The Human development index (HDI) for European countries in 2022 shows that although all of the countries in this statistic have scores which imply high levels of development, ************* score of ***** was the highest in this year. The HDI is a statistic that combines life-expectancy, education levels and GDP per capita. Countries with scores over ***** are considered to have very high levels of development, compared with countries that score lower.

The average for 2023 based on 27 countries was 0.915 points. The highest value was in Denmark: 0.962 points and the lowest value was in Bulgaria: 0.845 points. The indicator is available from 1980 to 2023. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

The average for 2023 based on 44 countries was 0.898 points. The highest value was in Iceland: 0.972 points and the lowest value was in Ukraine: 0.779 points. The indicator is available from 1980 to 2023. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

Europe and Central Asia was the region with the highest Human Development Index (HDI) worldwide at ***. Meanwhile, the lowest HDI was found in Sub-Saharan Africa, underlining the high prevalence of poverty in the region. The difference between the regions was even stronger after adjusting for inequality.

******* had the highest level of the Human Development Index (HDI) worldwide in 2023 with a value of *****. With a score of ****, ****** followed closely behind *********** and had the second-highest level of human development in that year. The rise of the Asian tigers In the decades after the Cold War, the four so-called Asian tigers, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and Hong Kong (now a Special Administrative Region of China) experienced rapid economic growth and increasing human development. At number eight and number 13 of the HDI, respectively, *********************** are the only Asian locations within the top-15 highest HDI scores. Both locations have experienced tremendous economic growth since the 1980’s and 1990’s. In 1980, the per capita GDP of Hong Kong was ***** U.S. dollars, increasing throughout the decades until reaching ****** in 2023, which is expected to continue to increase in the future. Meanwhile, in 1989, Singapore had a GDP of nearly ** billion U.S. dollars, which has risen to nearly *** billion U.S. dollars today and is also expected to keep increasing. Growth of the UAE The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is the only Middle Eastern country besides Israel within the highest ranking HDI scores globally. Within the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, the UAE has the third-largest GDP behind Saudi Arabia and Israel, reaching nearly *** billion U.S. dollars by 2022. Per capita, the UAE GDP was around ****** U.S. dollars in 1989, and has nearly doubled to ****** U.S. dollars by 2021. Moreover, this is expected to reach over ****** U.S. dollars by 2029. On top of being a major oil producer, the UAE has become a hub for finance and business and attracts millions of tourists annually.

Situation2013
The HDI-2, takes up the three dimensions of the HDI (health, education, standard of living) but with indicators better adapted to the French situation and available at the municipal level, has been developed and applied to the Ile-de-France region. It was calculated for the years 1999, 2006, 2009, 2012, 2013

Consult metadata

This dataset provides a comprehensive panel data structure covering 27 EU member states from 2007 to 2020. It includes economic, social, governance, and development indicators alongside data on EU funds allocated as a percentage of GDP. The primary objective of this dataset is to facilitate the analysis of the impact of EU funding on socio-economic progress across different countries and periods.The time period covered: 2007–2020Geographical coverage: 27 EU member statesTemporal resolution: Annual observationsThe dataset contains yearly observations for each country, with the following key indicators:EU Funds (EUfunds) – Ratio of annual EU funds paid to member states as a percentage of GDP (European Commission).Human Development Index (HDI) – Composite index of life expectancy, education, and income (UNDP).GINI Index (GINI) – Measure of income inequality (0 = perfect equality, 100 = maximum inequality, World Bank).Economic Sentiment Indicator (ESI ave.) – Business and consumer confidence indicator (European Commission).Economic Complexity Index (ECI) – Measure of a country’s ability to produce knowledge-intensive goods (Harvard Growth Lab).Educational Attainment (Educ.att.) – Percentage of the population with secondary or higher education (World Bank).Gender Parity Index (GPI) – Ratio of female-to-male school enrollment rates (World Bank).Index of Economic Freedom – Score based on property rights, trade freedom, and government intervention (Heritage Foundation).Governance Indicators (World Bank Governance Indicators):Control of Corruption (Contr.of.Corr.)Rule of Law (Rule.of.Law)Regulatory Quality (Regul.Qual.)Political Stability and Absence of Violence (Pol.stab.and.Abs.viol.)Voice and Accountability (Voice.and.Account.)Government Effectiveness (Gov.effect.)Sustainable Development Goals (SDG Index) – Composite measure of progress toward the UN SDGs (Sustainable Development Solutions Network).This dataset provides a rich foundation for empirical analysis, policy evaluation, and academic research on the role of EU funding in economic and social development.

Europe and Central Asia were the regions with the highest Human Development Index (HDI) when adjusting for inequality. The lowest inequality-adjusted HDI was found in Sub-Saharan Africa, underlining the high prevalence of poverty in the region. Meanwhile, Iceland topped the HDI not adjusted for inequality.

UNDP first published the Human Development Report in 1990 in collaboration with economist Mehboob Haque, who is credited as the promoter of the HDI Index. The most important aspects of the HDI Index are longevity, healthy living, educational attainment, and quality of life as well as other important factors such as political independence, human rights, and self-respect. UNDP's Human Development Report is a combination of three principles. That is.1) Life expectancy at birth.2) Level of education. (Rate of adult education, rate of primary, secondary, higher education)3) The standard of living. (GDP per capita based on USD)The HDI index is averaged based on the maximum and minimum values of these three elements. According to the report, India was ranked 126th in the HDI Index in 2006. In 2008, Maxine Olson, UNDP Representative in India, and Motek Singh Ahluwalia, Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission, published the Human Development Report in Delhi, in which India was ranked 128th (Value 0.619). Compared to 2006, India has slipped two places.

Using micro-data on six surveys–the Gallup World Poll 2005–2023, the U.S. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1993–2022, Eurobarometer 1991–2022, the UK Covid Social Survey Panel, 2020–2022, the European Social Survey 2002–2020 and the IPSOS Happiness Survey 2018–2023 –we show individuals’ reports of subjective wellbeing in Europe declined in the Great Recession of 2008/9 and during the Covid pandemic of 2020–2021 on most measures. They also declined in four countries bordering Ukraine after the Russian invasion in 2022. However, the movements are not large and are not apparent everywhere. We also used data from the European Commission’s Business and Consumer Surveys on people’s expectations of life in general, their financial situation and the economic and employment situation in the country. All of these dropped markedly in the Great Recession and during Covid, but bounced back quickly, as did firms’ expectations of the economy and the labor market. Neither the annual data from the United Nation’s Human Development Index (HDI) nor data used in the World Happiness Report from the Gallup World Poll shifted much in response to negative shocks. The HDI has been rising in the last decade reflecting overall improvements in economic and social wellbeing, captured in part by real earnings growth, although it fell slightly after 2020 as life expectancy dipped. This secular improvement is mirrored in life satisfaction which has been rising in the last decade. However, so too have negative affect in Europe and despair in the United States.

1,6-Hexamethylene Diisocyanate (HDI) Market Outlook

The global 1,6-Hexamethylene Diisocyanate (HDI) market size was valued at USD 1.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach approximately USD 2.4 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.5% during the forecast period. One of the primary growth factors driving this market is the increasing demand for high-performance coatings across various industries. The need for better durability, resistance to harsh environmental conditions, and enhanced aesthetic appeal are some of the key factors boosting the adoption of HDI-based products.

The coatings industry, which heavily relies on HDI, has observed significant growth due to the rising construction activities and the expansion of the automotive sector. The burgeoning construction industry, especially in developing regions, has increased the demand for coatings that can protect infrastructure from ultraviolet (UV) exposure, moisture, and other environmental factors. Additionally, the automotive industry’s focus on producing lightweight yet durable vehicles has led to higher consumption of HDI in coatings, further propelling market growth.

Technological advancements in the production and application of HDI derivatives have improved their performance characteristics, making them more desirable in various end-use industries. Innovations such as eco-friendly and low-volatile organic compound (VOC) HDI products align with stringent environmental regulations, increasing their adoption. Furthermore, HDI's versatility in forming polyurethanes, which are used in a myriad of applications from adhesives to elastomers, adds a substantial growth dimension to the market.

Another growth factor is the increasing focus on sustainable and energy-efficient solutions. The use of HDI in the creation of advanced coatings and adhesives that contribute to energy savings and environmental sustainability is gaining traction. In regions such as Europe and North America, where environmental regulations are stringent, the adoption of HDI-based products is particularly robust, contributing significantly to market growth.

Regionally, Asia Pacific is expected to dominate the HDI market due to rapidly growing industrial activities and urbanization. Countries like China and India are witnessing significant investments in infrastructure projects, which in turn, fuel the demand for HDI in coatings and adhesives. North America and Europe also present notable market shares due to their advanced automotive sectors and stringent regulatory frameworks promoting the use of eco-friendly products.

Application Analysis

The application segment of the 1,6-Hexamethylene Diisocyanate market is broadly categorized into coatings, adhesives & sealants, elastomers, and others. Coatings are the largest application segment, accounting for a substantial share of the market. The increasing demand for high-performance coatings in automotive, construction, and industrial applications is a significant driver. HDI-based coatings offer superior resistance to abrasion, chemicals, and UV radiation, making them highly suitable for exterior and interior applications.

Adhesives and sealants constitute another vital application of HDI. These products are extensively used in the construction and automotive industries, where strong bonding and sealing properties are crucial. The trend towards lightweight construction materials in the automotive sector has led to increased usage of HDI-based adhesives, which provide excellent bonding capabilities while reducing the overall weight of the vehicle components. This segment is expected to witness steady growth during the forecast period.

Elastomers formed from HDI are used in a variety of applications, including automotive parts, industrial machinery, and consumer goods. The flexibility, durability, and resilience of HDI-based elastomers make them ideal for applications requiring materials that can withstand repetitive stress and harsh environments. Innovations in polyurethane elastomer technology are further enhancing the performance characteristics, driving their adoption in more diverse applications.

Other applications of HDI include the production of specialty resins and composites. These applications, though smaller in comparison to coatings and adhesives, are growing due to the increasing demand for advanced materials in electronics, textiles, and other niche sectors. The versatility of HDI in creating high-performance materials that meet specific industry requirement

The global Hexamethylene Diisocyanate (HDI) and Derivatives market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing demand from various downstream applications, particularly in the coatings and inks, adhesives and sealants, and elastomers sectors. The market's expansion is fueled by several key factors: the rising adoption of high-performance coatings in automotive and construction industries, the growing demand for durable and flexible adhesives in packaging and electronics, and the increasing use of elastomers in diverse applications including footwear and textiles. Technological advancements leading to the development of more sustainable and efficient HDI-based products are further propelling market growth. While challenges such as stringent environmental regulations and volatile raw material prices exist, the overall market outlook remains positive. The market is segmented by application (coatings and inks, adhesives and sealants, elastomers, and others) and type (HDI monomer and HDI derivatives), allowing for specialized product development and targeted market penetration. Major players like Covestro, Wanhua Chemical, Vencorex, Tosoh, Asahi Kasei Corporation, and BASF SE are actively involved in research and development, capacity expansion, and strategic partnerships to maintain their competitive edge. The Asia-Pacific region, particularly China and India, is anticipated to witness significant growth owing to the rapid industrialization and expanding construction sectors. North America and Europe will also contribute significantly to the overall market size due to established industrial infrastructure and high consumption rates. The market is projected to exhibit a substantial Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) throughout the forecast period (2025-2033). The competitive landscape is characterized by a mix of established multinational corporations and regional players. These companies are focusing on innovation to develop new HDI-based products with improved performance characteristics, such as enhanced durability, flexibility, and sustainability. Furthermore, strategic acquisitions, mergers, and collaborations are common strategies employed to gain market share and expand product portfolios. The ongoing research and development efforts directed towards improving the environmental profile of HDI products, alongside the increasing focus on sustainable manufacturing practices, will further shape the market's future trajectory. The market is expected to witness significant consolidation, particularly among the smaller players, as larger companies seek to acquire market share through strategic acquisitions. Overall, the HDI and derivatives market presents a compelling opportunity for growth in the coming years due to a confluence of factors including rising demand from key sectors, technological advancements, and a favorable regulatory landscape.

Results of bivariate correlations (Spearman's rho) between religion, communism, HDI and its subcomponents, plus ancestry and geographic effects for each variable. Values in the first nine rows below the diagonal show rho and p-values of correlations between all predictors. The last two rows show results from an intercept-only model testing for either shared ancestry (λ') or geographic distance (ϕ) effects, averaged over the Bayesian posterior distribution of trees. We used a likelihood ratio test to evaluate support for these models against a null model with no ancestry or geography effects. Significance levels: * < .05; ** < .01; ***< .001.

The global Blocked HDI market is poised for robust growth, projected to reach $290.5 million in 2025 and maintain a healthy Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8.7% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is driven primarily by increasing demand from the coatings and adhesives industries, fueled by the rising construction and automotive sectors. The preference for Blocked HDI stems from its superior performance characteristics, including excellent adhesion, durability, and chemical resistance. Growth is further bolstered by advancements in formulations leading to improved efficiency and reduced environmental impact. While challenges exist, such as price volatility of raw materials and potential regulatory changes, the market's inherent strengths are expected to outweigh these constraints. Segmentation reveals a strong preference for solids content above 70%, reflecting the industry's push for higher-performing products. Geographically, North America and Asia Pacific are leading the charge, with China and the United States emerging as key markets. The ongoing expansion in infrastructure projects and the automotive industry across these regions is anticipated to fuel further growth in the coming years. The market is highly competitive, with key players like Covestro, Asahi Kasei, and Tosoh continuously investing in R&D to enhance product offerings and expand their market share. The diverse applications of Blocked HDI across various end-use industries ensures market resilience. The increasing demand for high-performance coatings in electronics, protective coatings, and industrial applications contributes significantly to market expansion. Further, advancements in adhesive technology, particularly in areas like high-strength bonding, are driving adoption. The "Other" segment within applications, encompassing niche applications, holds potential for future growth as innovative uses are identified. While the solids content segmentation reflects current market trends, it is also anticipated that the demand for products with lower solids content (60%-70% and below 60%) may see growth in specific niches requiring tailored properties and process optimization. Regional growth will be influenced by economic growth rates, infrastructure developments, and specific government regulations within each geographic area.

HDI Market Outlook

The global HDI (High-Density Interconnect) market size was valued at USD 14.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 26.4 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 6.8% during the forecast period. This impressive growth is driven by increasing demand for miniaturized electronic devices, advancements in consumer electronics, and the proliferation of IoT devices.

The surge in demand for compact and high-performance electronic devices is one of the primary growth factors for the HDI market. High-Density Interconnect technology allows for the production of smaller, lighter, and faster electronic devices by enabling a higher circuit density. This is particularly critical in consumer electronics, where there is a constant push for thinner and more efficient devices. The growing adoption of smartphones, tablets, wearable devices, and other portable electronics is expected to significantly bolster the demand for HDI PCBs (Printed Circuit Boards).

Another significant factor contributing to the market's growth is the rising integration of advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) and infotainment systems in the automotive sector. The automotive industry is increasingly incorporating HDI technology to support the complex electronic architectures required for modern vehicles. This includes not only luxury and premium vehicles but also mid-range and economy models. The trend towards autonomous driving and smart vehicles further propels the need for HDI PCBs due to their ability to handle more data and power requirements efficiently.

The telecommunications industry is also a significant driver of HDI market expansion. The ongoing global rollout of 5G networks requires infrastructure upgrades that include high-performance and reliable electronic components. HDI PCBs are essential in 5G base stations, network equipment, and consumer devices due to their ability to support high-speed data transmission and higher frequencies. This technological shift is expected to create substantial opportunities for HDI manufacturers and suppliers.

From a regional perspective, the Asia Pacific region dominates the HDI market, accounting for the largest share in 2023. This dominance is attributed to the presence of leading consumer electronics manufacturers, strong automotive production capabilities, and extensive telecommunications infrastructure development. North America and Europe are also significant markets, driven by technological advancements and high demand for advanced electronics in various sectors. The Middle East & Africa and Latin America, although smaller in market size, are expected to exhibit steady growth due to increasing industrialization and technological adoption.

Product Type Analysis

The HDI market is segmented by product type into Single-Sided HDI, Double-Sided HDI, and Multi-Layer HDI. Each of these product types plays a crucial role in catering to different industry requirements. Single-Sided HDI circuits are often used in simpler electronic devices where high density and complexity are not paramount. These are typically found in basic consumer electronics and some industrial applications where cost efficiency is critical.

Double-Sided HDI circuits offer a higher density of interconnects compared to single-sided variants. They are widely used in applications requiring moderate complexity and performance. This includes a range of consumer electronics, automotive components, and telecommunications devices. The ability to place components on both sides of the board allows for better performance and more compact designs, which is increasingly important in modern electronic devices.

Multi-Layer HDI circuits represent the most advanced segment in terms of technology and capabilities. These circuits can support very high density and complex interconnections, making them ideal for high-performance applications. Multi-layer HDI is extensively used in advanced consumer electronics like smartphones and tablets, high-end automotive systems including ADAS, medical devices requiring precise and reliable performance, and sophisticated telecommunications equipment essential for 5G networks and beyond.

The growing complexity of electronic devices and the continuous miniaturization trend are expected to drive the demand for multi-layer HDI circuits. As devices become more powerful and feature-rich, the need for more layers to accommodate the increased number of connections and components will become more pronounced. This segment is anticipated to witness the fastest growth ra

The High Purity 1,6-diisocyanate (HDI) market, valued at $1387 million in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven primarily by increasing demand from the coatings and adhesives industries. The 5.3% CAGR from 2025 to 2033 reflects a steady expansion fueled by several factors. The automotive sector's push for lightweight, high-performance materials, coupled with the growing construction industry's need for durable and weather-resistant coatings, are key market drivers. Furthermore, advancements in HDI-based polyurethane technologies, enabling enhanced properties like scratch resistance and UV stability, are bolstering market growth. Competitive pressures from established players like Covestro, BASF, and Wanhua Chemical, alongside emerging players, are likely to lead to innovation and price optimization, influencing market dynamics throughout the forecast period. Potential restraints include fluctuations in raw material prices and increasing environmental regulations impacting manufacturing processes. However, the overall market outlook remains positive, with continued growth expected across various end-use applications. The market segmentation, although not explicitly provided, is likely to include various purity grades, packaging formats, and application-specific variations of HDI. Regional analysis, while absent from the initial data, would likely show a strong presence in developed economies like North America and Europe, driven by established manufacturing bases and high consumer demand. Asia-Pacific is poised for significant growth, driven by rapid industrialization and infrastructure development. The historical period (2019-2024) likely showed a similar growth trajectory, providing a solid foundation for the projected expansion in the forecast period (2025-2033). Continued R&D efforts focused on improving HDI's sustainability profile and expanding its application potential will further solidify its position in the market.

The global hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) market is experiencing robust growth, projected to reach a value of $4,031 million in 2025 and maintain a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 6.9% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is driven by the increasing demand for high-performance coatings and adhesives across diverse industries such as automotive, construction, and electronics. The automotive industry's shift towards lightweighting and enhanced durability is a significant factor, fueling the demand for HDI-based polyurethane coatings. Similarly, the construction sector's need for durable and weather-resistant materials is driving adoption in sealants and adhesives. Furthermore, advancements in HDI technology, leading to improved properties like enhanced flexibility and UV resistance, are widening its application scope. Major players like Covestro, BASF, and Wanhua Chemical are actively investing in research and development to further optimize HDI's performance and expand its market reach. Competition remains intense, with companies focusing on innovation, cost optimization, and strategic partnerships to gain a competitive edge. The regional distribution of the HDI market reveals significant growth potential in Asia Pacific, particularly in China and India, fueled by rapid industrialization and infrastructure development. North America and Europe, while mature markets, are expected to contribute steadily to the overall market size due to consistent demand from established industries. However, stringent environmental regulations and concerns regarding the isocyanate's potential health impacts pose challenges to market growth. Manufacturers are increasingly focusing on developing and implementing safer handling procedures and eco-friendly alternatives to mitigate these risks. The market segmentation by application highlights the dominance of coatings, followed by adhesives, with other niche applications showing promising growth potential. This balanced distribution across applications ensures resilience and diverse growth pathways for the HDI market.

The global HDI PCB market for consumer electronics is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing demand for miniaturized and high-performance electronic devices. The market, estimated at $5 billion in 2025, is projected to maintain a healthy Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of around 8% from 2025 to 2033, reaching approximately $9 billion by 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors: the proliferation of smartphones with advanced features, the rise of wearable technology requiring intricate and dense circuitry, and the growing adoption of high-resolution displays and sophisticated cameras in consumer electronics. Furthermore, the ongoing trend towards thinner and lighter devices necessitates the use of HDI PCBs, which offer superior density and miniaturization capabilities compared to traditional PCBs. Leading manufacturers such as Tripod Technology, AT&S, and TTM Technologies are actively investing in advanced HDI manufacturing technologies to meet this rising demand, while emerging players in regions like Asia are also contributing to the market's competitive landscape. However, the market's growth is not without challenges. Supply chain disruptions, fluctuating raw material prices, and the increasing complexity of HDI PCB manufacturing pose significant restraints. Moreover, the stringent regulatory requirements for environmental compliance and the need for continuous innovation in materials and manufacturing processes represent ongoing hurdles for market participants. Despite these challenges, the long-term outlook for the HDI PCB market in consumer electronics remains positive, driven by the sustained demand for feature-rich and compact electronic devices across the globe. Market segmentation by application (smartphones, wearables, tablets, etc.) and region (North America, Asia-Pacific, Europe, etc.) will further reveal nuanced growth patterns and investment opportunities.

In 2020, the number of immigrants to Iceland from non-EU, EFTA, and candidate countries who held a citizenship from a country with a high or very high Human Development Index (HDI) level increased sharply. On the other hand, the number of people from countries with a medium HDI level dropped from over *** to less than ***. From 2015 to 2018, the number of immigrants from these countries more than doubled due to the influx of immigrants to Europe in 2015 and 2016. Citizens of countries with a low HDI level was the smallest group of immigrants to Iceland, with only *** in 2021.