This represents Harvard's responses to the Common Data Initiative. The Common Data Set (CDS) initiative is a collaborative effort among data providers in the higher education community and publishers as represented by the College Board, Peterson's, and U.S. News & World Report. The combined goal of this collaboration is to improve the quality and accuracy of information provided to all involved in a student's transition into higher education, as well as to reduce the reporting burden on data providers. This goal is attained by the development of clear, standard data items and definitions in order to determine a specific cohort relevant to each item. Data items and definitions used by the U.S. Department of Education in its higher education surveys often serve as a guide in the continued development of the CDS. Common Data Set items undergo broad review by the CDS Advisory Board as well as by data providers representing secondary schools and two- and four-year colleges. Feedback from those who utilize the CDS also is considered throughout the annual review process.

This is the final release of the 2020 CES Common Content Dataset. The data includes a nationally representative sample of 61,000 American adults. This release includes the data from the survey, a full guide to the data, and the questionnaires. The dataset includes vote validation performed by Catalist. Please consult the guide and the study website (https://cces.gov.harvard.edu/frequently-asked-questions) if you have questions about the study. Special thanks to Marissa Shih and Rebecca Phillips for their work in preparing this data for release.

In advanced democracies, many citizens abstain from participating in the political process. Does low and unequal voter turnout influence partisan election results or public policies? If so, how can participation be increased and how can the electorate become more representative of the greater population? Study 1 examines the adoption of compulsory voting laws in Australia in order to assess the effects of near-universal turnout. When new, working class voters were brought the polls Aus tralia saw significant changes in election results and public policy. Study 2 explores the partisan consequences of marginal changes in voter turnout in the United States by comparing the partisan preferences of regular and marginal voters. Across three independent tests and settings, marginal voters are significantly more supportive of the Democratic Party compared to regular voters. Studies 3 and 4 examine several potential cures for low turnout. Study 3 examines the common view that social capital and community participation will increase political participation, a claim that has not been rigorously tested. Exploiting the timing of saint’s day fiestas in Mexico and a change in the Mexican electoral calendar, this study finds that social capital and community engagement appear to be substitutes rather than complements for political participation. Study 4 tests another widely held view that increased electoral competition will boost electoral participation, but a range of tests finds little support for this hypothesis. Finally, Study 5 demonstrates that marginal increases in voter turnout will not necessarily make the electorate more representative of the greater population. Get-out-the-vote interventions have been shown to increase turnout si gnificantly and they are widely touted as beneficial for democracy, but surprisingly, these interventions actually increase inequalities in turnout by primarily mobilizing more of the types of citizens who were already voting. In short, low voter turnout and inequalities in voter turnout have significant political and policy consequences, but the problem is hard to fix. Even seemingly benign cures like social capital, electoral competition, and voter mobilization have little benefit or may even be detrimental. Complete date fields below for: time period covered; and date of collection

This is the dataset and the R-script with which tables and figures of the paper "Common paths in long-term institutional dynamics: An analysis of rule changes in British and Dutch commons over seven centuries" can be reproduced.

This catalog record includes detailed variable-level descriptions, enabling data discovery and comparison. The data are not archived at ICPSR. Users should consult the data owners (via the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research) directly for details on obtaining the data. This collection includes variable-level metadata of the 2013 poll Health Education Survey, a survey from National Public Radio/Robert Wood Johnson Foundation/Harvard School of Public Health conducted by Social Science Research Solutions (SSRS). Topics covered in this survey include: Grade child enrolled inLocation of child's schoolEnrollment totalGiving grade to child's schoolBiggest problem at schoolEmphasis on various subjectsSchool teaching same values as home valuesSchool obligations interfering with family timeKnowledge about common coreCommon core improving educationMethod of learning about common coreSuccess of common coreSchool preparing students for careersAttending technicalVocational classesPreparing students for collegePreparing students for job marketStudent plans after high schoolCollege or career planning servicesHealthiness of school lunchesFoods available at schoolLength of school lunchTime of lunch periodVending machines at schoolFast-food chains at schoolPhysical education as mandatoryFrequency of PE classesLength of PE classesPE classes for other purposesRating PE school offeringsPlaygrounds available after schoolRecess as structured or free timeSchool safetySecurity precautions at schoolWays of preventing violence at schoolIncreasing security after Newtown shootingMethod of transport to schoolTime to get home from schoolSafety of travelling to schoolSchool related stressSchool counseling for stressed studentsTime of school dayThe data and documentation files for this survey are available through the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research [Roper #31092359]. Frequencies and summary statistics for the 148 variables from this survey are available through the ICPSR social science variable database and can be accessed from the Variables tab.

On 2005, The Cooperative Congressional Election Study was run by one team. Thus, both common and content and team content are included in this study. CCES is a 30,000 person national stratified sample survey. Half of the questionnaire consists of Common Content asked of all 30,000 people, and half of the questionnaire consists of Team Content designed by an individual team and asked of a subset of 1,000 people. In addition, several teams may pool their resources to create Group Content. This part of the website provides information about each of these activities as well as the sample design. The survey consists of tw o waves. In the pre-election phase, respondents answer two-thirds of the questionnaire. This segment of the survey asks about general political attitudes, various demographic factors, assessment of roll call voting choices, and political information. The pre-election phase is administered late September to late October and rolled out in three distinct time-periods, the end of September, the middle of October, and the end of October. Spacing of interviews across these intervals allows researchers to gauge the effects of campaign information and events on the state and district electorates.

Patterns of biodiversity, such as the increase toward the tropics and the peaked curve during ecological succession, are fundamental phenomena for ecology. Such patterns have multiple, interacting causes, but temperature emerges as a dominant factor across organisms from microbes to trees and mammals, and across terrestrial, marine, and freshwater environments. However, there is little consensus on the underlying mechanisms, even as global temperatures increase and the need to predict their effects becomes more pressing. The purpose of this project is to generate and test theory for how temperature impacts biodiversity through its effect on biochemical processes and metabolic rate. A combination of standardized surveys in the field and controlled experiments in the field and laboratory measure diversity of three taxa -- trees, invertebrates, and microbes -- and key biogeochemical processes of decomposition in seven forests distributed along a geographic gradient of increasing temperature from cold temperate to warm tropical. This list of bird species at Harvard Forest LTER, Massachusetts, was retrieved from http://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu:8080/exist/xquery/data.xq?id=hf058 on 10/17/2013 as part of a macrosystems biodiversity and latitude project supported by the National Science Foundation under Cooperative Agreement DEB#1065836.

Harvard Catalyst Profiles is a Semantic Web application, which means its content can be read and understood by other computer programs. This enables the data in profiles, such as addresses and publications, to be shared with other institutions and appear on other websites. If you click the "Export RDF" link on the left sidebar of a profile page, you can see what computer programs see when visiting a profile. The section below describes the technical details for building a computer program that can export data from Harvard Catalyst Profiles. There are four types of application programming interfaces (APIs) in Harvard Catalyst Profiles. RDF crawl. Because Harvard Catalyst Profiles is a Semantic Web application, every profile has both an HTML page and a corresponding RDF document, which contains the data for that page in RDF/XML format. Web crawlers can follow the links embedded within the RDF/XML to access additional content. SPARQL endpoint. SPARQL is a programming language that enables arbitrary queries against RDF data. This provides the most flexibility in accessing data; however, the downsides are the complexity in coding SPARQL queries and performance. In general, the XML Search API (see below) is better to use than SPARQL. However, if you require access to the SPARQL endpoint, please contact Griffin Weber. XML Search API. This is a web service that provides support for the most common types of queries. It is designed to be easier to use and to offer better performance than SPARQL, but at the expense of fewer options. It enables full-text search across all entity types, faceting, pagination, and sorting options. The request message to the web service is in XML format, but the output is in RDF/XML format. The URL of the XML Search API is https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/API/Profiles/Public/Search. Old XML based web services. This provides backwards compatibility for institutions that built applications using the older version of Harvard Catalyst Profiles. These web services do not take advantage of many of the new features of Harvard Catalyst Profiles. Users are encouraged to switch to one of the new APIs. The URL of the old XML web service is https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/ProfilesAPI. For more information about the APIs, please see the documentation and example files.

I report on preliminary observations of butterflies in small meadows in the vicinity of “Harvard Farm” (formerly Petersham Country Club) in Petersham, MA, from 16-20 July 2015. I sampled butterflies at 10 locations over five days, visiting some areas twice. I documented (with digital photography) a total of 17 recognizable species/morpho-species, as well as 2-8 additional “grass skippers” which could not be identified to species. Initially I had planned to conduct a more organized survey, but most of the property had been grazed by the time I arrived in mid-July. This, combined with the late start date, meant that flowers – and nearly all butterflies – were absent at the Harvard Farm property during my visit. Instead, I opted to opportunistically sample several un-grazed meadows in the Petersham area, including North Common Meadow near the center of town and small meadows on Harvard Forest property, to develop a species list and photographic database of as many local butterflies as possible. From these surveys, the most numerous species were clouded/orange sulfur (Colias spp.; 34 individuals observed), followed by great spangled fritillary (Speyeria cybele; n = 32) and unidentified grass-skippers (various genera; n = 32). Moderately common species (n = 8-12) included Common wood-nymph (Cercyonis pegala), American copper (Lycaena phlaeas) and cabbage white (Pieris rapae); fewer than 4 individuals were recorded of: black/spicebush swallowtail (Papilio sp.), banded hairstreak (Satyrium calanus), gray hairstreak (Strymon melinus), azure (Celastrina ladon), eastern tailed-blue (Everes comyntas), pearl crescent (Phycioides tharos), eastern comma (Polygonia comma), Appalachian brown (Satyodes appalachia), northern pearly-eye (Enodia anthedon), and silver-spotted skipper (Epargyreus claras). These observations should be taken as preliminary, but may serve as a list of the most common and conspicuous butterfly taxa during mid-summer in the Petersham area, and could inform study design and focal species lists for future projects in and around Harvard Forest.

Patterns of biodiversity, such as the increase toward the tropics and the peaked curve during ecological succession, are fundamental phenomena for ecology. Such patterns have multiple, interacting causes, but temperature emerges as a dominant factor across organisms from microbes to trees and mammals, and across terrestrial, marine, and freshwater environments. However, there is little consensus on the underlying mechanisms, even as global temperatures increase and the need to predict their effects becomes more pressing. The purpose of this project is to generate and test theory for how temperature impacts biodiversity through its effect on biochemical processes and metabolic rate. A combination of standardized surveys in the field and controlled experiments in the field and laboratory measure diversity of three taxa -- trees, invertebrates, and microbes -- and key biogeochemical processes of decomposition in seven forests distributed along a geographic gradient of increasing temperature from cold temperate to warm tropical. This list of mammal species at Harvard Forest LTER, Massachusetts, were compiled by Jeanine McGann, Information Resource Manager, on 10/30/2013 as part of a macrosystems biodiversity and latitude project supported by the National Science Foundation under Cooperative Agreement DEB#1065836.

Open source environment for sharing, processing and analyzing stem cell data bringing together stem cell data sets with tools for curation, dissemination and analysis. Standardization of the analytical approaches will enable researchers to directly compare and integrate their results with experiments and disease models in the Commons. Key features of the Stem Cell Commons * Contains stem cell related experiments * Includes microarray and Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) data from human, mouse, rat and zebrafish * Data from multiple cell types and disease models * Carefully curated experimental metadata using controlled vocabularies * Export in the Investigation-Study-Assay tabular format (ISA-Tab) that is used by over 30 organizations worldwide * A community oriented resource with public data sets and freely available code in public code repositories such as GitHub Currently in development * Development of Refinery, a novel analysis platform that links Commons data to the Galaxy analytical engine * ChIP-seq analysis pipeline (additional pipelines in development) * Integration of experimental metadata and data files with Galaxy to guide users to choose workflows, parameters, and data sources Stem Cell Commons is based on open source software and is available for download and development.

Forest floor food webs play pivotal roles in carbon cycling, but they are rarely considered in models of carbon fluxes, including soil carbon dioxide emissions (respiration), under climatic warming. The indirect effects of invertebrates on heterotrophic respiration through interactions with microbial communities are significant and will be altered by warming. However, the interactive effects of invertebrates and warming on microbes and heterotrophic respiration in the field are poorly understood. In this study we combined field and common garden laboratory approaches to examine relationships between warming, forest floor food web structure, and heterotrophic respiration. We found that soil animals can overwhelm the effects of warming (to 5 degrees Celsius above ambient) on heterotrophic respiration. In particular, the presence of higher trophic levels and burrowing detritivores strongly determined heterotrophic respiration rates in temperate forest soils, dictating the ecosystem response to warming. These effects were, however, context-dependent, with greater effects in a lower-latitude site. Without isolating and including the significant impact of invertebrates, climate models will be incomplete, hindering well-informed policy decisions.

Replication code and data for "A Common Left-Right Scale for Voters and Parties in Europe"

Climate change is restructuring forests of the United States, although the details of this restructuring are currently uncertain. Rising temperatures of 2 to 8 deg C and associated changes in soil moisture will shift the competitive balance between species that compete for light and water, changing their abilities to produce seed, germinate, grow, and survive. We are using large scale experiments to determine the effects of warming on the most sensitive stage of species distributions, i.e., recruitment, in mixed deciduous forests in southern New England and in the Piedmont region of North Carolina. Two questions organize our proposed research: (1) Might temperate tree species near the "warm" end of their range in the eastern United States decline in abundance during the coming century due to projected warming? and (2) Might trees near the "cool" end of their range in the eastern United States increase in abundance, or extend their range, during the coming 100 years because of projected warming? To explore these questions, we are exposing seedlings to air and soil warming experiments in two eastern deciduous forest sites; one at the Harvard Forest (HF) in central Massachusetts, and the other at the Duke Forest (DF) in the Piedmont region of North Carolina. We focus on tree species common to both Harvard and Duke Forests (such as red, black, and white oaks), those near northern range limits (black oak, tulip poplar), and those near southern range limits (yellow birch, sugar maple). At each site, we plant seeds in common gardens established in temperature-controlled, open-top chambers. The experimental design is replicated and fully factorial and involves three temperature regimes (ambient, +3 deg C and +5 deg C) and two light regimes (closed forest canopy (low light) and gap conditions (high light)). Measured variables include Fall/Spring responses to temperature and mid-Summer responses to low soil moisture. This research will advance our understanding of how the abundances and geographic distributions of several important eastern tree species near the cool and warm ends of their ranges will change during the century because of projected warming. Warming-induced changes in eastern tree abundances and distributions have the potential to affect both the quality and quantity of goods and services provided by eastern forests, and will therefore be of importance to society.

Measurements of regeneration following removal in 1990 of a 64-year old red pine plantation on the Prospect Hill tract were continued for the twelfth year in 2001. Browsing in 2001 remained at very low levels (less than 2% of stems). As mean tree height continues to increase both the amount of browsing and the impact of browsing on future stand characteristics should remain low. Overall, our observations show that browsing has had little long-term impact during the regeneration of this stand. White ash, the most heavily browsed species, remains the most common species in the plots. After remaining quite stable over the past five years, in 2001 the overall stem density of tree species declined to 17,883 stems/ha, compared with 19,464 stems/ha in 2000, 19,414 stems/ha in 1999, 19,958 stems/ha in 1998, 19,414 stems/ha in 1997, and 20,696 stems/ha in 1996. The relative importance of major species has remained the same over the past six years. In 2001, white ash (36.5%) remained the most numerous tree species, followed by red maple (26.9%), sugar maple (14.4%) and black cherry (9.4%). These percentages changed little from 2000. After a slight decrease in 2000, red oak increased slightly to 7.5% of tree stems in 2001, the majority of which were small seedlings. Overall, the percentage of stems that originated as seedlings rather than sprouts decreased to 19.3%, down from 23.1% in 2000, 23.4% in 1999, 25.4% in 1998, and 23.7% in 1997. The majority of these seedlings (55.7%) were white ash, most less than 0.5 m tall. Mean stem height rose to 3.46 m, compared to 3.20 m in 2000, 3.24 m in 1999, 3.01 m in 1998, 2.92 m in 1997, 2.87 m in 1996 and 2.67 m in 1995. The resumption in mean height growth over the past year probably reflects low seedling establishment and mortality of seedlings and young sprouts less than 0.5 m tall along with continued growth of the taller stems. The tallest stems were 20 white ash, 15 red maples, 15 sugar maples, 6 black cherries, 5 pin cherries, 3 paper birches, and 1 trembling aspen greater than 7 m tall. Diameter at breast height (dbh) is now being recorded for all stems taller than seven meters. Of the five most common species, sugar maple had the tallest mean height (4.75 m), followed by red maple (3.98 m), black cherry (3.69m), and white ash (2.99 m). Because of the preponderance of small seedlings, red oak mean height was only 0.67 m. It remains to be seen how many seedlings will survive to play a role in the developing stand. Our next sampling will be done in year 15.

files replicate analyses. Visit https://dataone.org/datasets/sha256%3Ae36d1f3d167e45ea111b0567f0419fb8167c65d53d99ecb5d98fe069f0fe8c91 for complete metadata about this dataset.

Assessing the empirical implications of many theoretical models of judicial politics requires a measurement strategy for placing relevant actors (judges of lower courts, justices of the Supreme Court, members of Congress, and the President) in the same policy space. We take up this challenge in three steps. We begin by explicating our measurement strategy, and then by explaining its advantages over previous efforts. Next we explore the results of our approach, and provide a descriptive look at data it yields: a "Judicial Common Space" score for all justices and judges serving between 1953 and 2000. The last section offers three contemporary applications---all of which, we hope, shore up the suitability and adaptability of the Judicial Common Space for research on law and courts.

Petition subject: Indian guardians Original: http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:12231226 Date of creation: 1809-05-22 Petition location: Chappaquiddick Selected signatures:Isaiah JohnsonAsa JohnsonGeorge Johnson Jr.Betsy JohnsonJames WimpeJoseph WarrenIsaiah BlanThiah MosesEbenezer Curdudy Total signatures: 19 Females of color signatures: 5 Males of color signatures: 13 Unidentified signatures: 1 Female only signatures: No Identifications of signatories: Indian natives and people of colour, being tenants in common in the Indian lands on the island of Chapequidick in the county of Dukes County, [males of color], [females of color] Prayer format was printed vs. manuscript: Manuscript Signatory column format: not column separated Additional non-petition or unrelated documents available at archive: additional documents available Additional archivist notes: Jethro Worth, Martin Pease, George Johnson, Edgartown, certification from Indian guardians, lands, acts, laws, families, women, improvements, divisions, govern, regulate Location of the petition at the Massachusetts Archives of the Commonwealth: St. 1809, c.70, passed February 27, 1810 Acknowledgements: Supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities (PW-5105612), Massachusetts Archives of the Commonwealth, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University, Center for American Political Studies at Harvard University, Institutional Development Initiative at Harvard University, and Harvard University Library.

This dataset includes open/closed campus policy status for 200 public high schools in Oregon, USA. Policy holdings were collected in fall 2017. Additional environmental variables describing within and around-school characteristics are also included. These variables derive from several publicly available sources including, walkscore.com, 2010-2014 American Community Survey, 2010 Decennial Census data, locational data from the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and TDLinex, and U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data, “Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey,” 2014-15.

Files include all data and script necessary to replicate results and visualizations.