In this dataset, we present temporally dynamic population distribution data from the Helsinki Metropolitan Area, Finland, at the level of 250 m by 250 m statistical grid cells. Three hourly population distribution datasets are provided for regular workdays (Mon – Thu), Saturdays and Sundays. The data are based on aggregated mobile phone data collected by the biggest mobile network operator in Finland. Mobile phone data are assigned to statistical grid cells using an advanced dasymetric interpolation method based on ancillary data about land cover, buildings and a time use survey. The data were validated by comparing population register data from Statistics Finland for night-time hours and a daytime workplace registry. The resulting 24-hour population data can be used to reveal the temporal dynamics of the city and examine population variations relevant to for instance spatial accessibility analyses, crisis management and planning.

Organization of data

The dataset is packaged into a single Zipfile Helsinki_dynpop_matrix.zip which contains following files:

1. HMA_Dynamic_population_24H_workdays.csv represents the dynamic population for average workday in the study area.
2. HMA_Dynamic_population_24H_sat.csv represents the dynamic population for average saturday in the study area.
3. HMA_Dynamic_population_24H_sun.csv represents the dynamic population for average sunday in the study area.
4. target_zones_grid250m_EPSG3067.geojson represents the statistical grid in ETRS89/ETRS-TM35FIN projection that can be used to visualize the data on a map using e.g. QGIS.

Column names

1. YKR_ID : a unique identifier for each statistical grid cell (n=13,231). The identifier is compatible with the statistical YKR grid cell data by Statistics Finland and Finnish Environment Institute.
2. H0, H1 ... H23 : Each field represents the proportional distribution of the total population in the study area between grid cells during a one-hour period. In total, 24 fields are formatted as “Hx”, where x stands for the hour of the day (values ranging from 0-23). For example, H0 stands for the first hour of the day: 00:00 - 00:59.
   The sum of all cell values for each field equals to 100 (i.e. 100% of total population for each one-hour period)

In order to visualize the data on a map, the result tables can be joined with the target_zones_grid250m_EPSG3067.geojson data. The data can be joined by using the field YKR_ID as a common key between the datasets.

License
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International.

Related datasets

Tenkanen, Henrikki, & Toivonen, Tuuli. (2019). Helsinki Region Travel Time Matrix [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3247564

Finland Turnover: HSE: Monthly data was reported at 14,261.125 EUR mn in Oct 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 10,011.290 EUR mn for Sep 2018. Finland Turnover: HSE: Monthly data is updated monthly, averaging 10,407.569 EUR mn from Jan 1992 (Median) to Oct 2018, with 322 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 43,378.931 EUR mn in Oct 2007 and a record low of 52.633 EUR mn in Aug 1992. Finland Turnover: HSE: Monthly data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Helsinki Stock Exchange. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Finland – Table FI.Z003: Helsinki Stock Exchange: Trade Statistics.

Helsinki, Finland's capital, welcomed over 2.4 million foreign tourists in 2023, with Americans leading the pack at more than 100,000 visitors. This influx reflects a broader recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic in Finland's tourism sector, as the country saw approximately 2.56 million international arrivals in tourist accommodations nationwide that year. The resurgence in visitor numbers marks a significant rebound from the pandemic-induced slump, demonstrating Helsinki's enduring appeal as a top Nordic destination. Air travel and seasonal trends shape tourism landscape Finland's air passenger traffic played a crucial role in facilitating tourism, with about 18.3 million travelers passing through Finnish airports in 2023. Helsinki Airport alone handled 15.3 million passengers, underscoring its importance as the country's primary gateway. July emerged as the peak month for international visitors, with over 243,000 arrivals recorded in accommodation establishments across Finland. This summer surge aligns with the broader trend of seasonal tourism in the Nordic region. Maritime connections boost visitor numbers While air travel dominates, maritime routes also contribute significantly to Helsinki's visitor arrivals. The Port of Helsinki, one of Europe's busiest international passenger ports, saw a strong recovery in 2023 with nearly nine million passengers. The Helsinki-Tallinn route remained the most popular, highlighting the importance of regional connections in driving tourism. This maritime traffic complements air travel, offering diverse options for visitors and contributing to the overall growth in international arrivals to Helsinki and Finland at large.

In 2023, the number of international passengers at Helsinki Airport in Finland totaled approximately 13.5 million. That year, there were roughly 6.8 million international arrival passengers at Helsinki Airport, while the number of departure passengers reached around 4.8 million.

This dataset contains key characteristics about the data described in the Data Descriptor A 24-hour population distribution dataset based on mobile phone data from Helsinki Metropolitan Area, Finland. Contents:

    1. human readable metadata summary table in CSV format


    2. machine readable metadata file in JSON format

In 2023, the number of domestic passengers at Helsinki Airport in Finland totaled almost *** million. That year, there were approximately ******* domestic arrival passengers at Helsinki Airport, while the number of departure passengers reached over *******.

Total Scheduled Flight: Finland: Helsinki-Hong Kong SAR (China) data was reported at 7.000 Unit in 28 Apr 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 7.000 Unit for 21 Apr 2025. Total Scheduled Flight: Finland: Helsinki-Hong Kong SAR (China) data is updated weekly, averaging 7.000 Unit from Dec 2018 (Median) to 28 Apr 2025, with 176 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 14.000 Unit in 30 Dec 2019 and a record low of 5.000 Unit in 10 Feb 2025. Total Scheduled Flight: Finland: Helsinki-Hong Kong SAR (China) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by VariFlight. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Transportation and Storage Sector – Table CN.TM: VariFlight Flight Statistics: Total Scheduled Flight: Arrival: Hong Kong SAR (China).

Statistics tables of the publications Youth by region in Helsinki. The publication “Youth by region” was produced in the City of Helsinki Information Centre in 2005-2014. The publication contains regional information on, for example, the number of young people in Helsinki by age group, mother tongue, population forecast, housing, education, phenomena in the operating environment of youth work, as well as services aimed at young people and their use. Regional information on, for example, population and housing can also be found in the Regional Series at regional series.fi.

The publication ‘Young people by region’ contains information on about 40 phenomena and variables. The data are compiled in two territorial principles: according to the city’s official regional division, the population data are based on major districts and basic districts. Some of the data, in turn, are grouped according to the regional division of the Youth Centre. In it, the city is divided into 10 youth work units, which consist of basic circles.

The themes are:

— Population — Housing — Training — Youth services — Playgrounds; 2008 Other Leisure Services — Social services and problems

The publication “Youth by region” is produced in cooperation between the City of Helsinki Information Centre and the Youth Affairs Centre.

Over the period from 2018 to 2019, passenger traffic in the ports of Helsinki, Finland, remained at a fairly steady level. In 2020, regular liner traffic decreased dramatically by ** percent from the previous year due to COVID-19 travel restrictions. This continued during 2021, the Helsinki - Tallinn route was the busiest traffic connection, with around *** million passengers, followed by the Helsinki - Stockholm route with *** thousand passengers. In 2023, the number of passengers increased again, reaching almost nine million passengers. The Port of Helsinki is one of the busiest international passenger ports in Europe.

Total Operated Flight: Finland: Helsinki-Shandong: Jinan data was reported at 1.000 Unit in 30 Dec 2019. This stayed constant from the previous number of 1.000 Unit for 23 Dec 2019. Total Operated Flight: Finland: Helsinki-Shandong: Jinan data is updated weekly, averaging 2.000 Unit from Jan 2019 (Median) to 30 Dec 2019, with 41 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.000 Unit in 30 Sep 2019 and a record low of 0.000 Unit in 01 Apr 2019. Total Operated Flight: Finland: Helsinki-Shandong: Jinan data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Transportation and Storage Sector – Table CN.TM: VariFlight Flight Statistics: Total Operated Flight: Arrival: Shandong.

Dataset Card for United Nations Parallel Corpus

  Dataset Summary

The United Nations Parallel Corpus is the first parallel corpus composed from United Nations documents published by the original data creator. The parallel corpus consists of manually translated UN documents from the last 25 years (1990 to 2014) for the six official UN languages, Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish. The corpus is freely available for download under a liberal license.… See the full description on the dataset page: https://huggingface.co/datasets/Helsinki-NLP/un_pc.

Population of Helsinki by age at the turn of the year by major and basic districts and sub-regions from 2004 onwards. Contains data on the population permanently living in the municipality by age group.

Data source

Lifebooks 1962-1984, Population Information System of Helsinki 1985-1994, Statistics Finland 1995-.

Target set and cropping

Population means the population permanently resident in a municipality. Persons who, according to the Population Information System maintained by the Population Register Centre (VRK), are domiciled in a municipality at the turn of the year, belong to the population regardless of their nationality, as well as those Finnish citizens who live temporarily abroad.

A foreign national is domiciled in a municipality if his or her stay is intended to last or has lasted at least one year. An asylum seeker will not be granted a place of residence until his or her application has been approved.

Persons residing in the municipality who are members of a foreign embassy, a commercial mission or an office of a posted consul, as well as their family members and personal servants, do not belong to the municipality's population unless they are Finnish citizens. The Finnish personnel of Finnish embassies and commercial missions abroad, as well as those serving in the UN peacekeeping forces, are counted among the population of the municipality.

At the turn of 1993/94, in accordance with the Population Information Act (507/93), the population at the turn of the year began to be used, replacing the previously used situation on 1 January. The difference is that the population at the turn of the year does not include those born and moved on the first day of the year. Before 1990, data on the life-written population were used. For the sake of simplicity, the tables use the situation on the first day of the year.

From 1996 onwards, when compiling the population data for the first day of the year, all the previous year's change data received by the Population Information System of the Population Register Centre by the end of January (the end of May 1990 and the end of March 1991-95) are taken into account.

Reliability of data

Information on the place of residence of the persons is received into the Population Information System through the notification of move.

Lower ranges

Area boundaries according to the Helsinki district division system.

Explanation of labels

• two points (..): the information has not been received or is too uncertain to be reported
• point (.): Logically Impossible to Present
• dash (-): less than half of the unit used

Finland Avg House Price: Old Dwellings: Greater Helsinki Region data was reported at 4,379.000 EUR/sq m in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 4,302.000 EUR/sq m for Feb 2025. Finland Avg House Price: Old Dwellings: Greater Helsinki Region data is updated monthly, averaging 4,512.000 EUR/sq m from Jan 2020 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 63 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4,909.000 EUR/sq m in Nov 2021 and a record low of 4,268.000 EUR/sq m in Dec 2023. Finland Avg House Price: Old Dwellings: Greater Helsinki Region data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistics Finland. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Finland – Table FI.EB001: Average House Price: 2020p.

Employed labour force in the Helsinki region by age and gender as of 31 December 1980.

Lower ranges

The Helsinki region consists of four municipalities in the Helsinki metropolitan area: Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, and from 2000 onwards 10 framing municipalities: Hyvinkää, Järvenpää, Kerava, Kirkkonummi, Mäntsälä, Nurmijärvi, Pornainen, Sipoo, Tuusula and Vihti. In addition, there is information about the whole country. The series contains data from Mäntsälä and Pornnainen since 2000. They are also missing from the sum data of the Helsinki region and the municipalities in the peri-urban area. The Helsinki region is a housing and labour market area.

Data source

Statistics Finland Employment statistics. The data are inferred from administrative and statistical registers and other data.

Target set and cropping

The employed labour force includes all persons aged 18 to 74 who, during the last week of the year, were in gainful employment and were not unemployed as jobseekers at an employment office or performing military or non-military service. Information on employment is based on data from the earnings-related pension and tax authorities. Before 2005, the age group was 15-74 years old.

As of 2005, persons aged 18 to 68 are covered by earnings-related pension insurance, whereas previously the obligation to take out earnings-related pension insurance has already started from the age of 14. This is reflected in the employment statistics from 2005 onwards as a decrease in youth employment and an increase in the number of students. Statistics on the employment of minors cannot be reliably compiled on the basis of register data.

This statistic shows the green space per inhabitant in the territory of the city of Helsinki in Finland as of 2018, broken down by category. According to data published by

Total Scheduled Flight: Finland: Helsinki-Henan: Zhengzhou data was reported at 1.000 Unit in 28 Apr 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 1.000 Unit for 21 Apr 2025. Total Scheduled Flight: Finland: Helsinki-Henan: Zhengzhou data is updated weekly, averaging 1.000 Unit from Dec 2022 (Median) to 28 Apr 2025, with 123 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.000 Unit in 28 Apr 2025 and a record low of 1.000 Unit in 28 Apr 2025. Total Scheduled Flight: Finland: Helsinki-Henan: Zhengzhou data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by VariFlight. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Transportation and Storage Sector – Table CN.TM: VariFlight Flight Statistics: Total Scheduled Flight: Arrival: Henan.

Total Operated Flight: Finland: Helsinki-Sichuan: Chengdu data was reported at 0.000 Unit in 19 Jun 2023. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 Unit for 12 Jun 2023. Total Operated Flight: Finland: Helsinki-Sichuan: Chengdu data is updated weekly, averaging 1.000 Unit from Sep 2019 (Median) to 19 Jun 2023, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.000 Unit in 30 Dec 2019 and a record low of 0.000 Unit in 19 Jun 2023. Total Operated Flight: Finland: Helsinki-Sichuan: Chengdu data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Transportation and Storage Sector – Table CN.TM: VariFlight Flight Statistics: Total Operated Flight: Arrival: Sichuan.

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic the passenger numbers are dramatically low in 2021 compared to the time before the COVID-19 pandemic. Since August 2021, the numbers are slowly increasing. In November 2022, the number of domestic passengers at Helsinki Airport reached over 155 thousand increasing from the previous month.

City of Helsinki budget information from 2012 onwards. The data is allocation scheme level data. The dataset includes the city’s operating income and expenses, as well as depreciation and amortisation. The organisational structure of the City of Helsinki changed significantly on 1 June 2017, and the organisational structure of the central administration changed on 1 June 2018. As a result of the change in the financial planning system, budget data from 2016 onwards are in separate files. The data for 2016 are only department-level data.

The data model for 2012–2015 is as follows:

• Virasto + nimi: Name and number of the department
• Osasto + nimi: Name and number of the department’s division
• Tulosyksikkö + nimi: Name and number of the unit
• Tiliryhmä + nimi: Name and number of the account group
• Pääkirjatili + nimi: Name and number of the general ledger account
• Tulosbudjetti: Performance budget approved by the committee (€)

The data model from 2016 onwards is as follows:

By unit:

• Tulosyksikkö / Unit
• Tulosyksikön nimi / Name of the unit
• Pääkirjatili / General ledger account
• Pääkirjatilin nimi / Name of the general ledger account
• EUR / EUR
• Vuosi / Year

By budget sections (2024 onwards):

• Tulosyksikkö / Unit
• Tulosyksikön nimi / Name of the unit
• Pääkirjatili / General ledger account
• Pääkirjatilin nimi / Name of the general ledger account
• EUR / EUR

By main title:

• Pääluokka / Main title
• Pääluokan nimi / Name of the main title
• Pääkirjatili / General ledger account
• Pääkirjatilin nimi / Name of the general ledger account
• EUR / EUR
• Vuosi / Year

Information on units and closing accounts

From 2023, the economy of the City of Helsinki is examined in three entities: Helsinki as a whole, municipality-Helsinki and Social Services, Health Care and Rescue Services Division (abbreviation in Finnish: sotepe).

• until year 2022: units and closing accounts (in Finnish)
• in 2023: units and closing accounts (in Finnish)
• in 2024: units (in Finnish)
• in 2025: units and closing accounts (in Finnish)

The morbidity index is calculated using three register variables describing the morbidity of the population. These are the proportion of persons on disability pension among the working-age population, the proportion of the population entitled to special reimbursement medicines describing long-term illness, and the mortality rate of the population. The morbidity index is the average of these three factors.

The morbidity of the areas is proportioned either to the average morbidity of the whole of Helsinki (Table 1) or to the average of the whole country (Table 2). The aim of the index is to illustrate how healthy or sick the population of the area is in relation to the average population of the whole city (Helsinki = 100) or the whole country (Finland = 100). The index is calculated on an age-standardised basis, in which case the morbidity of the areas can be compared despite the differences in their age structures.

The index of national diseases, in turn, describes the prevalence of national diseases in the population of the region in relation to the average of the population of the whole city (Helsinki = 100) or the population of the whole country (Finland = 100). The index includes the seven largest diseases eligible for special reimbursable pharmacotherapy, which are here referred to as folk diseases. These include asthma, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, psychosis, coronary heart disease, heart failure and hypertension. The index is the average of these sub-indices.

Data from different years are not directly comparable.

Source of the Helsinki Region Illness Index 2017: Social Insurance Institution. Separate statistics made for the cities of Helsinki, Espoo and Vantaa on the morbidity index in Helsinki, Espoo and Vantaa by region in 2017.

Source of the Helsinki Illness Index 2019 data: Helsinki City Office. The source material is from Kela, but the indices have been calculated in Helsinki.

Source of the Helsinki Illness Index 2021 data: Helsinki City Office. The source data are from Kela and Statistics Finland. The indices have been calculated by the City of Helsinki.