London Heat Map The London Heatmap is a map-based web application you can use to find and appraise opportunities for decentralised energy (DE) projects in London. The map covers the whole of Greater London, and provides very local information to help you identify and develop DE opportunities, including data such as: Locations of existing and proposed district heating networks Locations of potential heat supply sites The London Heat Map is used by a wide variety of people in numerous ways: London Boroughs can use the new map to help develop their energy master plans. Property developers can use the map to help them meet the decentralised energy policies in the London Plan. Energy consultants can use the map to gather initial data to inform feasibility studies. More information is available here, and an interactive map is available here. The Decentralised Energy Master planning programme (DEMaP) The Decentralised Energy Master planning programme (DEMaP), was completed in October 2010. It included a heat mapping support package for the London boroughs to enable them to carry out high resolution heat mapping for their area. To date, heat maps have been produced for 29 London boroughs with the remaining four boroughs carrying out their own data collection. All of the data collected through this process is provided below. Carbon Calculator Tool Arup have produced a Carbon Calculator Tool to assist projects in their early estimation of the carbon dioxide (CO2) savings which could be realised by a district heating scheme with different sources of heating. The calculator's estimates include the impact of a decarbonising the electrical grid over time, based on projections by the Department for Energy and Climate Change, as well as the Government's Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP). The Excel-based tool can be downloaded below. Borough Heat Maps Data and Reports (2012) In March 2012, all London boroughs did a heat mapping exercise. The data from this includes the following and can be downloaded below: Heat Load for all boroughs Heat Supplies for all boroughs Heat Network LDD 2010 database Complete GIS London Heat Map Data The heat maps contain real heat consumption data for priority buildings such as hospitals, leisure centres and local authority buildings. As part of this work, each of the boroughs developed implementation plans to help them take the DE opportunities identified to the next stages. The implementation plans include barriers and opportunities, actions to be taken by the council, key dates, personnel responsible. These can be downloaded below. London Heat Network Manual London Heat Network Manual II

London Heat Map The London Heat Map is a tool designed to help you identify areas of high heat demand, explore opportunities for new and expanding district heat networks and to draw potential heat networks and assess their financial feasibility. The new version of the London Heat Map was created for the Greater London Authority by the Centre for Sustainable Energy (CSE) in July 2019. The London Heat Map is regularly updated with new network data and other datasets. Background datasets such as building heat demand was last updated on 26/06/2023. The London Heatmap is a map-based web application you can use to find and appraise opportunities for decentralised energy (DE) projects in London. The map covers the whole of Greater London, and provides very local information to help you identify and develop DE opportunities, including data such as: Heat demand values for each building Locations of potential heat supply sites Locations of existing and proposed district heating networks A spatial heat demand density map layer The map also includes a user-friendly visual tool for heat network design. This is intended to support preliminary techno-economic appraisal of potential district heat networks. The London Heat Map is used by a wide variety of people in numerous ways: London Boroughs can use the new map to help develop their energy master plans. Property developers can use the map to help them meet the decentralised energy policies in the London Plan. Energy consultants can use the map to gather initial data to inform feasibility studies. More information is available here, and an interactive map is available here. Building-level estimated annual and peak heat demand data from the London Heat Map has been made available through the data extracts below. The data was last updated on 26/06/2023. The data contains Ordnance Survey mapping and the data is published under Ordnance Survey's 'presumption to publish'. © Crown copyright and database rights 2023. The Decentralised Energy Master planning programme (DEMaP) The Decentralised Energy Master planning programme (DEMaP), was completed in October 2010. It included a heat mapping support package for the London boroughs to enable them to carry out high resolution heat mapping for their area. To date, heat maps have been produced for 29 London boroughs with the remaining four boroughs carrying out their own data collection. All of the data collected through this process is provided below. Carbon Calculator Tool Arup have produced a Carbon Calculator Tool to assist projects in their early estimation of the carbon dioxide (CO2) savings which could be realised by a district heating scheme with different sources of heating. The calculator's estimates include the impact of a decarbonising the electrical grid over time, based on projections by the Department for Energy and Climate Change, as well as the Government's Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP). The Excel-based tool can be downloaded below. Borough Heat Maps Data and Reports (2012) In March 2012, all London boroughs did a heat mapping exercise. The data from this includes the following and can be downloaded below: Heat Load for all boroughs Heat Supplies for all boroughs Heat Network LDD 2010 database Complete GIS London Heat Map Data The heat maps contain real heat consumption data for priority buildings such as hospitals, leisure centres and local authority buildings. As part of this work, each of the boroughs developed implementation plans to help them take the DE opportunities identified to the next stages. The implementation plans include barriers and opportunities, actions to be taken by the council, key dates, personnel responsible. These can be downloaded below. Other Useful Documents Other useful documents can be downloaded from the links below: Energy Masterplanning Manual Opportunities for Decentralised Energy in London - Vision Map London Heat Network Manual London Heat Network Manual II

Author:Greater London AuthorityCreation date:April 2024Date of source data harvest:April 2024Temporal coverage of source data:2024Spatial Resolution:pan-LondonGeometry:LineSource data URL:London Heat Map and the London DatastoreData terms of use:Dataset can be shared openly for reuse for non-commercial purposes, with appropriate attribution.Data attribution:- London Heat Map, Greater London Authority, 2024.- © Crown copyright and database rights 2024 Ordnance Survey (100032216 GLA).Workflow diagrams:Not available.Comments:- The data and analysis developed for the sub-regional LAEP was undertaken using data available at the time and will need to be refined for a full Phase 2 LAEP. Please check here for more detailed background on the data.- Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the quality and accuracy of the data, the Greater London Authority is not responsible for any inaccuracies and/or mistakes in the information provided.

A series of London-wide climate risk maps has been produced to analyse climate exposure and vulnerability across Greater London. These maps were produced by Bloomberg Associates in collaboration with the Greater London Authority to help the GLA and other London-based organisations deliver equitable responses to the impacts of climate change and target resources to support communities at highest risk.

Climate vulnerability relates to people’s exposure to climate impacts like flooding or heatwaves, but also to personal and social factors that affect their ability to cope with and respond to extreme events. High climate risk coincides with areas of income and health inequalities. A series of citywide maps overlays key metrics to identify areas within London that are most exposed to climate impacts with high concentrations of vulnerable populations.

In 2022, Bloomberg Associates updated London’s climate risk maps to include additional data layers at a finer geographic scale (LSOA boundaries). These maps were built upon earlier maps using the Transport for London (Tfl) hexagonal grid (often referred to in this report as the “Hex Grid”). In addition, the map interface was updated to allow users to compare individual data layers to the Overall, Heat and Flooding Climate Risk maps. Users can now also see the specific metrics for each individual LSOA to understand which factors are driving risk throughout the city.

In 2024, Bloomberg Associates further modernized the climate risk maps by updating the social factor layers to employ more recent (2021) census data. In addition, air temperature at the surface was used in place of just surface temperature, as a more accurate assessment of felt heat.

The Mayor is addressing these climate risks and inequalities through the work of the London Recovery Board, which includes projects and programmes to address climate risks and ensure a green recovery from the pandemic. Ambitious policies in the London Environment Strategy and recently published new London Plan are also addressing London’s climate risks.

The data layers at the LSOA level are available here to use in GIS software:

Climate risk scores (overall, heat, and flood): https://cityhall.maps.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=22484ef240624e149735ca1aaa4c9ade#

Social and physical risk variables: https://cityhall.maps.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=bc06d80731f146b393f8631a0f98c213#

For an urban heat island map during an average summer see this dataset. A heatwave refers to a prolonged period of unusually hot weather. While there is no standard definition of a heatwave in England, the Met Office uses the World Meteorological Organization definition of a heatwave, which is "when the daily maximum temperature of more than five consecutive days exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5°C, the normal period being 1961-1990". They are common in the northern and southern hemisphere during summer have historically been associated with health problems and an increase in mortality. The urban heat island (UHI) is the phenomenon where temperatures are relatively higher in cities compared to surrounding rural areas due to, for example, the urban surfaces and anthropogenic heat sources. This urban heat island map was produced using LondUM, a specific set-up of the Met Office Unified Model version 6.1 for London. It uses the Met Office Reading Surface Exchange Scheme (MORUSES), as well as urban morphology data derived from Virtual London. The model was run from May until September 2006 and December 2006. This map shows average surface temperatures over the summer period of 2006 at a 1km by 1km resolution. To find out more about LondUM, see the University of Reading’s website. The hourly outputs from LondUM have been aggregated and mapped by Jonathon Taylor, UCL Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering. The gif below maps the temperatures across London during the four-day period of 16-19th July, which was considered a heatwave. If you make use of the LondUM data, please use the following citation to acknowledge the data and reference the publication below for model description:

A heatwave refers to a prolonged period of unusually hot weather. While there is no standard definition of a heatwave in England, the Met Office generally uses the World Meteorological Organization definition of a heatwave, which is "when the daily maximum temperature of more than five consecutive days exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5°C, the normal period being 1961-1990". They are common in the northern and southern hemisphere during summer, and have historically been associated with health problems and an increase in mortality. The urban heat island (UHI) is the phenomenon where temperatures are relatively higher in cities compared to surrounding rural areas due to, for example, the urban surfaces and anthropogenic heat sources. For an example of an urban heat island map during an average summer, see this dataset. For an example of an urban heat island map during a warm summer, see this dataset. As well as outdoor temperature, an individual’s heat exposure may also depend on the type of building they are inside, if indoors. Indoor temperature exposure may depend on a number of characteristics, such as the building geometry, construction materials, window sizes, and the ability to add extra ventilation. It is also known that people have different vulnerabilities to heat, with some more prone to negative health issues when exposed to high temperatures. This Triple Jeopardy dataset combines: Urban Heat Island information for London, based on the 55 days between May 26th -July 19th 2006, where the last four days were considered a heatwave An estimate of the indoor temperatures for individual dwellings in London across this time period Population age, as a proxy for heat vulnerability, and distribution From this, local levels of heat-related mortality were estimated using a mortality model derived from epidemiological data. The dataset comprises four layers: Ind_Temp_A – indoor Temperature Anomaly is the difference in degrees Celsius between the estimated indoor temperatures for dwellings and the average indoor temperature estimate for the whole of London, averaged by ward. Positive numbers show dwellings with a greater tendency to overheat in comparison with the London average HeatMortpM – total estimated mortality due to heat (outdoor and indoor) per million population over the entire 55 day period, inclusive of age effects HeatMorUHI – estimated mortality per million population due to increased outdoor temperature exposure caused by the UHI over the 55 day period (excluding the effect of overheating housing), inclusive of age effects HeatMorInd - estimated mortality per million population due to increased temperature exposure caused by heat-vulnerable dwellings (excluding the effect of the UHI) over the 55 day period, inclusive of age effects More information is on this website and in the Triple Jeopardy leaflet. The maps are also available as one combined PDF. More information is on this website and in the Triple Jeopardy leaflet.

Author:ArupCreation date:2023Date of source data harvest:2022/23Temporal coverage:unknownSpatial Resolution:Point locationGeometry:PointSource data URL:n/aData terms of use:Dataset can be shared openly for re-use for non-commercial purposes, with appropriate attribution.Data attribution:- Dataset created by Arup as part of the West London sub-regional LAEP, 2023.- GLA London Heat Map, 2023.Workflow Diagram:Available: pngComments:The data and analysis developed for the sub-regional LAEP was undertaken using data available at the time and will need to be refined for a full Phase 2 LAEP.Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the quality and accuracy of the data, the Greater London Authority is not responsible for any inaccuracies and/or mistakes in the information provided.

For an urban heat island map during a warm summer see this dataset. This map shows the results of an ‘UrbClim’ simulation for the mean temperature at midnight during the summer of 2011 (May to September) at a resolution of 250m. This summer has been selected as a typical summer for a West-European city. On average, the night-time temperature is approximately 4°C higher in the city centre. During some hot nights, even larger effects are observed. UrbClim is an urban climate model designed to model and study the urban heat island effect (UHI) at a spatial resolution of a few hundred meters. This project was carried out by VITO as part of an EU-funded RAMSES programme on the urban impacts of climate change. For more information about the model, please see the Technical Information and Interpretation report. Please direct any enquiries to Hans Hooyberghs (hans.hooyberghs@vito.be) or Koen De Ridder (koen.deridder@vito.be).

Author: Buro Happold

Creation date: Sep-24

Date of source data harvest: n/a

Temporal coverage of source data: 2024

Spatial Resolution: pan-London

Geometry: Polygons

Source data URL:n/a Data terms of use:Dataset can be shared openly for reuse for non-commercial purposes, with appropriate attribution.Data attribution:Dataset created by Buro Happold in 2024 under the CIEN & South London sub-regional LAEPs.Comments:The data and analysis developed for the sub-regional LAEP was undertaken using data available at the time and will need to be refined for a full Phase 2 LAEP. Please check here for more detailed background on the data. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the quality and accuracy of the data, the Greater London Authority is not responsible for any inaccuracies and/or mistakes in the information provided.

The London Building Stock Model v2 provides energy efficiency data for all London homes. This includes information on EPC ratings, heating systems, insulation levels and building fabric. This dataset represents an update of the original London Building Stock Model, and it brings together data from Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs), alongside data from other sources such as the London borough councils and the GLA. For properties that don't have data from an EPC or an alternative source, we’ve generated modelled values for these properties through machine learning. For more information on our methodology, please see this blog post. An interactive map for this data is available here. The data from the London Building Stock Model interactive map has been made available through the data extracts below. The current version of the London Building Stock Model v2 is based on data from October 2024. The data contains Ordnance Survey mapping and the data is published under Ordnance Survey's 'presumption to publish'. © Crown copyright and database rights 2023

Inflammation and immune dysregulation play critical roles in Kawasaki disease (KD) pathogenesis, yet specific biomarkers and immune signatures remain elusive. This study aims to identify key biomarkers and characterize immune cell infiltration scores in KD using bioinformatic approaches. The GSE73461 dataset, downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, includes 78 KD patients and 55 normal controls collected by Imperial College London from 2015 to 2023, and was analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed significant involvement of these DEGs in acute inflammatory responses, plasma membrane components, PI3K-Akt signaling, and cytokine interactions. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed, and five candidate hub genes (AURKB, BUB1, CCL2, IL-4, and TOP2A) were identified. Immune cell infiltration analysis gusing the XCell algorithm showed increased levels of Monocytes, neutrophils, and other immune cells in KD, while B cells and T cells were decreased. Correlation analysis indicated that these candidate hub genes are associated with immune dysregulation and inflammation in KD. These findings provide potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for KD, warranting further validation in larger studies.

This MSOA atlas provides a summary of demographic and related data for each Middle Super Output Area in Greater London. The average population of an MSOA in London in 2010 was 8,346, compared with 1,722 for an LSOA and 13,078 for a ward. The profiles are designed to provide an overview of the population in these small areas by combining a range of data on the population, births, deaths, health, housing, crime, commercial property/floorspace, income, poverty, benefits, land use, environment, deprivation, schools, and employment. If you need to find an MSOA and you know the postcode of the area, the ONS NESS search page has a tool for this. The MSOA Atlas is available as an XLS as well as being presented using InstantAtlas mapping software. This is a useful tool for displaying a large amount of data for numerous geographies, in one place (requires HTML 5). CURRENT MSOA BOUNDARIES (2011) PREVIOUS MSOA BOUNDARIES (2001) NB. It is currently not possible to export the map as a picture due to a software issue with the Google Maps background. We advise you to print screen to copy an image to the clipboard. Tips: - Select a new indicator from the Data box on the left. Select the theme, then indicator and then year to show the data. - To view data just for one borough*, use the filter tool. - The legend settings can be altered by clicking on the pencil icon next to the MSOA tick box within the map legend. - The areas can be ranked in order by clicking at the top of the indicator column of the data table. Themes included here are Census 2011 Population, Mid-year Estimates, Population by Broad Age, Households, Household composition, Ethnic Group, Country of Birth, Language, Religion, Tenure, Dwelling type, Land Area, Population Density, Births, General Fertility Rate, Deaths, Standardised Mortality Ratio (SMR), Population Turnover Rates (per 1000), Crime (numbers), Crime (rates), House Prices, Commercial property (number), Rateable Value (£ per m2), Floorspace; ('000s m2), Household Income, Household Poverty, County Court Judgements (2005), Qualifications, Economic Activity, Employees, Employment, Claimant Count, Pupil Absence, Early Years Foundation Stage, Key Stage 1, GCSE and Equivalent, Health, Air Emissions, Car or Van availability, Income Deprivation, Central Heating, Incidence of Cancer, Life Expectancy, and Road Casualties. The London boroughs are: City of London, Barking and Dagenham, Barnet, Bexley, Brent, Bromley, Camden, Croydon, Ealing, Enfield, Greenwich, Hackney, Hammersmith and Fulham, Haringey, Harrow, Havering, Hillingdon, Hounslow, Islington, Kensington and Chelsea, Kingston upon Thames, Lambeth, Lewisham, Merton, Newham, Redbridge, Richmond upon Thames, Southwark, Sutton, Tower Hamlets, Waltham Forest, Wandsworth, Westminster. These profiles were created using the most up to date information available at the time of collection (Spring 2014). You may also be interested in LSOA Atlas and Ward Atlas.

These fuel poverty risk indicators provide users with a nuanced picture of the impact of various risk factors, exacerbating factors and indicators for fuel poverty. It was developed with the Assembly Health and Public Services Committee in their investigation into fuel poverty in London. The Committee's report explains how the tool could be used strategically to help organisations target specific wards that are at high risk of fuel poverty. Appendix 4 in the report set out the rationale for the risk factors present in the tool.

Users can adjust the weighting of the indicators to show their relative significance. Isolating specific indicators could help organisations determine what type of support is likely to have greatest impact in an area. For example, wards with a low score for cavity wall insulation would indicate wards that could be targeted for promoting uptake of cavity wall insulation.

Read Victoria Borwick's blog "Using public data to tackle fuel poverty - can you help?"

The fuel poverty scores measure risk of fuel poverty based on 12 indicators. The England and Wales average each year is 0. Scores below 0 are more likely to be at risk from fuel poverty according to these measures.

The indicators are:

Housing
Dwellings without central heating
Cavity walls that are uninsulated
Lofts with less than 150mm insulation

Health
Health Deprivation & Disability domain (ID2010)
Standardised Mortality Ratio
Incapacity Benefit claimant rate

Older people
People aged 60 and over
Older people claiming pension credit

Worklessness
Unemployment

Poverty
Income Support claimant rate
Child Poverty rates
Households classified 'fuel poor'

The Excel tool includes a ward map, charts and rankings.

Note: Users must enable macros when prompted upon opening the spreadsheet (or reset security to medium/low) for the map to function. The rest of the tool will function without macros.

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Update August 2025: The LAEI 2019 has now been superseded. Click here to access the LAEI 2022 data The LAEI 2019 is the latest version of the London Atmospheric Emissions Inventory and replaces previous versions of the inventory. Emissions estimates of key pollutants (NOx, PM10, PM2.5 and CO2) by source type are included for the base year 2019 and forecast years 2025 and 2030. Emissions for previous years 2013 and 2016 have also been revised, using the latest data sources (emission factors, activity data, ...) where available, and changes in methodology where relevant. The area covered by the LAEI includes Greater London (the 32 London boroughs and the City of London), as well as areas outside Greater London up to the M25 motorway. These emissions have been used to estimate ground level concentrations of key pollutants NOx, NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 across Greater London for years 2019, 2025 and 2030 using an atmospheric dispersion model. Air pollutant concentration maps and associated datasets are available for download. Due to the size of the LAEI database, datasets are provided in several parts and provided as ZIP files. Update 24 04 2023: Emissions and Concentration Maps for forecast years 2025 and 2030 have been added. Road Transport emissions for Major Roads, Minor Roads and Cold Start are now also available as Excel files. Documentation LAEI Summary Note (.PDF - 3.4 MB) Supporting Information Key GIS geographies and road traffic flows and vehicle-kilometres for 2019 for each vehicle type. Data are provided in Excel and GIS formats. Supporting Information - GIS geographies (.ZIP - 2.5 MB) Supporting Information - Road Traffic Data - Excel (.ZIP - 22.4 MB) Supporting Information - Road Traffic Data - GIS (.ZIP - 9.7 MB) Grid Emissions Summary This dataset includes emissions of key pollutants NOx, PM10, PM2.5 and CO2, and a range of additional pollutants (SO2, CH4, VOC...) in tonnes/year for 2013, 2016, 2019, 2025 and 2030 for each source category at a 1km grid square resolution (further split to follow all London borough boundaries). It includes emission summary tables for London boroughs and London zones (Central / Inner / Outer London). Data are provided in Excel and GIS formats. Update 26 07 2022 : Please note that emission totals have been slightly revised to correct emissions for Rail and Construction NRMM Exhaust (for CO2) and Industrial / Commercial Heat and Power sources (for all pollutants). Please refer to the Emissions - Data - Excel File below for further information.  Emissions - Data - Excel Files (.ZIP - 96.4 MB) Emissions - Data - GIS Files (.ZIP - 76.2 MB) Emissions - Summary Dashboards (.ZIP - 3.16 MB) Detailed Road Transport Road transport NOx, PM10, PM2.5 and CO2 emissions in 2019, 2025 and 2030 by vehicle type. PM emissions include split by exhaust, break wear and tyre wear. This data is provided at link level for major roads and at grid level for minor roads and cold start emissions. Data are provided in Excel and several GIS formats. Emissions - Detailed Road Transport - Major Roads - Geopackage GPKG (.ZIP - 321.2 MB) Emissions - Detailed Road Transport - Major Roads - Mapinfo TAB (.ZIP - 288.7 MB) Emissions - Detailed Road Transport - Major Roads - ESRI SHP (.ZIP - 303.6 MB) Emissions - Detailed Road Transport - Major Roads - Excel (.ZIP - 327.2MB) Emissions - Detailed Road Transport - Minor Roads - Excel (.ZIP - 15.4 MB) Emissions - Detailed Road Transport - Cold Start - Excel (.ZIP - 3.0 MB) Concentrations This dataset includes modelled 2019, 2025 and 2030 ground level concentrations of annual mean NOx, NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 in µg/m3 (microgramme per cubic metre) at 20m grid resolution. For PM10, it also includes the number of daily means exceeding 50 µg/m3. Data are provided in CSV, GIS (ESRI) and PDF formats. Concentrations - Data - ASCII Files (.ZIP - 393.3 MB) Concentrations - Data - Excel Files (.ZIP - 536.4 MB) Concentrations - Data - GIS Files (.ZIP - 391.9 MB). Includes GIS files in ESRI format to visualise the concentrations in a GIS software (ArcGIS) Concentrations - Maps 2019 - PDF / Image Files (19.2 MB) Concentrations - Maps 2025 - PDF / Image Files (29.9 MB) Concentrations - Maps 2030 - PDF / Image Files (22.6 MB)

Location of taxi ranks.Source of information is a spreadsheet of Taxi ranks information including their coordinates. Taxi rank data as extracted from Confirm: each rank appointed by TfL has a record and this is the same database that Buses use