Contains data from World Health Organization's data portal covering various indicators (one per resource).

Abstract

The 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) is the fourth Demographic and Health Survey conducted in Ethiopia. It was implemented by the Central Statistical Agency (CSA) at the request of the Federal Ministry of Health (FMoH). Data collection took place from January 18, 2016, to June 27, 2016.

SURVEY OBJECTIVES The primary objective of the 2016 EDHS is to provide up-to-date estimates of key demographic and health indicators. The EDHS provides a comprehensive overview of population, maternal, and child health issues in Ethiopia. More specifically, the 2016 EDHS: - Collected data at the national level that allowed calculation of key demographic indicators, particularly fertility and under-5 and adult mortality rates - Explored the direct and indirect factors that determine levels and trends of fertility and child mortality - Measured levels of contraceptive knowledge and practice - Collected data on key aspects of family health, including immunisation coverage among children, prevalence and treatment of diarrhoea and other diseases among children under age 5, and maternity care indicators such as antenatal visits and assistance at delivery - Obtained data on child feeding practices, including breastfeeding - Collected anthropometric measures to assess the nutritional status of children under age 5, women age 15-49, and men age 15-59 - Conducted haemoglobin testing on eligible children age 6-59 months, women age 15-49, and men age 15-59 to provide information on the prevalence of anaemia in these groups - Collected data on knowledge and attitudes of women and men about sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS and evaluated potential exposure to the risk of HIV infection by exploring high-risk behaviours and condom use - Conducted HIV testing of dried blood spot (DBS) samples collected from women age 15-49 and men age 15-59 to provide information on the prevalence of HIV among adults of reproductive age - Collected data on the prevalence of injuries and accidents among all household members - Collected data on knowledge and prevalence of fistula and female genital mutilation or cutting (FGM/C) among women age 15-49 and their daughters age 0-14 - Obtained data on women’s experience of emotional, physical, and sexual violence.

As the fourth DHS conducted in Ethiopia, following the 2000, 2005, and 2011 EDHS surveys, the 2016 EDHS provides valuable information on trends in key demographic and health indicators over time. The information collected through the 2016 EDHS is intended to assist policymakers and programme managers in evaluating and designing programmes and strategies for improving the health of the country’s population.

Additionally, the 2016 EDHS included a health facility component that recorded data on children’s vaccinations, which were then combined with the household data on vaccinations.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Households
• Men
• Women
• Children

Universe

Household members women age 15-49 men age 15-59 children under age 5

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling frame used for the 2016 EDHS is the Ethiopia Population and Housing Census (PHC), which was conducted in 2007 by the Ethiopia Central Statistical Agency. The census frame is a complete list of 84,915 enumeration areas (EAs) created for the 2007 PHC. An EA is a geographic area covering on average 181 households. The sampling frame contains information about the EA location, type of residence (urban or rural), and estimated number of residential households. With the exception of EAs in six zones of the Somali region, each EA has accompanying cartographic materials. These materials delineate geographic locations, boundaries, main access, and landmarks in or outside the EA that help identify the EA. In Somali, a cartographic frame was used in three zones where sketch maps delineating the EA geographic boundaries were available for each EA; in the remaining six zones, satellite image maps were used to provide a map for each EA.

Administratively, Ethiopia is divided into nine geographical regions and two administrative cities. The sample for the 2016 EDHS was designed to provide estimates of key indicators for the country as a whole, for urban and rural areas separately, and for each of the nine regions and the two administrative cities.

The 2016 EDHS sample was stratified and selected in two stages. Each region was stratified into urban and rural areas, yielding 21 sampling strata. Samples of EAs were selected independently in each stratum in two stages. Implicit stratification and proportional allocation were achieved at each of the lower administrative levels by sorting the sampling frame within each sampling stratum before sample selection, according to administrative units in different levels, and by using a probability proportional to size selection at the first stage of sampling.

In the first stage, a total of 645 EAs (202 in urban areas and 443 in rural areas) were selected with probability proportional to EA size (based on the 2007 PHC) and with independent selection in each sampling stratum. A household listing operation was carried out in all of the selected EAs from September to December 2015. The resulting lists of households served as a sampling frame for the selection of households in the second stage. Some of the selected EAs were large, consisting of more than 300 households. To minimise the task of household listing, each large EA selected for the 2016 EDHS was segmented. Only one segment was selected for the survey with probability proportional to segment size. Household listing was conducted only in the selected segment; that is, a 2016 EDHS cluster is either an EA or a segment of an EA.

In the second stage of selection, a fixed number of 28 households per cluster were selected with an equal probability systematic selection from the newly created household listing. All women age 15-49 and all men age 15-59 who were either permanent residents of the selected households or visitors who stayed in the household the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. In half of the selected households, all women age 15-49 were eligible for the FGM/C module, and only one woman per household was selected for the domestic violence module. In all of the selected households, height and weight measurements were collected from children age 0-59 months, women age 15-49, and men age 15-59. Anaemia testing was performed on consenting women age 15-49 and men age 15-59 and on children age 6-59 months whose parent/guardian consented to the testing. In addition, DBS samples were collected for HIV testing in the laboratory from women age 15-49 and men age 15-59 who consented to testing.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

Five questionnaires were used for the 2016 EDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, the Man’s Questionnaire, the Biomarker Questionnaire, and the Health Facility Questionnaire. These questionnaires, based on the DHS Program’s standard Demographic and Health Survey questionnaires, were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Ethiopia. Input was solicited from various stakeholders representing government ministries and agencies, nongovernmental organisations, and international donors. After all questionnaires were finalised in English, they were translated into Amarigna, Tigrigna, and Oromiffa.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all members of and visitors to selected households. Basic demographic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including his or her age, sex, marital status, education, and relationship to the head of the household. For children under age 18, parents’ survival status was determined. The data on age and sex of household members obtained in the Household Questionnaire were used to identify women and men who were eligible for individual interviews. The Household Questionnaire also collected information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, such as source of water, type of toilet facilities, and flooring materials, as well as on ownership of various durable goods. The Household Questionnaire included an additional module developed by the DHS Program to estimate the prevalence of injuries/accidents among all household members.

The Woman’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from all eligible women age 15-49. These women were asked questions on the following topics: - Background characteristics (including age, education, and media exposure) - Birth history and childhood mortality - Family planning, including knowledge, use, and sources of contraceptive methods - Fertility preferences - Antenatal, delivery, and postnatal care - Breastfeeding and infant feeding practices - Vaccinations and childhood illnesses - Women’s work and husbands’ background characteristics - Knowledge, awareness, and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) - Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours related to other health issues (e.g., injections, smoking, use of chat) - Adult and maternal mortality - Female genital mutilation or cutting - Fistula - Violence against women The Man’s Questionnaire was administered to all eligible men age 15-59. This questionnaire collected much of the same information elicited from the Woman’s Questionnaire but was shorter because it did not contain a detailed reproductive history, questions on maternal and child health, or questions on domestic violence. The Biomarker Questionnaire was used to record biomarker data

Abstract

The 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey (EMDHS) is a nationwide survey with a nationally representative sample of 9,150 selected households. All women age 15-49 who were usual members of the selected households and those who spent the night before the survey in the selected households were eligible to be interviewed in the survey. In the selected households, all children under age 5 were eligible for height and weight measurements. The survey was designed to produce reliable estimates of key indicators at the national level as well as for urban and rural areas and each of the 11 regions in Ethiopia.

The primary objective of the 2019 EMDHS is to provide up-to-date estimates of key demographic and health indicators. Specifically, the main objectives of the survey are: ▪ To collect high-quality data on contraceptive use; maternal and child health; infant, child, and neonatal mortality levels; child nutrition; and other health issues relevant to achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) ▪ To collect information on health-related matters such as breastfeeding, maternal and child care (antenatal, delivery, and postnatal), children’s immunizations, and childhood diseases ▪ To assess the nutritional status of children under age 5 by measuring weight and height

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Children age 0-5
• Woman age 15-49
• Health facility

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged 15-49 and all children aged 0-5 resident in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling frame used for the 2019 EMDHS is a frame of all census enumeration areas (EAs) created for the 2019 Ethiopia Population and Housing Census (EPHC) and conducted by the Central Statistical Agency (CSA). The census frame is a complete list of the 149,093 EAs created for the 2019 EPHC. An EA is a geographic area covering an average of 131 households. The sampling frame contains information about EA location, type of residence (urban or rural), and estimated number of residential households.

Administratively, Ethiopia is divided into nine geographical regions and two administrative cities. The sample for the 2019 EMDHS was designed to provide estimates of key indicators for the country as a whole, for urban and rural areas separately, and for each of the nine regions and the two administrative cities.

The 2019 EMDHS sample was stratified and selected in two stages. Each region was stratified into urban and rural areas, yielding 21 sampling strata. Samples of EAs were selected independently in each stratum in two stages. Implicit stratification and proportional allocation were achieved at each of the lower administrative levels by sorting the sampling frame within each sampling stratum before sample selection, according to administrative units in different levels, and by using a probability proportional to size selection at the first stage of sampling.

To ensure that survey precision was comparable across regions, sample allocation was done through an equal allocation wherein 25 EAs were selected from eight regions. However, 35 EAs were selected from each of the three larger regions: Amhara, Oromia, and the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region (SNNPR).

In the first stage, a total of 305 EAs (93 in urban areas and 212 in rural areas) were selected with probability proportional to EA size (based on the 2019 EPHC frame) and with independent selection in each sampling stratum. A household listing operation was carried out in all selected EAs from January through April 2019. The resulting lists of households served as a sampling frame for the selection of households in the second stage. Some of the selected EAs for the 2019 EMDHS were large, with more than 300 households. To minimise the task of household listing, each large EA selected for the 2019 EMDHS was segmented. Only one segment was selected for the survey, with probability proportional to segment size. Household listing was conducted only in the selected segment; that is, a 2019 EMDHS cluster is either an EA or a segment of an EA.

In the second stage of selection, a fixed number of 30 households per cluster were selected with an equal probability systematic selection from the newly created household listing. All women age 15-49 who were either permanent residents of the selected households or visitors who slept in the household the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. In all selected households, height and weight measurements were collected from children age 0-59 months, and women age 15-49 were interviewed using the Woman’s Questionnaire.

For further details on sample selection, see Appendix A of the final report.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

Five questionnaires were used for the 2019 EMDHS: (1) the Household Questionnaire, (2) the Woman’s Questionnaire, (3) the Anthropometry Questionnaire, (4) the Health Facility Questionnaire, and (5) the Fieldworker’s Questionnaire. These questionnaires, based on The DHS Program’s standard questionnaires, were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Ethiopia. They were shortened substantially to collect data on indicators of particular relevance to Ethiopia and donors to child health programmes.

Cleaning operations

All electronic data files were transferred via the secure internet file streaming system (IFSS) to the EPHI central office in Addis Ababa, where they were stored on a password-protected computer. The data processing operation included secondary editing, which required resolution of computer-identified inconsistencies and coding of open-ended questions. The data were processed by EPHI staff members and an ICF consultant who took part in the main fieldwork training. They were supervised remotely by staff from The DHS Program. Data editing was accomplished using CSPro System software. During the fieldwork, field-check tables were generated to check various data quality parameters, and specific feedback was given to the teams to improve performance. Secondary editing, double data entry from both the anthropometry and health facility questionnaires, and data processing were initiated in April 2019 and completed in July 2019.

Response rate

A total of 9,150 households were selected for the sample, of which 8,794 were occupied. Of the occupied households, 8,663 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 99%.

In the interviewed households, 9,012 eligible women were identified for individual interviews; interviews were completed with 8,885 women, yielding a response rate of 99%. Overall, there was little variation in response rates according to residence; however, rates were slightly higher in rural than in urban areas.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: nonsampling errors and sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey (EMDHS) to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 2019 EMDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability among all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

Sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95% of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the 2019 EMDHS sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulas. Sampling errors are computed in SAS, using programs developed by ICF. These programs use the Taylor linearization method to estimate variances for survey estimates that are means, proportions, or ratios. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates.

Note: A more detailed description of estimates of sampling errors are presented in APPENDIX B of the survey report.

Data appraisal

Data Quality Tables

• Household age distribution

- Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women

This dataset contains many indicators in health such as Infant mortality rate, Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection with access to antiretroviral drugs, Death rate associated with malaria per 100,000 population, Tuberculosis prevalence rate per 100,000 population, etc. The whole list and their description can be find in this link https://bit.ly/2NZBRH3

Abstract

The 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey (EMDHS) is the second Mini Demographic and Health Survey conducted in Ethiopia. The Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI) implemented the survey at the request of the Federal Ministry of Health (FMoH). Data collection took place from March 21, 2019, to June 28, 2019.

Financial support for the 2019 EMDHS was provided by the government of Ethiopia, the World Bank via the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development’s Enhancing Shared Prosperity through Equitable Services (ESPES) and Promoting Basic Services (PBS) projects, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). ICF provided technical assistance through The DHS Program, which is funded by USAID and offers support and technical assistance for the implementation of population and health surveys in countries worldwide.

SURVEY OBJECTIVES The primary objective of the 2019 EMDHS is to provide up-to-date estimates of key demographic and health indicators. Specifically, the main objectives of the survey are: - To collect high-quality data on contraceptive use; maternal and child health; infant, child, and neonatal mortality levels; child nutrition; and other health issues relevant to achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) - To collect information on health-related matters such as breastfeeding, maternal and child care (antenatal, delivery, and postnatal), children’s immunisations, and childhood diseases - To assess the nutritional status of children under age 5 by measuring weight and height

Four full-scale DHS surveys were conducted in 2000, 2005, 2011, and 2016. The first Ethiopia Mini-DHS, or EMDHS, was conducted in 2014. The 2019 EMDHS provides valuable information on trends in key demographic and health indicators over time. The information collected through the 2019 EMDHS is intended to assist policymakers and programme managers in evaluating and designing programmes and strategies for improving the health of the country's population.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Households Women age 15-49 Children age 0-59 months

Universe

Household members Woman aged 15-49 years Children aged 0-59 months

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling frame used for the 2019 EMDHS is a frame of all census enumeration areas (EAs) created for the 2019 Ethiopia Population and Housing Census (EPHC) and conducted by the Central Statistical Agency (CSA). The census frame is a complete list of the 149,093 EAs created for the 2019 EPHC. An EA is a geographic area covering an average of 131 households. The sampling frame contains information about EA location, type of residence (urban or rural), and estimated number of residential households.

Administratively, Ethiopia is divided into nine geographical regions and two administrative cities. The sample for the 2019 EMDHS was designed to provide estimates of key indicators for the country as a whole, for urban and rural areas separately, and for each of the nine regions and the two administrative cities.

The 2019 EMDHS sample was stratified and selected in two stages. Each region was stratified into urban and rural areas, yielding 21 sampling strata. Samples of EAs were selected independently in each stratum in two stages. Implicit stratification and proportional allocation were achieved at each of the lower administrative levels by sorting the sampling frame within each sampling stratum before sample selection, according to administrative units in different levels, and by using a probability proportional to size selection at the first stage of sampling.

To ensure that survey precision was comparable across regions, sample allocation was done through an equal allocation wherein 25 EAs were selected from eight regions. However, 35 EAs were selected from each of the three larger regions: Amhara, Oromia, and the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region (SNNPR).

In the first stage, a total of 305 EAs (93 in urban areas and 212 in rural areas) were selected with probability proportional to EA size (based on the 2019 EPHC frame) and with independent selection in each sampling stratum. A household listing operation was carried out in all selected EAs from January through April 2019. The resulting lists of households served as a sampling frame for the selection of households in the second stage. Some of the selected EAs for the 2019 EMDHS were large, with more than 300 households. To minimise the task of household listing, each large EA selected for the 2019 EMDHS was segmented. Only one segment was selected for the survey, with probability proportional to segment size. Household listing was conducted only in the selected segment; that is, a 2019 EMDHS cluster is either an EA or a segment of an EA.

In the second stage of selection, a fixed number of 30 households per cluster were selected with an equal probability systematic selection from the newly created household listing. All women age 15-49 who were either permanent residents of the selected households or visitors who slept in the household the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. In all selected households, height and weight measurements were collected from children age 0-59 months, and women age 15-49 were interviewed using the Woman’s Questionnaire.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

Five questionnaires were used for the 2019 EMDHS: (1) the Household Questionnaire, (2) the Woman’s Questionnaire, (3) the Anthropometry Questionnaire, (4) the Health Facility Questionnaire, and (5) the Fieldworker’s Questionnaire. These questionnaires, based on The DHS Program’s standard questionnaires, were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Ethiopia. They were shortened substantially to collect data on indicators of particular relevance to Ethiopia and donors to child health programmes.

Input was solicited from various stakeholders representing government ministries and agencies, nongovernmental organisations, and international donors. After the questionnaires were finalised in English, they were translated into Amarigna, Tigrigna, and Afaan Oromo.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all of the usual members of and visitors to selected households. Basic demographic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including his or her age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. The data on age and sex of household members obtained in the Household Questionnaire were used to identify women who were eligible for individual interviews. The Household Questionnaire was also used to collect information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, such as source of water, type of toilet facilities, materials used for the floor of the dwelling unit, and ownership of various durable goods.

The Woman’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from all eligible women age 15-49. These women were asked questions on the following main topics: background characteristics, reproduction, contraception, pregnancy and postnatal care, child nutrition, childhood immunisations, and health facility information.

In the Anthropometry Questionnaire, height and weight measurements were recorded for eligible children age 0-59 months in all interviewed households.

The Health Facility Questionnaire was used to record vaccination information for all children without a vaccination card seen during the mother’s interview.

The Fieldworker’s Questionnaire collected background information about interviewers and other fieldworkers who participated in the 2019 EMDHS data collection.

Cleaning operations

All electronic data files were transferred via the secure internet file streaming system (IFSS) to the EPHI central office in Addis Ababa, where they were stored on a password-protected computer. The data processing operation included secondary editing, which required resolution of computer-identified inconsistencies and coding of open-ended questions. The data were processed by EPHI staff members and an ICF consultant who took part in the main fieldwork training. They were supervised remotely by staff from The DHS Program. Data editing was accomplished using CSPro System software. During the fieldwork, field-check tables were generated to check various data quality parameters, and specific feedback was given to the teams to improve performance. Secondary editing, double data entry from both the anthropometry and health facility questionnaires, and data processing were initiated in April 2019 and completed in July 2019.

Response rate

A total of 9,150 households were selected for the sample, of which 8,794 were occupied. Of the occupied households, 8,663 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 99%. In the interviewed households, 9,012 eligible women were identified for individual interviews; interviews were completed with 8,885 women, yielding a response rate of 99%. Overall, there was little variation in response rates according to residence; however, rates were slightly higher in rural than in urban areas.

Completeness, timeliness and accuracy of reporting of HMIS data in the three districts in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia (2014–2015) based on an assessment of selected MCH indicators using the data quality report card.

The urban indicators data available here are analyzed, compiled and published by UN-Habitat’s Global Urban Observatory which supports governments, local authorities and civil society organizations to develop urban indicators, data and statistics. Urban statistics are collected through household surveys and censuses conducted by national statistics authorities. Global Urban Observatory team analyses and compiles urban indicators statistics from surveys and censuses. Additionally, Local urban observatories collect, compile and analyze urban data for national policy development. Population statistics are produced by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Urbanization Prospects.

Bland-Altman summary statistics for the agreement analysis between HMIS and survey data from three districts in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia.

This dataset contains a series of service delivery and institutional mortality indicators from the Ethiopian dhis2 for the period of January 2019 to December 2020. This monthly dataset includes 15 months pre-COVID and 9 months during the pandemic.

The 2011 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) was conducted by the Central Statistical Agency (CSA) under the auspices of the Ministry of Health. The principal objective of the 2011 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) is to provide current and reliable data on fertility and family planning behaviour, child mortality, adult and maternal mortality, children’s nutritional status, use of maternal and child health services, knowledge of HIV/AIDS, and prevalence of HIV/AIDS and anaemia. The specific objectives are these: Collect data at the national level that will allow the calculation of key demographic rates; Analyse the direct and indirect factors that determine fertility levels and trends; Measure the levels of contraceptive knowledge and practice of women and men by family planning method, urban-rural residence, and region of the country; Collect high-quality data on family health, including immunisation coverage among children, prevalence and treatment of diarrhoea and other diseases among children under ge five, and maternity care indicators, including antenatal visits and assistance at delivery; Collect data on infant and child mortality and maternal mortality; Obtain data on child feeding practices, including breastfeeding, and collect anthropometric measures to assess the nutritional status of women and children; Collect data on knowledge and attitudes of women and men about sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS and evaluate patterns of recent behaviour regarding condom use; Conduct haemoglobin testing on women age 15-49 and children 6-59 months to provide information on the prevalence of anaemia among these groups; Carry out anonymous HIV testing on women and men of reproductive age to provide information on the prevalence of HIV. This information is essential for informed policy decisions, planning, monitoring, and evaluation of programmes on health in general and reproductive health in particular at both the national and regional levels. A long-term objective of the survey is to strengthen the technical capacity of the Central Statistical Agency to plan, conduct, process, and analyse data from complex national population and health surveys. Moreover, the 2011 EDHS provides national and regional estimates on population and health that are comparable to data collected in similar surveys in other developing countries and to Ethiopia’s two previous DHS surveys, conducted in 2000 and 2005. Data collected in the 2011 EDHS add to the large and growing international database of demographic and health indicators. The survey was intentionally planned to be fielded at the beginning of the last term of the MDG reporting period to provide data for the assessment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The survey interviewed a nationally representative population in about 18,500 households, and all women age 15-49 and all men age 15-59 in these households. In this report key indicators relating to family planning, fertility levels and determinants, fertility preferences, infant, child, adult and maternal mortality, maternal and child health, nutrition, women’s empowerment, and knowledge of HIV/AIDS are provided for the nine regional states and two city administrations. In addition, this report also provides data by urban and rural residence at the country level. Major stakeholders from various government, non-government, and UN organizations have been involved and have contributed in the technical, managerial, and operational aspects of the survey.

Abstract

Tigray is one of the nine administrative regions in Ethiopia. It is comprised of seven zones, of which the Eastern zone is base for the Kiltie Awlaelo Health and Demographic Surveillance Site. The Kiltie Awlaelo HDSS includes 10 kebeles (districts) selected from Eastern zone considering agroclimatic, rural/urban and other several factors to assure representativeness. Nine of the study districts are rural and only one is from urban. The site is located 802 km North of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia.The surveillance was started in 2009, with a baseline population of 65, 848 (urban 87.2% and 13.7% from rural) living in 14,454 households.

The objective of this surveillance is to provide important demographic and health related indicators with international, national and local policy importance. In this surveillance, socio-demographic characterstics, dates of birth, death, in-migration and outmigration and martial chage are continiously updated. Socio-demographic characterstics are updated once per year and events like birth, death, inmigration and outmigration and marital status change are updated every six months.

Geographic coverage

Kilite Awlaelo HDSS has 10 kebelles (smallest administrative unit in Ethiopia). Nine of them are rural kebelles and one kebelle is urban.

Analysis unit

Individual

Universe

All residents of the HDSS

Kind of data

Event history data

Frequency of data collection

Two rounds per year

Sampling procedure

Not Applicable

Sampling deviation

None

Mode of data collection

Proxy Respondent [proxy]

Research instrument

The following forms were used: - Registration - Migration: (a) Inmigration, (b) Outmigration - Pregnancy: (a) Pregnancy Observation, (b) Pregnancy Outcome - Residence - Birth - Death

Cleaning operations

Data was left censored to 1 Jan 2010 to account for the start-up phase of the surveillance.

Response rate

Response rate in near to 100%

Sampling error estimates

Not Applicable

Data appraisal

CentreId MetricTable QMetric Illegal Legal Total Metric RunDate ET031 MicroDataCleaned Starts 81069 2017-05-16 09:38
ET031 MicroDataCleaned Transitions 183204 183204 0 2017-05-16 09:38
ET031 MicroDataCleaned Ends 81069 2017-05-16 09:38
ET031 MicroDataCleaned SexValues 183204 2017-05-16 09:38
ET031 MicroDataCleaned DoBValues 4 183200 183204 0 2017-05-16 09:38

Ethiopia: Health spending per capita: The latest value from 2021 is 26.48 U.S. dollars, a decline from 28.7 U.S. dollars in 2020. In comparison, the world average is 1402.97 U.S. dollars, based on data from 181 countries. Historically, the average for Ethiopia from 2000 to 2021 is 16.09 U.S. dollars. The minimum value, 5.19 U.S. dollars, was reached in 2002 while the maximum of 28.7 U.S. dollars was recorded in 2020.

Background: For decades, health targeted aid in the form of development assistance for health has been an important source of financing health sectors in developing countries. Health sectors in Sub Saharan countries in general and Ethiopia in particular, are even more heavily reliant upon donors. Consequently, a more audible donors support to health sectors was seen during the last four decades, consistent with the donor's response to the global goal of Alma-Ata declaration of "health for all by the year 2000" through primary health care in 1978. Ever since, a massive surge of development assistance for health has followed the out gone of the 2015 United Nations Millennium Declaration Goals in which three out of the eight goals were directly related to health. In spite of the long history of health targeted aid, with an ever increasing volumes, there is an increasing controversy on the extent to which health targeted aid is producing the intended health outcomes in the recipient countries. Despite the vast empirical literatures considering the effect of foreign development aid on economic growth of the recipient countries, systematic evidence that health sector targeted aid improves health outcomes is relatively scarce. The main contribution of this study is, therefore, to present a comprehensive country level, and cross-country evidences on the effect of development assistance for health on health outcomes. Objectives: The overall objective of this study was to analyze the effect of development assistance for health on health outcomes in Ethiopia, and in Sub Saharan Africa. Methods: For the Ethiopian (country level) study, a dynamic time series data analytic approach was employed. A retrospective sample of 36-year observations from 1978 to 2013 was analyzed using an econometric technique - vector error correction model. Beside including time dependency between the variables of interest and allowing for stochastic trends, the model provides valuable information on the existence of long-run and short-run relationships among the variables under study. Furthermore, to estimate the co-integrating relations and the other parameters in the model, the standard procedure of Johansen's approach was used. While development assistance for health expenditure was used as an explanatory variable of interest, life expectancy at birth was used as a dependent variable for the fact that it has long been used with or without mortality measures as health status indicators in the literatures.In the Sub Saharan Africa (cross-country level) study, a dynamic panel data analytic approach was employed using fixed effect, random effect, and the first difference-generalized method of moments estimators in the period confined to the year 1995-2013 over the cross section of 43 SSA countries. While development assistance for health expenditure was used as an explanatory variable of interest here again, infant mortality rate was used for health status measure done for its advantage over other mortality measures in cross-country studies. Results: In Ethiopia, the immediate one and two prior year of development assistance for health was shown to have a significant positive effect on life expectancy at birth. Other things being equal, an increase of development assistance for health expenditure per capita by 1% leads to an improvement in life expectancy at birth by about 0.026 years (P=0.000) in the immediate year following the period, and 0.008 years following the immediate prior two years period (P= 0.025). Similarly, in Sub-Saharan Africa, development assistance for health was found to have a strong negative effect on the reduction of infant mortality rate. The estimates of the study result indicated that during the covered period of study, in the region, a 1% increase in development assistance for health expenditure, which is far less than 10 cents per capita at the mean level, saves the life of two infants per 1000 live births (P=0.000). Conclusion: Contrary to the views of health aid skeptics, this study indicates strong favorable effect of development assistance for health sector in improving health status of people in Sub Saharan Africa in general and the Ethiopia in particular. Recommendations: The policy implication of the current findings is that development assistance for health sector should continue as an interim necessity means. However, domestic health financing system should also be sought, as the targeted countries cannot rely upon external resources continuously for improving the health status of the population. At the same time, the current development assistance stakeholders assumption of targeting facility based primary health care provision should be augmented by a more strong parallel strategy of improving socioeconomic status of the population that promotes sustainable improvement of health status in the targeted countries.

Ethiopia ET: Health Expenditure: Public: % of Government Expenditure data was reported at 15.750 % in 2014. This records a decrease from the previous number of 15.942 % for 2013. Ethiopia ET: Health Expenditure: Public: % of Government Expenditure data is updated yearly, averaging 10.637 % from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2014, with 20 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 19.837 % in 2010 and a record low of 6.921 % in 1999. Ethiopia ET: Health Expenditure: Public: % of Government Expenditure data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ethiopia – Table ET.World Bank: Health Statistics. Public health expenditure consists of recurrent and capital spending from government (central and local) budgets, external borrowings and grants (including donations from international agencies and nongovernmental organizations), and social (or compulsory) health insurance funds.; ; World Health Organization Global Health Expenditure database (see http://apps.who.int/nha/database for the most recent updates).; Weighted average;

Ethiopia ET: BoP: Current Account: Services: Travel: Personal: Health Related data was reported at -13.462 USD mn in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of -9.282 USD mn for 2015. Ethiopia ET: BoP: Current Account: Services: Travel: Personal: Health Related data is updated yearly, averaging -0.248 USD mn from Dec 1996 (Median) to 2016, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 31.259 USD mn in 2009 and a record low of -13.462 USD mn in 2016. Ethiopia ET: BoP: Current Account: Services: Travel: Personal: Health Related data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ethiopia – Table ET.IMF.BOP: BPM6: Balance of Payments: Detailed Presentation: Annual.

Ethiopia ET: BoP: Current Account: Services: Travel: Personal: Health Related: Debit data was reported at 22.717 USD mn in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 22.234 USD mn for 2016. Ethiopia ET: BoP: Current Account: Services: Travel: Personal: Health Related: Debit data is updated yearly, averaging 0.673 USD mn from Dec 1996 (Median) to 2017, with 22 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 22.717 USD mn in 2017 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in 2005. Ethiopia ET: BoP: Current Account: Services: Travel: Personal: Health Related: Debit data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ethiopia – Table ET.IMF.BOP: BPM6: Balance of Payments: Detailed Presentation: Annual.

Pearson correlation coefficients and intraclass correlation coefficients for the relationship between HMIS and survey estimates from three districts in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia.

Internal consistency of HMIS data in three districts in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia, (2014–2015) based on an assessment of selected MCH indicators using the data quality report card.

Abstract

This survey was conducted in the scope of the Global Fund Five-Year Evaluation. Purpose (1) To provide population-based data on knowledge of TB and HIV/AIDS; sexual behavior; utilization of services related to HIV testing and maternal and child health; and coverage of IRS and bednets (2) To provide basic information on health expenditure

Objective To provide data to evaluate the following areas: -Resource tracking [Inputs] -Access/coverage/use of services [Outcomes] -Public health impact [Impact] -Health system strengthening [Impact]

Content Types of indicators: - household level demographic and socio-economic indicators such as education, wealth assets, residence - HIV- Knowledge and Behavior, Prevention, Counseling and Testing, PMTCT - Tuberculosis- Knowledge and Behavior - Malaria - ITN, IRS, IPTp, Prompt and effective treatment - Health system effects - Financing

Geographic coverage

Representative at the Woreda cluster level, for selected Regions. Woredas are grouped, by region, to form "district" like groups (each with 5 woredas), which yields a total number of 160 woreda clusters. Each woreda group will have one index cluster with an ART hospital. The selected Woredas are not nationally representative.

Analysis unit

• Households
• Children under 5 years
• Women

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members, all women 15-49 years,

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The following clustering sampling steps are used: 1. Woredas are grouped, by region, to form “district” like groups (each with 5 woredas), which yields a total number of 160 woreda clusters. Each woreda group will have one index cluster with an ART hospital. Four woredas closest to the index woreda are selected to form one woreda cluster together the index woreda.

1. Accordingly 35 woreda clusters are selected across the regions, using PPS procedures. The total number of groups were 35(35/175 = 22%). The samples were distributed to each of the 11 regions based on probability proportional to size. Regions with few facilities have at least 1 hospital, hence that hospital and its health facility network are completely enumerated.

2. For each woreda cluster, 3 Enumeration Areas (EAs) per woreda selected. There was 525 EAs across the country, which is somehow similar to size of the DHS survey. About 17 households are selected randomly per EA for a total of 8750 HHs. The 8750 households were divided across the 35 woreda groups proportionally. Then the total household allocated to each cluster was distributed to the woredas based on proportional to size.

3. Within each woreda, one urban EA was selected with the other two EAs being rural. This was yield roughly 35 urban EAs and 315 rural or a 1:9, which is similar to the overall urban-rural distribution of population.

Level of representation - Woreda level

Strategy for absent respondents - no replacement

Sample frame - Original sample frame of clusters is based on the 2007 census and household listing in selected clusters prior to systematically selecting the households.

Sampling deviation

From the whole selected Woredas, one Woreda is not covered during the survey due to inaccessability

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Questionnaire modules were based on the standard DHS, including a HH and a woman questionnaire. - Household modules include: Household listing of members and demographic information, Household members, Bednets, Health expenditures, Deaths in the household, - Woman modules include: Respondent's background, Birth history, Antenatal and delivery care, Immunization, Diarrhea, Fever and malaria, Tuberculosis, Marriage and sexual activity, HIV/AIDS

Cleaning operations

Data editing, processing and analysis of the DCA was carried out using Epi-Info version 3.3.2 and CSPro 3.3.

Response rate

The total number of households interviewed was 8,325, yielding a household response rate of 99 percent. A total of 8,358 eligible women were identified in these households and interviews were completed for 7,457 women, yielding a response rate of 89.2 percent.

Data appraisal

Frequency checks and data cleaning during data colletion, and final data cleaning was done using Epi-Info

This dataset contains a series of service delivery and institutional mortality indicators from the Ghana dhis2 for the period of January 2019 to December 2020. This monthly dataset includes 15 months pre-COVID and 9 months during the pandemic.

The unit of analysis is the region (N=16). The dataset covers all regions over 24 months.

Permissions to use this dataset must be obtained from the Policy, Planning, Monitoring and evaluation department of Ghana Health Services.