As of June 17, 2024, the most shorted stock was for, the American holographic technology services provider, MicroCloud Hologram Inc., with 66.64 percent of their total float having been shorted. This is a change from mid-January 2021, when video game retailed GameStop had an incredible 121.07 percent of their available shares in a short position. In effect this means that investors had 'borrowed' more shares (with a future promise to return them) than the total number of shares available for public trading. Owing to this behavior of professional investors, retail investors enacted a campaign to drive up the stock price of Gamestop, leading to losses of billions when investors had to repurchase the stock they had borrowed. At this time, a similar – but less effective – social media campaign was also carried out for the stock price of cinema operator AMC, and the price of silver. What is short selling? Short selling is essentially where an investor bets on a share price falling by: borrowing a number of shares selling these shares while the price is still high; purchasing the same number again once the price falls; then returning the borrowed shares at a profit. Of course, a profit will only be made if the share price does fall; should the share price rise the investor will then need to purchase the shares back at a higher price, and thus incur a loss. Short selling can lead to some very large profits in a short amount of time, with Tesla stock generating over one billion dollars in short sell profits during the first week of March 2020 alone, owing to the financial crash caused by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. However, owing to the short-term, opportunistic nature of short selling, these returns look less impressive when considered as net profits from short sell positions over the full year. The risks of short selling Short selling carries greater risks than traditional investments, and for this reason financial advisors often recommend against this strategy for ‘retail’ (i.e. non-professional) investors. The reason for this is that losses from short selling are potentially uncapped, whereas losses from traditional investments are limited to the initial cost. For example, if someone purchases 100 dollars of shares, the maximum they can lose is the 100 dollars the spent on those shares. However, say someone borrows 100 dollars of shares instead, betting on the price falling. If these shares are then sold for 100 dollars but the price subsequently rises, the losses could greatly exceed the initial investment should the price rise to, say, 500 dollars. The risks of short selling can be seen by looking again at Tesla, with the company causing the greatest losses over 2020 from short selling at over 40 billion U.S. dollars.

In 2024, 62 percent of adults in the United States invested in the stock market. This figure has remained steady over the last few years, and is still below the levels before the Great Recession, when it peaked in 2007 at 65 percent. What is the stock market? The stock market can be defined as a group of stock exchanges, where investors can buy shares in a publicly traded company. In more recent years, it is estimated an increasing number of Americans are using neobrokers, making stock trading more accessible to investors. Other investments A significant number of people think stocks and bonds are the safest investments, while others point to real estate, gold, bonds, or a savings account. Since witnessing the significant one-day losses in the stock market during the Financial Crisis, many investors were turning towards these alternatives in hopes for more stability, particularly for investments with longer maturities. This could explain the decrease in this statistic since 2007. Nevertheless, some speculators enjoy chasing the short-run fluctuations, and others see value in choosing particular stocks.

Aruba AW: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term: Debit data was reported at 0.488 USD mn in Mar 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.003 USD mn for Dec 2022. Aruba AW: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term: Debit data is updated quarterly, averaging 0.000 USD mn from Mar 2018 (Median) to Mar 2023, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.488 USD mn in Mar 2023 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in Jun 2022. Aruba AW: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term: Debit data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Aruba – Table AW.IMF.BOP: BPM6: Balance of Payments: Detailed Presentation.

Yemen YE: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data was reported at 0.000 USD mn in Dec 2015. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 USD mn for Sep 2015. Yemen YE: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data is updated quarterly, averaging 0.000 USD mn from Mar 2007 (Median) to Dec 2015, with 36 observations. Yemen YE: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Yemen – Table YE.IMF.BOP: BPM6: Balance of Payments: Detailed Presentation.

Romania RO: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term: Credit data was reported at 0.000 USD mn in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.246 USD mn for 2016. Romania RO: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term: Credit data is updated yearly, averaging 9.000 USD mn from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2017, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 197.000 USD mn in 2004 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in 2017. Romania RO: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term: Credit data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Romania – Table RO.IMF.BOP: BPM6: Balance of Payments: Detailed Presentation: Annual.

In the second quarter of 2024, the value of the international debt capital market transactions amounted to approximately 1.4 trillion U.S. dollars. The debt market is the part of the capital market on which fixed-interest securities are traded. These securities include, for example, government, municipal, corporate or mortgage bonds. Bonds – additional information The bond market, also known as the credit or fixed income market, is a market that trades in debt. The two most well known parts of the bond market are the primary and secondary capital markets. The primary market is the market that deals with the issuance of new securities and is an important part of the financial markets system. The bonds issued on the primary market are subsequently traded on the secondary markets. A bond is an instrument of indebtedness. The issuer of the bond is obliged to pay the bond holder the principal amount and the pre-agreed interest when the bond reaches maturity. The interest rates are generally payable at fixed intervals. Bonds provide the borrower with external funds in order to finance long-term investments, or, where government bonds are concerned, to finance government expenditure. Bonds are most often bought and traded by institutions such as central banks, pension funds or hedge funds. They are generally seen as being less volatile that stocks, especially the short and medium termed bonds. Bonds suffer from less day-to-day volatility than stocks but are still subject to risk. They are subject to credit and liquidity risks, among others.

Burundi BI: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data was reported at 0.000 USD mn in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.116 USD mn for 2022. Burundi BI: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data is updated yearly, averaging 0.000 USD mn from Dec 1997 (Median) to 2023, with 13 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.156 USD mn in 2018 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in 2023. Burundi BI: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Burundi – Table BI.IMF.BOP: BPM6: Balance of Payments: Detailed Presentation: Annual.

Egypt EG: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data was reported at 0.000 USD mn in Dec 2013. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 USD mn for Sep 2013. Egypt EG: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data is updated quarterly, averaging 0.000 USD mn from Mar 2011 (Median) to Dec 2013, with 12 observations. Egypt EG: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Egypt – Table EG.IMF.BOP: BPM6: Balance of Payments: Detailed Presentation.

Montenegro ME: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data was reported at 0.000 USD mn in Dec 2017. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 USD mn for Sep 2017. Montenegro ME: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data is updated quarterly, averaging 0.000 USD mn from Mar 2007 (Median) to Dec 2017, with 44 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.650 USD mn in Jun 2012 and a record low of -0.455 USD mn in Mar 2008. Montenegro ME: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Montenegro – Table ME.IMF.BOP: BPM6: Balance of Payments: Detailed Presentation.

Brazil BR: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term: Debit data was reported at 0.000 USD mn in 2024. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 USD mn for 2023. Brazil BR: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term: Debit data is updated yearly, averaging 0.000 USD mn from Dec 1996 (Median) to 2024, with 29 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 137.000 USD mn in 1996 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in 2024. Brazil BR: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term: Debit data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.IMF.BOP: BPM6: Balance of Payments: Detailed Presentation: Annual.

Libya LY: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data was reported at 0.000 USD mn in 2016. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 USD mn for 2015. Libya LY: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data is updated yearly, averaging 0.000 USD mn from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2016, with 17 observations. Libya LY: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Libya – Table LY.IMF.BOP: BPM6: Balance of Payments: Detailed Presentation: Annual.

Czech Republic CZ: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term: Credit data was reported at 2.371 USD mn in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.125 USD mn for 2022. Czech Republic CZ: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term: Credit data is updated yearly, averaging 16.267 USD mn from Dec 1993 (Median) to 2023, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 270.764 USD mn in 2007 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in 2021. Czech Republic CZ: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term: Credit data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Czech Republic – Table CZ.IMF.BOP: BPM6: Balance of Payments: Detailed Presentation: Annual.

Antigua and Barbuda AG: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data was reported at 1.182 USD mn in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of -0.809 USD mn for 2022. Antigua and Barbuda AG: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data is updated yearly, averaging 1.051 USD mn from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2023, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.873 USD mn in 2006 and a record low of -1.344 USD mn in 2020. Antigua and Barbuda AG: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Antigua and Barbuda – Table AG.IMF.BOP: BPM6: Balance of Payments: Detailed Presentation: Annual.

Saint Kitts and Nevis KN: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data was reported at 0.706 USD mn in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.576 USD mn for 2015. Saint Kitts and Nevis KN: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data is updated yearly, averaging 0.706 USD mn from Dec 2014 (Median) to 2016, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.725 USD mn in 2014 and a record low of 0.576 USD mn in 2015. Saint Kitts and Nevis KN: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s St. Kitts and Nevis – Table KN.IMF.BOP: BPM6: Balance of Payments: Detailed Presentation: Annual.

Armenia AM: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data was reported at 15.551 USD mn in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 4.278 USD mn for 2022. Armenia AM: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data is updated yearly, averaging 0.008 USD mn from Dec 1994 (Median) to 2023, with 30 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 15.551 USD mn in 2023 and a record low of -8.321 USD mn in 1997. Armenia AM: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Armenia – Table AM.IMF.BOP: BPM6: Balance of Payments: Detailed Presentation: Annual.

Iceland IS: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data was reported at 9.801 USD mn in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 5.322 USD mn for 2016. Iceland IS: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data is updated yearly, averaging -13.110 USD mn from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2017, with 28 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 110.693 USD mn in 2014 and a record low of -152.949 USD mn in 2007. Iceland IS: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Iceland – Table IS.IMF.BOP: BPM6: Balance of Payments: Detailed Presentation: Annual.

Latvia LV: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term: Debit data was reported at 0.000 USD mn in 2017. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 USD mn for 2010. Latvia LV: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term: Debit data is updated yearly, averaging 0.370 USD mn from Dec 1997 (Median) to 2017, with 7 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 101.289 USD mn in 2008 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in 2017. Latvia LV: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term: Debit data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Latvia – Table LV.IMF.BOP: BPM6: Balance of Payments: Detailed Presentation: Annual.

Serbia RS: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data was reported at 0.000 USD mn in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.000 USD mn for 2015. Serbia RS: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data is updated yearly, averaging 0.017 USD mn from Dec 2007 (Median) to 2016, with 10 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.381 USD mn in 2007 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in 2016. Serbia RS: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Serbia – Table RS.IMF.BOP: BPM6: Balance of Payments: Detailed Presentation: Annual.

Timor-Leste TL: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data was reported at 7.602 USD mn in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.000 USD mn for 2016. Timor-Leste TL: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data is updated yearly, averaging 0.000 USD mn from Dec 2006 (Median) to 2017, with 12 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7.628 USD mn in 2007 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in 2016. Timor-Leste TL: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Timor-Leste – Table TL.IMF.BOP: BPM6: Balance of Payments: Detailed Presentation: Annual.

Trinidad and Tobago TT: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data was reported at 8.853 USD mn in Dec 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 8.040 USD mn for Sep 2017. Trinidad and Tobago TT: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data is updated quarterly, averaging 5.927 USD mn from Mar 2015 (Median) to Dec 2017, with 12 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8.853 USD mn in Dec 2017 and a record low of 2.105 USD mn in Sep 2015. Trinidad and Tobago TT: BoP: Current Account: Primary Income: Investment Income: Portfolio Investment: Interest: Short Term data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Trinidad and Tobago – Table TT.IMF.BOP: BPM6: Balance of Payments: Detailed Presentation.