New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate: Under-5: Male: per 1000 Live Births data was reported at 5.800 Ratio in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 6.100 Ratio for 2015. New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate: Under-5: Male: per 1000 Live Births data is updated yearly, averaging 6.800 Ratio from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2017, with 5 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 12.500 Ratio in 1990 and a record low of 5.800 Ratio in 2017. New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate: Under-5: Male: per 1000 Live Births data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.World Bank.WDI: Health Statistics. Under-five mortality rate, male is the probability per 1,000 that a newborn male baby will die before reaching age five, if subject to male age-specific mortality rates of the specified year.; ; Estimates Developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, UN DESA Population Division) at www.childmortality.org.; Weighted average; Given that data on the incidence and prevalence of diseases are frequently unavailable, mortality rates are often used to identify vulnerable populations. Moreover, they are among the indicators most frequently used to compare socioeconomic development across countries. Under-five mortality rates are higher for boys than for girls in countries in which parental gender preferences are insignificant. Under-five mortality captures the effect of gender discrimination better than infant mortality does, as malnutrition and medical interventions have more significant impacts to this age group. Where female under-five mortality is higher, girls are likely to have less access to resources than boys.

NZ: Lifetime Risk of Maternal Death: 1 in: Rate Varies by Country data was reported at 4,500.000 NA in 2015. This stayed constant from the previous number of 4,500.000 NA for 2014. NZ: Lifetime Risk of Maternal Death: 1 in: Rate Varies by Country data is updated yearly, averaging 3,800.000 NA from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2015, with 26 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4,500.000 NA in 2015 and a record low of 2,500.000 NA in 1990. NZ: Lifetime Risk of Maternal Death: 1 in: Rate Varies by Country data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.World Bank.WDI: Health Statistics. Life time risk of maternal death is the probability that a 15-year-old female will die eventually from a maternal cause assuming that current levels of fertility and mortality (including maternal mortality) do not change in the future, taking into account competing causes of death.; ; WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group, and the United Nations Population Division. Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990 to 2015. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2015; Weighted average;

New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate: Infant: per 1000 Live Births data was reported at 4.400 Ratio in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 4.500 Ratio for 2016. New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate: Infant: per 1000 Live Births data is updated yearly, averaging 9.950 Ratio from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2017, with 58 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 22.600 Ratio in 1960 and a record low of 4.400 Ratio in 2017. New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate: Infant: per 1000 Live Births data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.World Bank: Health Statistics. Infant mortality rate is the number of infants dying before reaching one year of age, per 1,000 live births in a given year.; ; Estimates developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, UN DESA Population Division) at www.childmortality.org.; Weighted average; Given that data on the incidence and prevalence of diseases are frequently unavailable, mortality rates are often used to identify vulnerable populations. Moreover, they are among the indicators most frequently used to compare socioeconomic development across countries. Under-five mortality rates are higher for boys than for girls in countries in which parental gender preferences are insignificant. Under-five mortality captures the effect of gender discrimination better than infant mortality does, as malnutrition and medical interventions have more significant impacts to this age group. Where female under-five mortality is higher, girls are likely to have less access to resources than boys.

New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate Attributed to Household and Ambient Air Pollution: per 100,000 Population data was reported at 7.200 Ratio in 2016. New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate Attributed to Household and Ambient Air Pollution: per 100,000 Population data is updated yearly, averaging 7.200 Ratio from Dec 2016 (Median) to 2016, with 1 observations. New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate Attributed to Household and Ambient Air Pollution: per 100,000 Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.World Bank: Health Statistics. Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution is the number of deaths attributable to the joint effects of household and ambient air pollution in a year per 100,000 population. The rates are age-standardized. Following diseases are taken into account: acute respiratory infections (estimated for all ages); cerebrovascular diseases in adults (estimated above 25 years); ischaemic heart diseases in adults (estimated above 25 years); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults (estimated above 25 years); and lung cancer in adults (estimated above 25 years).; ; World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory Data Repository (http://apps.who.int/ghodata/).; Weighted average;

New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate: Infant: Male: per 1000 Live Births data was reported at 4.800 Ratio in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 5.100 Ratio for 2015. New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate: Infant: Male: per 1000 Live Births data is updated yearly, averaging 5.600 Ratio from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2017, with 5 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 10.300 Ratio in 1990 and a record low of 4.800 Ratio in 2017. New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate: Infant: Male: per 1000 Live Births data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.World Bank: Health Statistics. Infant mortality rate, male is the number of male infants dying before reaching one year of age, per 1,000 male live births in a given year.; ; Estimates developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, UN DESA Population Division) at www.childmortality.org.; Weighted average; Given that data on the incidence and prevalence of diseases are frequently unavailable, mortality rates are often used to identify vulnerable populations. Moreover, they are among the indicators most frequently used to compare socioeconomic development across countries. Under-five mortality rates are higher for boys than for girls in countries in which parental gender preferences are insignificant. Under-five mortality captures the effect of gender discrimination better than infant mortality does, as malnutrition and medical interventions have more significant impacts to this age group. Where female under-five mortality is higher, girls are likely to have less access to resources than boys.

New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate Attributed to Household and Ambient Air Pollution: Age-standardized: Male data was reported at 9.000 NA in 2016. New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate Attributed to Household and Ambient Air Pollution: Age-standardized: Male data is updated yearly, averaging 9.000 NA from Dec 2016 (Median) to 2016, with 1 observations. New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate Attributed to Household and Ambient Air Pollution: Age-standardized: Male data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.World Bank.WDI: Health Statistics. Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution is the number of deaths attributable to the joint effects of household and ambient air pollution in a year per 100,000 population. The rates are age-standardized. Following diseases are taken into account: acute respiratory infections (estimated for all ages); cerebrovascular diseases in adults (estimated above 25 years); ischaemic heart diseases in adults (estimated above 25 years); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults (estimated above 25 years); and lung cancer in adults (estimated above 25 years).; ; World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory Data Repository (http://apps.who.int/ghodata/).; Weighted average;

New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate: Adult: Female: per 1000 Female Adults data was reported at 52.517 Ratio in 2013. This records a decrease from the previous number of 53.035 Ratio for 2012. New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate: Adult: Female: per 1000 Female Adults data is updated yearly, averaging 93.665 Ratio from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2013, with 54 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 118.952 Ratio in 1967 and a record low of 52.517 Ratio in 2013. New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate: Adult: Female: per 1000 Female Adults data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.World Bank: Health Statistics. Adult mortality rate, female, is the probability of dying between the ages of 15 and 60--that is, the probability of a 15-year-old female dying before reaching age 60, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of the specified year between those ages.; ; (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects: 2017 Revision. (2) University of California, Berkeley, and Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research. The Human Mortality Database.; Weighted average;

New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate Attributed to Unsafe Water, Unsafe Sanitation and Lack of Hygiene: per 100,000 Population data was reported at 0.100 Ratio in 2016. New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate Attributed to Unsafe Water, Unsafe Sanitation and Lack of Hygiene: per 100,000 Population data is updated yearly, averaging 0.100 Ratio from Dec 2016 (Median) to 2016, with 1 observations. New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate Attributed to Unsafe Water, Unsafe Sanitation and Lack of Hygiene: per 100,000 Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.World Bank: Health Statistics. Mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, unsafe sanitation and lack of hygiene is deaths attributable to unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene focusing on inadequate WASH services per 100,000 population. Death rates are calculated by dividing the number of deaths by the total population. In this estimate, only the impact of diarrhoeal diseases, intestinal nematode infections, and protein-energy malnutrition are taken into account.; ; World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory Data Repository (http://apps.who.int/ghodata/).; Weighted average;

New Zealand NZ: Mortality from CVD, Cancer, Diabetes or CRD between Exact Ages 30 and 70 data was reported at 10.100 % in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 10.400 % for 2015. New Zealand NZ: Mortality from CVD, Cancer, Diabetes or CRD between Exact Ages 30 and 70 data is updated yearly, averaging 11.800 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2016, with 5 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 15.900 % in 2000 and a record low of 10.100 % in 2016. New Zealand NZ: Mortality from CVD, Cancer, Diabetes or CRD between Exact Ages 30 and 70 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.World Bank: Health Statistics. Mortality from CVD, cancer, diabetes or CRD is the percent of 30-year-old-people who would die before their 70th birthday from any of cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, or chronic respiratory disease, assuming that s/he would experience current mortality rates at every age and s/he would not die from any other cause of death (e.g., injuries or HIV/AIDS).; ; World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory Data Repository (http://apps.who.int/ghodata/).; Weighted Average;

New Zealand NZ: Probability of Dying at Age 15-19 Years: per 1000 data was reported at 1.800 Ratio in 2019. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.900 Ratio for 2018. New Zealand NZ: Probability of Dying at Age 15-19 Years: per 1000 data is updated yearly, averaging 3.250 Ratio from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2019, with 30 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5.000 Ratio in 1990 and a record low of 1.800 Ratio in 2019. New Zealand NZ: Probability of Dying at Age 15-19 Years: per 1000 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.World Bank.WDI: Health Statistics. Probability of dying between age 15-19 years of age expressed per 1,000 adolescents age 15, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of the specified year.; ; Estimates developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, UN DESA Population Division) at www.childmortality.org.; Weighted average; Aggregate data for LIC, UMC, LMC, HIC are computed based on the groupings for the World Bank fiscal year in which the data was released by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation.

New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate: Neonatal: per 1000 Live Births data was reported at 3.000 Ratio in 2017. This stayed constant from the previous number of 3.000 Ratio for 2016. New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate: Neonatal: per 1000 Live Births data is updated yearly, averaging 3.900 Ratio from Dec 1968 (Median) to 2017, with 50 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 11.100 Ratio in 1968 and a record low of 3.000 Ratio in 2017. New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate: Neonatal: per 1000 Live Births data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.World Bank.WDI: Health Statistics. Neonatal mortality rate is the number of neonates dying before reaching 28 days of age, per 1,000 live births in a given year.; ; Estimates Developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, UN DESA Population Division) at www.childmortality.org.; Weighted average; Given that data on the incidence and prevalence of diseases are frequently unavailable, mortality rates are often used to identify vulnerable populations. Moreover, they are among the indicators most frequently used to compare socioeconomic development across countries.

New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate Attributed to Household and Ambient Air Pollution: Age-standardized: Female data was reported at 6.000 NA in 2016. New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate Attributed to Household and Ambient Air Pollution: Age-standardized: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 6.000 NA from Dec 2016 (Median) to 2016, with 1 observations. New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate Attributed to Household and Ambient Air Pollution: Age-standardized: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.World Bank.WDI: Health Statistics. Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution is the number of deaths attributable to the joint effects of household and ambient air pollution in a year per 100,000 population. The rates are age-standardized. Following diseases are taken into account: acute respiratory infections (estimated for all ages); cerebrovascular diseases in adults (estimated above 25 years); ischaemic heart diseases in adults (estimated above 25 years); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults (estimated above 25 years); and lung cancer in adults (estimated above 25 years).; ; World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory Data Repository (http://apps.who.int/ghodata/).; Weighted average;

New Zealand NZ: Fertility Rate: Total: Births per Woman data was reported at 1.870 Ratio in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.990 Ratio for 2015. New Zealand NZ: Fertility Rate: Total: Births per Woman data is updated yearly, averaging 2.100 Ratio from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2016, with 57 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.107 Ratio in 1962 and a record low of 1.870 Ratio in 2016. New Zealand NZ: Fertility Rate: Total: Births per Woman data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.World Bank: Health Statistics. Total fertility rate represents the number of children that would be born to a woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and bear children in accordance with age-specific fertility rates of the specified year.; ; (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects: 2017 Revision. (2) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (3) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (4) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Reprot (various years), (5) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database, and (6) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme.; Weighted average; Relevance to gender indicator: it can indicate the status of women within households and a woman’s decision about the number and spacing of children.

New Zealand NZ: Current Health Expenditure Per Capita: Current Price data was reported at 0.004 USD mn in 2015. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.004 USD mn for 2014. New Zealand NZ: Current Health Expenditure Per Capita: Current Price data is updated yearly, averaging 0.003 USD mn from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2015, with 16 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.004 USD mn in 2014 and a record low of 0.001 USD mn in 2001. New Zealand NZ: Current Health Expenditure Per Capita: Current Price data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.World Bank: Health Statistics. Current expenditures on health per capita in current US dollars. Estimates of current health expenditures include healthcare goods and services consumed during each year.; ; World Health Organization Global Health Expenditure database (http://apps.who.int/nha/database).; Weighted Average;

New Zealand NZ: Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure Per Capita: Current Price data was reported at 0.001 USD mn in 2013. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.000 USD mn for 2012. New Zealand NZ: Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure Per Capita: Current Price data is updated yearly, averaging 0.000 USD mn from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2013, with 13 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.001 USD mn in 2013 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in 2000. New Zealand NZ: Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure Per Capita: Current Price data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.World Bank: Health Statistics. Health expenditure through out-of-pocket payments per capita in USD. Out of pocket payments are spending on health directly out of pocket by households in each country.; ; World Health Organization Global Health Expenditure database (http://apps.who.int/nha/database).; Weighted average;

New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate Attributed to Unintentional Poisoning: Male: per 100,000 Male Population data was reported at 0.300 Ratio in 2016. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.300 Ratio for 2015. New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate Attributed to Unintentional Poisoning: Male: per 100,000 Male Population data is updated yearly, averaging 0.300 Ratio from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2016, with 5 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.300 Ratio in 2016 and a record low of 0.300 Ratio in 2016. New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate Attributed to Unintentional Poisoning: Male: per 100,000 Male Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.World Bank: Health Statistics. Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisonings is the number of male deaths from unintentional poisonings in a year per 100,000 male population. Unintentional poisoning can be caused by household chemicals, pesticides, kerosene, carbon monoxide and medicines, or can be the result of environmental contamination or occupational chemical exposure.; ; World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory Data Repository (http://apps.who.int/ghodata/).; Weighted average;

New Zealand NZ: Suicide Mortality Rate: per 100,000 Population data was reported at 12.100 Number in 2016. This stayed constant from the previous number of 12.100 Number for 2015. New Zealand NZ: Suicide Mortality Rate: per 100,000 Population data is updated yearly, averaging 12.900 Number from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2016, with 5 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 13.300 Number in 2005 and a record low of 12.100 Number in 2016. New Zealand NZ: Suicide Mortality Rate: per 100,000 Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.World Bank: Health Statistics. Suicide mortality rate is the number of suicide deaths in a year per 100,000 population. Crude suicide rate (not age-adjusted).; ; World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory Data Repository (http://apps.who.int/ghodata/).; Weighted average;

New Zealand NZ: External Health Expenditure Per Capita: Current Price data was reported at 0.000 USD mn in 2015. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 USD mn for 2014. New Zealand NZ: External Health Expenditure Per Capita: Current Price data is updated yearly, averaging 0.000 USD mn from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2015, with 16 observations. New Zealand NZ: External Health Expenditure Per Capita: Current Price data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.World Bank: Health Statistics. Current external expenditures on health per capita expressed in current US dollars. External sources are composed of direct foreign transfers and foreign transfers distributed by government encompassing all financial inflows into the national health system from outside the country.; ; World Health Organization Global Health Expenditure database (http://apps.who.int/nha/database).; Weighted Average;

New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate Attributed to Unintentional Poisoning: Female: per 100,000 Female Population data was reported at 0.100 Ratio in 2016. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.100 Ratio for 2015. New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate Attributed to Unintentional Poisoning: Female: per 100,000 Female Population data is updated yearly, averaging 0.100 Ratio from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2016, with 5 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.100 Ratio in 2016 and a record low of 0.100 Ratio in 2016. New Zealand NZ: Mortality Rate Attributed to Unintentional Poisoning: Female: per 100,000 Female Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.World Bank: Health Statistics. Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisonings is the number of female deaths from unintentional poisonings in a year per 100,000 female population. Unintentional poisoning can be caused by household chemicals, pesticides, kerosene, carbon monoxide and medicines, or can be the result of environmental contamination or occupational chemical exposure.; ; World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory Data Repository (http://apps.who.int/ghodata/).; Weighted average;

Objective: To compare the cost-effectiveness of 2 possible screening strategies for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) from the perspective of the New Zealand health system, developed as part of a gestational diabetes guideline. Design: A decision analytic model was built comparing 2-step screening (glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) test at first booking and a 2 h 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) as a single test at 24–28 weeks) with 3-step screening (HbA1c test at first booking and a 1 h glucose challenge test (GCT) followed by a 2 h 75 g OGTT when indicated from 24–28 weeks) using a 9-month time horizon. Setting: A hypothetical cohort of 62 000 pregnant women in New Zealand. Methods: Probabilities, costs and benefits were derived from the literature, and supplementary data was obtained from National Women's Annual Clinical Reports. Main outcome measures, screening and treatment costs (NZ$2013) and effect on health outcomes (incidence of complications). Results: The total cost for both strategies under baseline assumptions shows that the 2-step screening strategy would cost NZ$1.38 m more than the 3-step screening strategy overall. The additional cost per case detected was NZ$12 460 per case. The model found that the 2-step screening strategy identifies 12 more women with diabetes and 111 more women with GDM when compared against the 3-step screening strategy. We assessed the effect of changing the sensitivity and specificity of the OGTT. The baseline model assumed that the 2 h 75 g OGTT has a sensitivity and specificity of 95%. The 2-step strategy becomes more cost-effective when the diagnostic accuracy measures are improved. Conclusions: Adopting a 2-step strategy would moderately increase the number of GDM cases detected at the same time as moderately increasing the number of women with false negatives at a significant cost to the health system. Further evidence on the benefits of the 2 different approaches would be welcome.