The study contains cross-section data on the relationship between aggregate levels of punishment and crime rates. It examines deterrent effects of punishment on seven Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) index crimes: murder, rape, assault, larceny, robbery, burglary, and auto theft, committed in 1960 in 47 states of the United States (excluded were New Jersey, Alaska, and Hawaii). For each state, the data include variables for the reported crime rates for each of the seven index crimes. For each of the index crimes, there are two sanction variables included: the probability of prison commitment and the average time served by those sentenced (severity of punishment). There are 11 socioeconomic variables, including family income, income distribution, unemployment rate for urban males in the age groups 14-24 and 35-39, labor force participation rate, educational level, percentage of young males in population, percentage of non-white young males living in the population, percentage of population living in Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas, sex ratio, and place of occurrence. The data also include per capita police expenditures for 1959 and 1960. A related data collection is PARTICIPATION IN ILLEGITIMATE ACTIVITIES: EHRLICH REVISITED, 1960 (ICPSR 8677). It provides alternative model specifications and estimations.

Visit crimemapping.com (https://www.crimemapping.com/) for a visual view of the data.

Combined Violent and Property Crime Offenses Known to Law Enforcement in Hawaii County, HI was 4643.00000 Known Incidents in January of 2020, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, Combined Violent and Property Crime Offenses Known to Law Enforcement in Hawaii County, HI reached a record high of 6759.00000 in January of 2006 and a record low of 4643.00000 in January of 2020. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Combined Violent and Property Crime Offenses Known to Law Enforcement in Hawaii County, HI - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on August of 2025.

Combined Violent and Property Crime Offenses Known to Law Enforcement in Kauai County, HI was 1215.00000 Known Incidents in January of 2021, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, Combined Violent and Property Crime Offenses Known to Law Enforcement in Kauai County, HI reached a record high of 2895.00000 in January of 2009 and a record low of 1215.00000 in January of 2021. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Combined Violent and Property Crime Offenses Known to Law Enforcement in Kauai County, HI - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on August of 2025.

208 (Crimes per 100000 inhabitants) in 2020.

Combined Violent and Property Crime Offenses Known to Law Enforcement in Maui County, HI was 5433.00000 Known Incidents in January of 2019, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, Combined Violent and Property Crime Offenses Known to Law Enforcement in Maui County, HI reached a record high of 8615.00000 in January of 2005 and a record low of 5433.00000 in January of 2019. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Combined Violent and Property Crime Offenses Known to Law Enforcement in Maui County, HI - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on September of 2025.

69 (Crimes per 100000 inhabitants) in 2020.

Alaska saw the highest rape rate in the United States in 2023, with 118.4 rapes per 100,000 inhabitants. The lowest rate was found in New Jersey, with 17.9 rapes per 100,000 inhabitants. Sexual assault in Alaska Fighting sexual assault in Alaska is particularly difficult due to small, isolated, close-knit communities who can be wary of airing their dirty laundry to outsiders, as well as a low number of law enforcement employees in the state. In addition, Alaska’s low population is spread out over a large land area, meaning that in the event of an assault being reported to police, it can take law enforcement hours, or even days, to reach the most isolated communities. The victims of sexual assault There tends to be more reported female victims of sexual assault than male victims. However, since sexual assault is typically an underreported crime, especially among males, these figures could be, and probably are, much higher. In addition, many victims of sexual offenses tend to be young, although sexual assault can occur at any age.

196 (Crimes per 100000 inhabitants) in 2020.

California reported the largest number of homicides to the FBI in 2023, at 1,929 for the year. Texas recorded the second-highest number of murders, with 1,845 for the year. Homicide victim demographics There were a total of 19,252 reported homicide cases in the U.S. in 2023. When looking at murder victims by gender and ethnicity, the vast majority were male, while just over half of the victims were Black or African American. In addition, homicide victims in the United States were found most likely to be between the ages of 20 and 34 years old, with the majority of victims aged between 17 to 54 years old. Are murders up? In short, no – since the 1990s the number of murders in the U.S. has decreased significantly. In 1990, the murder rate per 100,000 people stood at 9.4, and stood at 5.7 in 2023. It should be noted though that the number of homicides increased slightly from 2014 to 2017, although figures declined again in 2018 and 2019, before ticking up once more in 2020 and 2021. Despite this decline, when viewed in international comparison, the U.S. murder rate is still notably high. For example, the Canadian homicide rate stood at 1.94 in 2023, while the homicide rate in England and Wales was even lower.

252 (Crimes per 1'000 inhabitants) in 2020.

In 2023, 8,842 murderers in the United States were white, while 6,405 were Black. A further 461 murderers were of another race, including American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. However, not all law enforcement agencies submitted homicide data to the FBI in 2023, meaning there may be more murder offenders of each race than depicted. While the majority of circumstances behind murders in the U.S. are unknown, narcotics, robberies, and gang killings are most commonly identified.

179 (Crimes per 100000 inhabitants) in 2020.

150 (Crimes per 100000 inhabitants) in 2020.

155.5 (cases per 100,000 population) in 2017. 'Assault' means physical attack against the body of another person resulting in serious bodily injury; excluding indecent/sexual assault; threats and slapping/punching. 'Assault' leading to death should also be excluded. (UN-CTS M3.2)

13.2 (cases per 100,000 population) in 2015. “Rape” means sexual intercourse without valid consent. (UN-CTS M3.4)

2,023 (Number) in 2019.

23.5 (Percent) in 2011. Accidental or violent deaths are those due to environmental events and circumstances, such as injury, poisoning and other adverse effects. They are classified as accidents, homicides and suicides.

2,257 (Number) in 2019.

0.0 (Percent) in 2011. Accidental or violent deaths are those due to environmental events and circumstances, such as injury, poisoning and other adverse effects. They are classified as accidents, homicides and suicides.