Get the latest insights on price movement and trend analysis of Hazelnuts in different regions across the world (Asia, Europe, North America, Latin America, and the Middle East Africa).

The Hazelnut Market Report is Segmented by Geography (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, and Africa). The Report Includes Production (Volume), Consumption (Volume and Value), Import (Volume and Value), Export (Volume and Value), and Price Trend Analysis. The Report Offers Market Estimations and Forecasts in Value (USD) and Volume (metric Tons).

The global hazelnut market amounted to $3.9B in 2024, flattening at the previous year. The market value increased at an average annual rate of +2.2% over the period from 2012 to 2024; however, the trend pattern indicated some noticeable fluctuations being recorded throughout the analyzed period. Over the period under review, the global market hit record highs at $4B in 2022; however, from 2023 to 2024, consumption failed to regain momentum.

The global Hazelnut market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing consumer awareness of its health benefits, rising demand from the confectionery and food processing industries, and the growing popularity of plant-based diets. Valued at $6766.18 Million in 2021, it is projected to reach $9529.3 Million by 2025 and a substantial $18901.5 Million by 2033, demonstrating a robust Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8.938% from 2021 to 2033. Hazelnuts are highly valued for their rich flavor, nutritional content (healthy fats, vitamins, minerals), and versatility in various culinary applications. The market is trending towards organic and sustainably sourced hazelnuts, innovative product formulations, and increased penetration in emerging markets, despite challenges related to climate vulnerability and price volatility.

Key strategic insights from our comprehensive analysis reveal:

The escalating consumer demand for nutritious and healthy snack options, coupled with the growing popularity of plant-based and vegan diets, is a primary driver.

The increasing use of hazelnuts in the confectionery, bakery, and food processing industries for their flavor and texture is a key trend.

The market faces challenges from climate change impacts on hazelnut cultivation and price volatility, necessitating a focus on sustainable farming and supply chain resilience.

Global Hazelnut Market Overview & Dynamics

The global Hazelnut market focuses on the cultivation, processing, and distribution of hazelnuts (also known as filberts), which are nuts derived from the hazel tree. Hazelnuts are highly prized for their distinctive flavor, crunchy texture, and rich nutritional profile, including healthy fats, protein, fiber, vitamins (E, B), and minerals. They are consumed as a snack, and widely used as an ingredient in confectionery (e.g., chocolates, spreads), bakery products, desserts, and various savory dishes. The market is characterized by its agricultural origins and diverse applications in the food industry.

Global Hazelnut Market Drivers

Increasing Consumer Awareness of Health Benefits: Growing consumer awareness about the nutritional value of hazelnuts, including their high content of monounsaturated fats, antioxidants, and vitamins, drives demand as a healthy snack and ingredient.

Rising Demand from Confectionery and Food Processing Industries: Hazelnuts are a key ingredient in numerous confectionery products (e.g., chocolate spreads, pralines, candies) and bakery items, with the expansion of these industries fueling consistent demand.

Growing Popularity of Plant-Based and Vegan Diets: The global shift towards plant-based and vegan diets is increasing the consumption of nuts, including hazelnuts, as a versatile and nutritious protein source and ingredient in dairy alternatives and other plant-based foods.

Global Hazelnut Market Trends

Focus on Organic and Sustainably Sourced Hazelnuts: There is a strong trend towards organic and sustainably farmed hazelnuts, driven by consumer concerns about environmental impact and ethical sourcing, leading to certifications and transparent supply chains.

Innovation in Hazelnut-Based Products: Manufacturers are increasingly introducing innovative hazelnut-based products, such as hazelnut milk, hazelnut butter, hazelnut flour, and savory hazelnut snacks, expanding their application beyond traditional confectionery.

Increased Penetration in Emerging Markets: The market is witnessing growing consumption of hazelnuts in emerging economies, driven by rising disposable incomes, urbanization, and the increasing exposure to Western dietary habits and food products.

Global Hazelnut Market Restraints

Vulnerability to Climate Change and Weather Conditions: Hazelnut cultivation is highly sensitive to climate change, including frost, drought, and extreme weather events, which can lead to crop failures, reduced yields, and impact global supply.

Price Volatility and Supply Chain Disruptions: The market is susceptible to significant price fluctuations due to seasonal harvests, geopolitical factors (e.g., in major producing regions like Turkey), and supply chain disruptions, impacting profitability for manufacturers.

Allergen Concerns: Hazelnuts are a common allergen, necessitating strict labeling requirements and potentially limiting their use in certain food products or for sensitive consumer groups.

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The Turkish hazelnut market reached $2.3B in 2024, picking up by 3.4% against the previous year. Over the period under review, consumption showed a relatively flat trend pattern. Hazelnut consumption peaked at $2.8B in 2015; however, from 2016 to 2024, consumption failed to regain momentum.

The global hazelnut market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing consumer demand for healthy and nutritious food products. The rising popularity of hazelnut-based foods and beverages, fueled by their appealing flavor profiles and perceived health benefits (rich in antioxidants and healthy fats), is a major contributing factor. Furthermore, the expanding application of hazelnuts in the confectionery, bakery, and culinary sectors is significantly boosting market expansion. The processed hazelnut segment currently holds a larger market share than the unprocessed segment, reflecting the increasing preference for convenient, ready-to-use products. However, the growing awareness of the benefits of unprocessed foods may lead to increased demand for unprocessed hazelnuts in the coming years. Geographical distribution shows strong market presence in North America and Europe, particularly in countries with established hazelnut cultivation and processing industries. However, emerging markets in Asia-Pacific are exhibiting significant growth potential, driven by rising disposable incomes and changing dietary habits. While challenges such as fluctuating hazelnut prices due to weather patterns and crop yields exist, the overall market outlook remains positive, indicating a continued upward trend. The market's growth is expected to be further propelled by innovative product development, such as the creation of new hazelnut-based snacks and functional foods. Key players in the industry are focusing on strategic partnerships, acquisitions, and investments in research and development to enhance product quality and expand their market reach. The introduction of sustainable and ethical sourcing practices is also gaining traction, aligning with the growing consumer preference for environmentally and socially responsible products. Turkey and other major hazelnut-producing regions are likely to see continued growth, but competition will intensify from other producers seeking to capitalize on the increasing global demand. Continued investment in advanced processing technologies, focusing on efficiency and minimizing waste, will be crucial for optimizing profitability and sustainability within the industry. The forecast period (2025-2033) suggests a healthy trajectory for market expansion, predicated on ongoing innovation and favorable consumer trends.

The global hazelnut market is projected to reach a value of 13.68 billion by 2033, exhibiting a CAGR of 4.2% during the forecast period (2025-2033). Increasing demand for hazelnuts in various confectionery and bakery applications is a major growth driver for the market. Furthermore, rising consumer preference for natural and healthy ingredients, along with the growing popularity of plant-based diets, is boosting hazelnut consumption. The market is segmented into type, application, distribution channel, quality grade, and region. Based on type, the whole hazelnut segment held the largest market share in 2025 due to its wide usage in various food applications. The blanched hazelnut segment is projected to witness the fastest growth rate during the forecast period, owing to its increasing adoption in premium confectionery and bakery products. In terms of application, the confectionery segment dominated the market in 2025, with the bakery segment expected to grow at a significant rate due to the rising demand for hazelnut-flavored baked goods. Recent developments include: The Hazelnut Market is projected to reach USD 19.8 billion by 2032, exhibiting a CAGR of 4.2% from 2024 to 2032. The rising demand for hazelnuts in confectionery and bakery products, coupled with their nutritional benefits, is driving market growth. Major players are investing in research and development to enhance hazelnut production and quality. For instance, in 2023, Ferrero announced a USD 6 million investment in a new hazelnut processing facility in Turkey to meet the growing demand for Nutella and other hazelnut-based products. Moreover, the increasing popularity of plant-based diets is creating opportunities for hazelnut milk and other dairy alternatives, further fueling market expansion.. Key drivers for this market are: Rising health consciousness increasing plantbased food consumption growing demand for confectionery expanding applications in bakery and dairy products and technological advancements in the food industry. Potential restraints include: Increasing health consciousness Growing demand from food industry Rising disposable income Expanding ecommerce platforms Climate change concerns.

Global Hazelnut market size is expected to reach $23.51 billion by 2029 at 9.2%, segmented as by whole hazelnut, raw whole hazelnuts, roasted whole hazelnuts, blanched whole hazelnuts

This graph shows the year-on-year change of the import price of hazelnuts in Germany from 2009 to 2023. In 2023, hazelnut import prices increased by around 3.6 percent compared to the previous year.

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Hazelnut Market Size 2024-2028

The hazelnut market size is forecast to increase by USD 2.31 billion at a CAGR of 8.51% between 2023 and 2028. The market is experiencing significant growth due to increasing consumer awareness about health and wellness, leading to a swell in demand for hazelnut milk. This trend is particularly prominent in regions such as Ordu, Samsun, Giresun, Sakarya, and Düzce in Turkey, which are major producers of hazelnuts. Food companies in the United States, including Hershey India and The Hershey Company, are capitalizing on this trend by incorporating hazelnuts into their product offerings.

However, it is essential to note that hazelnuts are a potential source of allergens, posing a challenge for food manufacturers in ensuring product safety and compliance with regulatory standards. Ferrero and other industry players must navigate these challenges while continuing to innovate and meet consumer demand for hazelnut-based products.

Market Analysis

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The market is witnessing significant growth due to the increasing demand for healthier food options and the rising popularity of chocolate confectionery products. The key regions contributing to the market's growth include Turkey, Italy, and other European countries. Hershey Company, based in the United States, and Ferrero, an Italian-German multinational, are among the major players in the market. Hershey India, a subsidiary of Hershey Company, imports hazelnuts primarily from Turkey, specifically from cities like Ordu and Samsun. In Europe, countries like Italy, particularly the regions of Piemonte, Sakarya, Düzce, and others, are known for their high-quality hazelnuts, including the Tonda di Giffoni and Tonda Rossa varieties. These regions account for a significant portion of the global hazelnut production. Ferrero, renowned for its Nutella, Ferrero Rocher, Kinder Bueno, and other popular chocolate brands, is another significant player in the market. The company sources hazelnuts from various origins, including those mentioned above, to produce its wide range of chocolate products. Hazelnuts are rich in essential nutrients like fiber and healthy fats, making them a popular choice for food companies to incorporate into their products. The increasing health consciousness among consumers is further driving the market's growth.

Market Segmentation

The market research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD Billion' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018-2022 for the following segments.

Type

  Processed hazelnut
  Unprocessed hazelnut


End-user

  Hazelnut-based foods and beverages
  Hazelnut oil
  Cosmetics
  Others


Geography

  Europe

    Germany
    France
    Italy


  Middle East and Africa



  North America

    US


  APAC



  South America

By Type Insights

The processed hazelnut segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. The market for processed hazelnuts, including popular brands like Nutella, Ferrero Rocher, and Kinder Bueno, is experiencing significant growth and is anticipated to continue expanding throughout the forecast period. Processed hazelnuts, which include blanched, roasted, diced, and powdered varieties, cater to diverse consumer tastes and requirements. These products are readily available in various retail channels, including supermarkets, hypermarkets, and e-commerce platforms, making them convenient for consumers. The increasing popularity of snacking among consumers is driving the demand for processed hazelnuts. Furthermore, the emergence of private label brands and the expansion of supermarkets and hypermarkets offering processed hazelnuts are expected to accelerate the growth of this market segment.

The primary sources of processed hazelnuts are Corylus avellana, specifically Tonda di Giffoni and Tonda Rossa varieties, which are native to Piemonte, Italy. These nuts are rich in fiber and healthy fats, making them a popular choice for consumers seeking nutritious snacking options.

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The processed hazelnut segment accounted for USD 2.27 billion in 2018 and showed a gradual increase during the forecast period.

Regional Insights

Europe is estimated to contribute 55% to the growth of the global market during the forecast period. Technavio's analysts have elaborately explained the regional trends and drivers that shape the market during the forecast period.

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Europe holds the leading position in the global consumption of hazelnuts, primarily due to their widespread availability and affordable pricing. Key European countries, including Italy, Turkey, Germany, France, Spain, Switzerland, Poland, and Belgium,

The U.S. hazelnut market shrank modestly to $218M in 2024, waning by -3.3% against the previous year. Over the period under review, consumption, however, saw a significant expansion. Hazelnut consumption peaked at $226M in 2023, and then reduced in the following year.

The hazelnut market is estimated to be worth USD 20.9 billion by 2025. It is anticipated to reach USD 49.8 billion by 2035 and expected to reach a CAGR of 9% over the assessment period 2025 to 2035.

Semi-Annual Market Update

Country-wise Analysis

Segment-wise Analysis

Competitive Outlook

Hazelnut Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global hazelnut market size in 2024 stands at USD 8.2 billion, with a robust compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.1% expected from 2025 to 2033. By the end of the forecast period in 2033, the market is projected to reach USD 15.3 billion. This impressive growth trajectory is primarily driven by increasing demand for hazelnuts in the food and beverage sector, especially in confectionery and bakery products, alongside a rising preference for plant-based ingredients and healthy snacking options worldwide. The surge in health-conscious consumers and the expansion of the processed food industry are further catalyzing market expansion.

One of the pivotal growth factors for the hazelnut market is the increasing awareness regarding the health benefits associated with hazelnut consumption. Hazelnuts are rich in essential nutrients such as vitamins E and B, healthy fats, dietary fiber, and antioxidants, making them a preferred choice among consumers seeking functional foods that support heart health, weight management, and improved metabolic functions. The growing trend of clean label and natural ingredient-based products is compelling manufacturers to incorporate hazelnuts into a wide array of food, beverage, and personal care applications. This shift towards healthier lifestyles and dietary patterns is expected to sustain demand growth for hazelnuts in the coming years.

Another significant driver is the expansion of the confectionery and bakery industries, particularly in Europe and North America, where hazelnuts are a staple ingredient in chocolate spreads, pralines, pastries, and baked goods. The rising disposable incomes and evolving taste preferences in emerging economies are also contributing to the proliferation of premium and artisanal confectionery products, further boosting hazelnut consumption. Additionally, product innovation, such as the introduction of new hazelnut-based snacks, dairy alternatives, and spreads, is attracting a broader consumer base, including vegans and lactose-intolerant individuals, thereby amplifying the market’s growth potential.

The hazelnut market is also benefitting from advancements in processing technologies and supply chain integration, which have enhanced the quality, shelf life, and availability of hazelnut products globally. Strategic investments by leading players in expanding production capacities, improving post-harvest handling, and adopting sustainable agricultural practices are ensuring a stable supply of high-quality hazelnuts. Moreover, government initiatives in major producing countries, such as Turkey and Italy, aimed at supporting growers and promoting exports, are fostering market development. These factors, combined with growing international trade and the increasing penetration of hazelnut products in non-traditional markets, are expected to propel the market forward over the forecast period.

From a regional perspective, Europe dominates the global hazelnut market, accounting for the largest share due to its established confectionery industry and high per capita consumption. However, the Asia Pacific region is witnessing the fastest growth, driven by rising health awareness, urbanization, and the expansion of organized retail. North America is also emerging as a lucrative market, supported by the growing popularity of plant-based diets and premium snacking options. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa, while smaller in market size, are experiencing steady growth due to increasing export activities and the incorporation of hazelnuts in local cuisines and processed foods.

Product Type Analysis

The hazelnut market is segmented by product type into raw hazelnuts, roasted hazelnuts, processed hazelnuts, and others. Raw hazelnuts represent a significant portion of the market, favored for their versatility and use in both industrial and household applications. Their natural flavor and nutrient-rich profile make them a popular choice among health-conscious consumers and food manufacturers seeking unprocessed ingredients. The demand for raw hazelnuts is further bolstered by the growing trend of home baking, artisanal cooking, and the increasing popularity of plant-based diets, where raw nuts serve as a vital ingredient in various recipes and snacks.

Roasted haze

Hazelnut Market Outlook

As per our latest research, the global hazelnut market size reached USD 8.86 billion in 2024, reflecting robust demand across food, beverage, and cosmetic sectors. The market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 7.2% from 2025 to 2033, reaching a forecasted value of USD 16.74 billion by 2033. This growth is primarily driven by increasing consumer awareness of health benefits, rising demand from the confectionery and bakery industries, and the expanding application of hazelnut derivatives in personal care products.

The hazelnut market is experiencing significant momentum due to growing consumer inclination towards healthy and natural food products. Hazelnuts are highly valued for their nutritional profile, being rich in vitamins, minerals, healthy fats, and antioxidants, which has fueled their popularity among health-conscious consumers. With the global shift towards plant-based diets and clean-label foods, food manufacturers are increasingly incorporating hazelnuts and their derivatives into a variety of products, such as dairy alternatives, spreads, and snack bars. This trend is further bolstered by the rising prevalence of lifestyle diseases, prompting consumers to seek healthier snacking options, thereby propelling the demand for hazelnuts and related products.

Another key growth factor is the dynamic expansion of the confectionery and bakery industries, especially in Europe and North America. Hazelnuts are a critical ingredient in premium chocolates, pralines, pastries, and spreads, with leading brands leveraging their unique flavor and texture to enhance product appeal. The surge in artisanal and gourmet bakery products, coupled with the popularity of international confectionery brands, has created a sustained demand for high-quality hazelnuts. Moreover, the trend of product innovation, such as the development of organic and flavored hazelnut products, is attracting new consumer segments and expanding the market base. The integration of hazelnuts into functional foods and beverages is also contributing to market growth, as manufacturers capitalize on the superfood status of hazelnuts.

The cosmetics and personal care industry represents a burgeoning segment for the hazelnut market, driven by the increasing use of hazelnut oil in skincare and haircare formulations. Hazelnut oil is prized for its emollient properties, lightweight texture, and rich content of vitamin E, making it a preferred ingredient in natural and organic beauty products. The global shift towards clean beauty and sustainable sourcing has further amplified the demand for hazelnut-derived ingredients. As consumers become more discerning about ingredient transparency and eco-friendly sourcing, manufacturers are responding by integrating hazelnut oil into a wide range of cosmetic and personal care products, thus opening new avenues for market growth.

Regionally, Europe continues to dominate the hazelnut market, accounting for over 55% of global consumption in 2024, driven by strong demand from the confectionery and bakery sectors in countries like Italy, Germany, and France. The Asia Pacific region is emerging as a high-growth market, supported by rising disposable incomes, changing dietary preferences, and increasing adoption of Western food habits. North America is witnessing steady growth, fueled by the popularity of hazelnut-based spreads and snacks, while the Middle East and Africa are experiencing gradual expansion due to increasing awareness of hazelnut’s health benefits. Latin America, though a smaller market, is showing promising growth potential with the expansion of specialty food and beverage sectors.

Product Type Analysis

The hazelnut market by product type is segmented into raw hazelnuts, roasted hazelnuts, hazelnut paste, hazelnut oil, and others. Raw hazelnuts hold a significant share due to their versatile applications in cooking, baking, and direct consumption. The demand for raw hazelnuts is buoyed by their use in healthy snacking and as an ingredient i

The global hazelnut market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing consumer demand for healthy snacks and the versatile culinary applications of hazelnuts. The market size in 2025 is estimated at $2.5 billion, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is fueled by several key factors, including the rising popularity of hazelnut-based products like chocolate spreads, confectionery, and baked goods, particularly in developed economies. Furthermore, the growing awareness of the health benefits associated with hazelnut consumption, including its rich source of antioxidants and healthy fats, is boosting market expansion. Expanding consumption in emerging markets, coupled with innovative product development and increasing investments in hazelnut farming and processing technologies, contribute significantly to the market's positive trajectory. However, several challenges restrain market growth. Fluctuations in hazelnut production due to climatic conditions and pest infestations pose a risk to supply stability, impacting pricing and market availability. Furthermore, competition from substitute nuts and the increasing cost of production, including labor and transportation, can put pressure on profit margins for businesses operating in the hazelnut industry. Nevertheless, the long-term outlook for the global hazelnut market remains optimistic, driven by sustained consumer demand and continuous efforts to improve production efficiency and supply chain management. The segmentation of the market reveals strong growth in the confectionery segment, followed by the food ingredient sector, while geographical analysis reveals North America and Europe as the dominant regions, but Asia Pacific is set for significant future growth due to rising disposable income and changing dietary habits.

Discover the latest trends in the shelled hazelnuts market in the GCC region with a forecasted increase in consumption over the next decade. Market performance is projected to grow steadily but at a slower pace, reaching 2.4K tons by 2035. Find out how the market value is expected to rise to $18M by the end of 2035.

After two years of decline, the Philippine hazelnut market increased by 8.5% to $7.2K in 2024. Over the period under review, consumption, however, saw a sharp decline. Over the period under review, the market attained the maximum level at $305K in 2015; however, from 2016 to 2024, consumption stood at a somewhat lower figure.

Global Hazelnuts market size 2025 was XX Million. Hazelnuts Industry compound annual growth rate (CAGR) will be XX% from 2025 till 2033.

Hazelnut Products Market Outlook

The global hazelnut products market size was valued at approximately $8.5 billion in 2023 and is expected to reach an estimated $13.5 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.2% during the forecast period. This robust growth can be attributed to increasing consumer awareness about the health benefits of hazelnuts, rising demand for natural and organic food products, and growing utilization of hazelnut ingredients in various industries including food and beverages, personal care, and cosmetics.

One of the primary growth factors driving the hazelnut products market is the escalating consumer preference for healthy and natural food products. Hazelnuts are rich in vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and healthy fats, which contribute to their growing popularity among health-conscious consumers. Additionally, the rising prevalence of lifestyle-related health issues such as obesity, diabetes, and heart diseases has led many individuals to seek out nutritious and wholesome foods, further propelling the demand for hazelnut-based products.

Another significant factor contributing to market growth is the increasing application of hazelnuts in the food and beverage industry. Hazelnuts are widely used in the production of various confectioneries, snacks, and bakery products, owing to their unique flavor and nutritional profile. The growing trend of incorporating nuts into everyday diets, coupled with the innovation in food processing and packaging technologies, has spurred the development of new hazelnut-based products, thereby boosting market expansion.

The burgeoning personal care and cosmetics industry also plays a vital role in the growth of the hazelnut products market. Hazelnut oil, in particular, is gaining traction as a key ingredient in skincare and haircare formulations due to its moisturizing and antioxidant properties. The increasing consumer inclination towards natural and organic beauty products is encouraging manufacturers to incorporate hazelnut derivatives into their product lines, thus driving market growth.

From a regional perspective, Europe dominates the hazelnut products market, accounting for a significant share of global consumption. The region's prominence can be attributed to the widespread cultivation of hazelnuts in countries like Turkey and Italy, which are among the world's leading producers. Additionally, the high demand for hazelnut-based products in European countries, driven by the well-established food and beverage industry, further accentuates the region's market dominance. North America and Asia Pacific are also witnessing substantial growth, owing to the increasing consumer awareness and rising disposable incomes in these regions.

Product Type Analysis

Hazelnut oil is one of the prominent segments in the hazelnut products market. The oil is extracted from roasted hazelnuts and is highly valued for its rich flavor and numerous health benefits. It is widely used in culinary applications, particularly in dressings, marinades, and baking. The increasing consumer inclination towards gourmet cooking and the rising trend of organic and natural food products are driving the demand for hazelnut oil. Additionally, hazelnut oil is gaining popularity in the cosmetics industry due to its skin-nourishing properties, further bolstering market growth.

Hazelnut butter is another significant product type within the market. This creamy spread is made from ground hazelnuts and is often used as a healthy alternative to traditional peanut butter. The growing trend of plant-based diets and the rising demand for protein-rich foods are key factors propelling the growth of the hazelnut butter segment. It is commonly used in various culinary applications, including smoothies, desserts, and spreads, contributing to its increasing popularity among consumers.

Hazelnut paste is extensively utilized in the confectionery industry, particularly in the production of chocolates, pralines, and pastries. The rich and distinct flavor of hazelnut paste enhances the taste profile of these products, making it a preferred choice among manufacturers. The rising demand for premium and artisanal confectionery products is driving the growth of the hazelnut paste segment. Additionally, the increasing consumer preference for clean-label and natural ingredients is encouraging the use of hazelnut paste in various food applications.

Whole hazelnuts, either raw or roasted, are widely consumed as a healthy snack option. They are rich in