian households, and these EAs account for 75.7% of all the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian households in Kosovo.

It was decided that it would be both cost-effective and analytically appropriate to limit the MICS for the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian populations to the EAs with 10 or more Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian households. Four EAs have more than 100 Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian households, and another 18 EAs have between 50 and 99 households with persons of these ethnic groups. There are 147 EAs with between 10 and 49 Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian households.

Some of the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian population identified in the 2011 Kosovo Census may have moved since that time, given a potentially higher migration rate for this population group as they find opportunities in other areas in Kosovo or countries in the Region. Therefore the current number of Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian households in the sample EAs will only be known following a new listing of households to identify those with at least one Roma, Ashkali or Egyptian person.

In order to provide a good level of precision for the key maternal and child health indicators for the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian population, it is recommended to have a sample size of about 1,200 households for these ethnic groups. The sampling strategy is similar to that used for the Kosovo MICS. At the first stage a sample of 80 EAs was selected with probability proportional to size (PPS) from the frame of EAs with 10 or more Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian households, where the measure of size is based on the number of households with persons of these ethnic groups in the frame. Following a new listing to identify the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian households in the sample EAs, 16 of these households were selected in each EA at the second sampling stage. With a sample of 80 EAs selected at the first stage, the final sample size would be about 1,200 households.

Based on the selection of 80 sample EAs with PPS, the EAs with 50 or more Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian households were selected in the sample with a probability of 1. Since there are 22 such certainty EAs in the frame, a sample of 58 additional sample EAs were selected from the remainder of the frame with PPS.

Since the sampling frame (the 2011 census) was not up-to-date, a new listing of households was conducted in all the sample enumeration areas prior to the selection of households. For this purpose, listing teams were formed who visited all of the selected enumeration areas and listed all households in the enumeration areas. They also asked if there was anyone from the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian communities living in the household to ascertain the total number from which the 16 households should be randomly selected. A separate three day listing training including a pilot in both urban and rural areas was conducted in August 2013 according to the recommended MICS procedures. A total of 26 enumerators were utilised for the listing exercise to cover the 80 EAs over August and September 2013.

Lists of households were prepared by the listing teams in the field for each enumeration area. The Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian households were then sequentially numbered from 1 to n (the total number of households in each enumeration area) at the Kosovo Agency for Statistics, where the selection of 16 households in each enumeration area was carried out using random systematic selection procedures. During the selection of EAs for the Kosovo MICS and the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian communities in Kosovo MICS a total of eight EAs were selected for both surveys, hence a separate a systematic sample of 16 households was drawn for each survey from those EAs. The survey also included a questionnaire for individual men that was to be administered in one-half of the sample of households. To ensure systematic random selection the even/odd nature of the last digit of the cluster number was then used in conjunction with the even/odd nature of the last digit of the household number to select the specific households for interviews with all eligible men. That is If the last digit of the cluster number was odd then all households with the last digit as odd were selected to administer the male questionnaire, etc.

The sampling procedures are more fully described in "Kosovo Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian Communities Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2013-14 - Final Report" pp.194-195.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaires for the Generic MICS were structured questionnaires based on the MICS5 model questionnaire with some modifications and additions. Household questionnaires were administered in each household, which collected various information on household members including sex, age and relationship. The household questionnaire includes List of Household Members, Education, Child Labour, Child Discipline, Household Characteristics, Water and Sanitation, and Handwashing.

In addition to a household questionnaire, questionnaires were administered in each household for women age 15-49, men age 15-49 and

Brazil Population: Residents: Northeast: Maranhão: Mata Roma data was reported at 16,679.000 Person in 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 16,745.000 Person for 2017. Brazil Population: Residents: Northeast: Maranhão: Mata Roma data is updated yearly, averaging 12,478.500 Person from Jun 1992 (Median) to 2018, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 16,745.000 Person in 2017 and a record low of 10,658.000 Person in 1992. Brazil Population: Residents: Northeast: Maranhão: Mata Roma data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Socio and Demographic – Table BR.GAA043: Population: by Municipality: Northeast: Maranhão.

The second European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey (EU-MIDIS II) was conducted in 2016 by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) as a follow-up to the first survey on minorities´ and immigrants´ experiences of discrimination and criminal victimisation conducted by the Agency in 2008. The EU-MIDIS II survey collected information from 25,515 respondents from different ethnic minority and migrant backgrounds, including Roma, in all EU Member States (2016: EU-28 including the UK). The EU-MIDIS II sample is representative of the selected populations that were interviewed. The sample includes persons belonging to ethnic or national minorities, Roma and Russians, persons born outside the EU (first generation respondents) and persons with at least one parent born outside the EU (second generation respondents). All respondents were 16 years or older and had lived in a private household for at least 12 months before the interview. People living in institutional settings - for example, hospitals or prisons - were not interviewed.

The selection of groups to be surveyed in each country was based on several criteria, including the size of the target population, the feasibility of surveying the target population in terms of cost and accessibility, the risk of certain groups experiencing ´racial´, ´ethnic´ or ´religious´ discrimination and victimisation, their vulnerability to the risk of social exclusion and, finally, comparability with previous FRA surveys. The target groups of the EU-MIDIS II survey are immigrants and descendants of immigrants from North Africa; immigrants and descendants of immigrants from Turkey; immigrants and descendants of immigrants from Sub-Saharan Africa; immigrants and descendants of immigrants from Asia and South Asia; new immigrants; Roma; members of the Russian minority. In Slovenia and Poland, people who immigrated to the EU in the last 10 years were included, regardless of country of origin. The fieldwork was conducted between September 2015 and September 2016 by Ipsos MORI under the supervision of FRA staff who monitored compliance with strict quality control procedures.

The questionnaire includes questions on perceived discrimination in various areas, such as employment, education, housing, health and in the use of public or private services. It also covers police checks, criminal victimisation (including hate crime), and awareness of rights and of institutions that provide victim support. In addition, respondents were asked about issues of social participation and integration, including trust in public institutions and the degree of attachment to the country in which they live.

As of December 2021, 37 percent of Russians would not let Roma people in the country. As the survey revealed, that group ranked as the one to which Russians were most ethnophobic. However, 29 percent of respondents did not mind seeing Roma as Russian residents.

Abstract

The Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) is a household survey programme developed by UNICEF to assist countries in filling data gaps for monitoring human development in general and the situation of children and women in particular.

MICS is capable of producing statistically sound, internationally comparable estimates of social indicators. The current round of MICS is focused on providing a monitoring tool for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the World Fit for Children (WFFC), as well as for other major international commitments, such as the United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) on HIV/AIDS and the Abuja targets for malaria.

Survey Objectives The 2005 Serbia Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey has as its primary objectives: - To provide up-to-date information for assessing the situation of children and women in Serbia. - To furnish data needed for monitoring progress toward goals established in the Millennium Declaration, the goals of A World Fit For Children (WFFC), and other internationally agreed upon goals, as a basis for future action; - To contribute to the improvement of data and monitoring systems in Serbia and to strengthen technical expertise in the design, implementation, and analysis of such systems.

Survey Content MICS questionnaires are designed in a modular fashion that can be easily customized to the needs of a country. They consist of a household questionnaire, a questionnaire for women aged 15-49 and a questionnaire for children under the age of five (to be administered to the mother or caretaker). Other than a set of core modules, countries can select which modules they want to include in each questionnaire.

Survey Implementation The survey was carried out by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia and the Strategic Marketing Research Agency, with the support and assistance of UNICEF and other partners. Technical assistance and training for the surveys is provided through a series of regional workshops, covering questionnaire content, sampling and survey implementation; data processing; data quality and data analysis; report writing and dissemination.

In 2005 Serbia and Montenegro was the State Union composed of the Republic of Serbia (92.5% of population) and the Republic of Montenegro (7.5% of total population). The MICS 2005 survey was planned and implemented on the whole territory of Serbia and Montenegro, and all documents regarding survey plan and contracts with implementing agencies covered the State Union. In May, 2006 the Republic of Montenegro had a referendum of independency and the State Union broke apart. The results of MICS 2005 survey were presented separately for both countries and two separate reports were prepared.

The survey was implemented by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia (in Serbia) and the Statistical Office of the Republic of Montenegro (in Montenegro) and the expert research agency - Strategic Marketing & Media Research Institute (SMMRI), which covered the survey implementation in both Serbia and Montenegro.

Special tasks performed by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia: Preparation of questionnaire for the survey: Preparation of methodological guidelines for realization of the survey; Updating of lists of households in the selected census block units; Conducting the pilot ; Selection of households to be covered by sample; Coordination of work of their teams in the field; Interviewing of the households; Work control of their teams; Special tasks performed by the SMMRI: Sample selection; Preparation of survey tools; Organising the training; Conducting the pilot; Updating of lists of households in the selected census block units; Organising field work; Coordination of work of their teams in the field; Interviewing of the households; Work control of their teams; Data processing and analysis; Preparation of report.

Geographic coverage

The sample for the Serbia Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) was designed to provide estimates on a large number of indicators on the situation of children and women at the national level, for urban and rural areas, and for six regions: Vojvodina, Belgrade, West, Central, East and South-East Serbia. Belgrade has a large population (almost one-quarter of the total) and its predominantly urban characteristics make it necessary to separate it from the rest of Central Serbia, to which it administratively belongs. In order to look more deeply into existing ethnic disparities and to provide national estimates, a separate sample was designed for Roma living in Roma settlements.

Analysis unit

Households (defined as a group of persons who usually live and eat together)

De jure household members (defined as memers of the household who usually live in the household, which may include people who did not sleep in the household the previous night, but does not include visitors who slept in the household the previous night but do not usually live in the household)

Women aged 15-49

Children aged 0-4

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged 15-49 years resident in the household, and all children aged 0-4 years (under age 5) resident in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The principal objective of the sample design was to provide current and reliable estimates on a set of indicators covering the four major areas of the World Fit for Children declaration, including promoting healthy lives; providing quality education; protecting against abuse, exploitation and violence; and combating HIV/AIDS. The population covered by the 2005 MICS is defined as the universe of all women aged 15-49 and all children aged under 5. A sample of households was selected and all women aged 15-49 identified as usual residents of these households were interviewed. In addition, the mother or the caretaker of all children aged under 5 who were usual residents of the household were also interviewed about the child.

The 2005 MICS collected data from a nationally representative sample of households, women and children. The primary focus of the 2005 MICS was to prodvide estimates of key population and health, education, child protection and HIV related indicators for the country as a whole, and for urban and rural areas separately. In additon, the sample was designed to provide estimates for each of the 6 regions (Vojvodina, Belgrade, West, Central, East and South-East Serbia) for key indicators. Separate sample was designed for Roma living in Roma settlements.

Important factors which influenced the sample design of both Serb and Roma samples are the fertility rate and number of household members.

A stratified, two-stage random sampling approach was used for the selection of the survey sample.

In the case of the Serbia without the Roma settlements sample, 400 census enumeration areas within each region with probability proportional to size were selected during the first stage. Since the sample frame (Census 2002) was not up to date, household lists in all selected enumeration areas were updated prior to the selection of households. Owing to the low fertility rate and small household size, households were stratified into two categories. One category of households consists of households with under 5 children, while the other category consists of households without children under 5. The allocation of the sample in the category of households with children was significantly greater than the allocation of the sample in the category of households without children. Based on the updated information, selected units were divided into clusters of 18 households on average, plus 3 backup households. Backup households were interviewed only if some of the first 18 households were not found. In the event that a household refused to be interviewed, a backup household was not contacted. In each cluster, the number of households with children was selected with probability proportional to size.

In the case of the Roma population, the universe could be defined only for Roma who live in separate settlements. During the first stage, 106 census enumeration areas were selected. The updating of household lists was done prior to household selection, but there was no need for sample stratification of households with and without children under 5. The average number of households selected in each cluster was 18 on average, plus 3 backup households.

Secondly, after the household listing was carried out within the selected enumeration areas, a systematic sample of 7,794 households in Serbia without Roma from Roma settlements and 1,959 Roma households was drawn up, which makes a total of 9,953 sampled households.

The 2002 Serbian Population Census framework was used for the selection of clusters. Census enumeration areas (app. 100 households) were defined as primary sampling units (PSUs), and were selected from each of the sampling domains by using systematic pps (probability proportional to size) sampling procedures, based on the estimated sizes of the enumeration areas from the 2002 Population Census. The first stage of sampling was thus completed by selecting the required number of enumeration areas from each of the 6 regions by urban and rural areas separately.

Following standard MICS data collection rules, if a household was actually more than one household when visited, then a) if the selected household contained two households, both were interviewed, or b) if the selected household contained 3 or more households, then only the household of the person named as the head was interviewd.

The Serbia Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey sample is not self-weighted. For reporting of national level results,

The aim of our study is to assess the drivers of discriminatory behaviors of real-estate agents and private landlords toward prospective Roma tenants, relying on qualitative data from Hungary. Though there is a broad literature on the forms and frequency of discrimination, we know much less about the question of why people discriminate. Previous research suggests that discrimination on the basis of ethnicity is widespread in Hungary. To understand the drivers of discrimination, we analyzed: (a) the sources and justifications of discrimination of Roma people on the rental housing market among real-estate agents and private landlords, the actors making decisions about tenants (b) mapped the social embeddedness of discrimination, and (c) assessed the resilience of discriminatory intentions by analyzing the reactions to a 3-min advocacy video showing discrimination of Roma people on the rental housing market. We conducted and analyzed five online group discussions with 18 real estate agents and landlords advertising properties for rent in different regions of the country. Our qualitative study revealed that discrimination of Roma people is understood to be a widespread and socially acceptable practice driven by the need to avoid risks attributed to Roma tenants based on widely held stereotypes about them. We identified certain specificities in the justification and argumentation strategies of real-estate agents in comparison to private landlords. By providing counter-information presenting the perspective of Roma tenants, negative views could be challenged on the emotional level and also by shifting the group dynamics, strengthening the viewpoint of those without prejudice. We discuss our findings with regards to the possibilities of interventions against discrimination in societies in which neither social norms nor state institutions expect the equal treatment of the members of ethnic minority groups.

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