The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) is a common measure of market concentration, which expresses how competitive a market is by looking at how many firms are able to compete in a given market. The index ranges between zero (perfectly competitive) and 10,000 (full monopoly), with a score of 1,500 to 2,500 considered to be a concentrated market, 2,500 and greater to be a highly concentrated market, and below 1,500 representing a competitive marketplace. HHI is used to judge the impact of mergers and acquisitions on market concentration, with the U.S. Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission considering a merger transaction which results in a HHI increase of over 200 to need to be investigated for anti-competitive reasons. HHI is an aggregated index which does not account for particularities and complexities of market structure and should therefore be treated as a first approximation of market concentration. Since the late 1980s, the global HHI score has fallen considerably from almost 1600, to less than 450 in 2020.

Concentration statistics summarize the size distribution of units within an industry. Numerous measures have been used for various purposes. These tables present data for the two most common: concentration ratios (CR) and Herfindahl indexes (HI). The CR and HI emphasize different aspects of the size distribution. The CR measures the importance of the largest enterprises directly while the Herfindahl index takes the entire size distribution of enterprises into account. These statistics are classified by North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) and the Standard Geographical Classification (SGC). The Annual Survey of Manufactures and Logging collects information on over 250 different industries. Beginning in 2004, the Annual Survey of Manufactures and Logging (ASML) replaces the Annual Survey of Manufactures and the Annual Survey of Forestry. While the ASML covers the same target population as its predecessors, this new survey ushers in a number of conceptual and methodological changes intended to reduce response burden, enhance data quality and streamline survey operations. Two changes have the greatest impact on the comparability of the principal statistics series for manufacturing (published in CANSIM tables 301-0003 and 301-0006) used to compile this product: some redefinition of the survey content and a change in the coverage for published statistics. Beginning with reference year 2004, the principal statistics published for manufacturing cover the activities of all businesses classified as manufacturers in Canada. These data series are not strictly comparable with manufacturing principal statistics previously published which covered the activities of businesses with annual sales greater than or equal to $30,000. This dataset contains 6 separate tables, one for each year.

The four firm concentration ratio (CR4) is a measure of market concentration which is calculated by adding the market share of the four largest firms in a given industry. A CR4 number of higher than 50 percent is generally considered to be a concentrated market, with numbers ranging above 75 percent considered to be oligopolistic. In 2017, the United States had two industries where four or fewer firms completely controlled the market, namely Secondary Market Financing and Other Depository Credit Intermediation. Other notable concentrated industries included Tobacco Manufacturing (dominated by Philip Morris International, Altria Group and British American Tobacco) and Aircraft Manufacturing (dominated by Boeing and Airbus).

The Business Integrated Database (BID) is not a survey, it is a joint Industry Canada and Statistics Canada compendium of statistical information. The database is organized by Standard Industrial Classification for Establishments (SIC-E) and only has four elements: the year, the SIC-E (four digit level), the Herfindahl Index (HI) at the SCG 4 digit level, and the HI at the SCG 6 digit level. The reference year for this file is 1995.

Global equity (gross - gross), for options, total (all currencies), total (all currencies), total (all maturities), total (all counterparties), All countries (total), All countries (total), total (all ratings), total (all sectors), total (all methods), herfindahl index

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Lead Oxide Market Size 2023-2027

The global lead oxide market size is estimated to grow by 1,022.97 th tons at a CAGR of 7.81% between 2022 and 2027. The growth of the market hinges on several pivotal factors, notably the escalating demand from developing countries where industrialization and urbanization spur increased consumption. Furthermore, the thriving automobile industry drives demand for lead oxide, particularly in the production of lead-acid batteries essential for vehicle operation. This surge in demand reflects the market's response to the global shift towards electric vehicles and sustainable energy solutions. As developing economies witness rapid growth and infrastructure development, the need for reliable energy storage solutions intensifies, further bolstering the demand. With the automobile sector at the forefront of this demand surge, the market anticipates sustained growth in the foreseeable future, underpinned by the expanding footprint of the automotive industry and the increasing adoption of lead-acid batteries.

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Market Dynamics

The market is influenced by factors such as the Herfindahl–Hirschman index and GDP growth projection, impacting exporting countries and their lead-based industries. With the rise of electric vehicles and increasing battery production, demand for lead oxide, a key component in lead acid battery manufacturing, experiences a significant surge. Lead oxide finds extensive applications in various sectors, including fireworks manufacturing and battery house operations. Companies like Campine and PENOX GmbH adhere to ISO standards in lead oxide production, ensuring quality and reliability. The market's trajectory is shaped by influencing trend like the adoption of lead oxide in electric vehicle batteries and its role in sustainable energy storage solutions. As a compound of lead, it exists in multiple forms such as litharge, red lead, and lead suboxide, catering to diverse industrial requirements. With a study period spanning over years, the market reflects continuous innovation and adaptation to meet evolving demands across various applications such as oxygen (O), and massicot. Our researchers analyzed the data with 2022 as the base year, along with the key drivers, trends, and challenges. A holistic analysis of drivers, trends, and challenges will help companies refine their marketing strategies to gain a competitive advantage.

Key Market Driver

The developing economies of the world, including China, India, Brazil, Mexico, the Philippines, and Indonesia, are expected to drive the growth of the market. Due to factors such as low transportation costs, availability of land, cheap labor, raw materials, and less stringent government regulations, many OEMs of lead oxide are shifting their manufacturing activities to these countries. The increasing population, high disposable income, and growing purchasing power in APAC and Latin America are promoting incremental investment rates in automobiles and other manufacturing activities. Specifically, the increase in GDP of developing countries in APAC and Latin America is expected to drive the manufacturing industries in these regions, fostering the growth of the market.

However, the COVID-19 outbreak led to economic disruptions in many developing countries in 2020, with governments implementing lockdowns that caused the shutdown of manufacturing plants and supply chain disruption. India and China, the manufacturing hubs in APAC, were adversely affected. Nevertheless, with the lifting of lockdowns in May 2020 and the introduction of vaccines for COVID-19, the market is expected to reach pre-pandemic levels by the end of 2021, and the demand from developing countries is expected to increase post the pandemic.

Major Market Challenge

Stringent regulations and policies are a major restraint in the market. The growing health concerns related to lead oxide manufacturing are expected to hinder the market. The constant push from regulatory agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) on environmental and sustainability issues is expected to impede market growth. When inhaled, the lead oxide can cause irritation to the lungs. In cases of accidental dosage, one might experience chest pain, metallic taste, and abdominal aches. When ingested, it will dissolve in gastric acid and result in lead poisoning with symptoms such as irritability, agitation, hypertension, vision disorders, and others. In the US, Title IV of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act provides rules for the regulation of lead-based paint hazards.

Further, the EPA also has imposed strict guidelines pertaining to the recycling of lead-acid batteries. The recyclin

The Research and Development Expenditures and Subsidies, Firm Productivity, Employment Creation and Survival study includes four datasets on firm Research and Development compiled from Office for National Statistics business datasets also held separately by the UK Data Archive. The four study datasets are:

• Research and Development and firm employment creation
• Research and Development and firm productivity
• subsidies and Research and Development expenditures
• Research and Development and firm survival

All four datasets contain data on UK firms from 1997 to 2012 across all sectors. The employment-related dataset and the productivity-related dataset were both obtained by merging the Business Expenditure on Research and Development database (BERD) (SN 6690) and the Annual Respondents Database (ARD) (SN 6644)/Annual Business Survey (ABS) (SN 7451). Both files contain data on different types of Research and Development expenditures and firm level indicators such as: capital stock, knowledge capital stock and full-time equivalent employment. The files also include knowledge spillover indicators. The employment-related dataset also includes wages and sector level indicators such as the Herfindahl index and Pavitt classes.

The subsidies-related dataset and survival-related datasets were both obtained by merging the BERD database and the Business Structure Database (BSD) (SN 6697). The files contain data on demographic variables and different types of Research and Development expenditures. Firm level indicators such as the Herfindahl index and Pavitt classes are also included. The subsidies-related dataset also includes data on salaries and on the sources of Research and Development funding (from central government and EU sources).

This report investigates media ownership and concentration in Mexico, one of the largest media markets in Latin America, from 2019 to 2022. It is part of the Global Media & Internet Concentration Project (GMIC) and focuses on three broad sectors: telecommunications and internet access, online and traditional media services, and core internet sectors. Using the Hirschman Herfindahl Index (HHI) to measure concentration, the report finds that most sectors, particularly Pay TV and Free-to-Air TV, exhibit high levels of concentration. However, some sectors, like radio and fixed telephony, show more moderate concentration levels as reported by the Federal Telecommunications Institute (IFT). The goal is to assess whether Mexico's media landscape is becoming more or less concentrated over time.

Key Table Information.Table Title.Island Areas: Share of Sales, Value of Shipments, or Revenue Accounted for by the 4, 8, 20, and 50 Largest Establishments for Puerto Rico: 2022.Table ID.ISLANDAREASIND2022.IA2200SIZE03.Survey/Program.Economic Census of Island Areas.Year.2022.Dataset.ECNIA Economic Census of Island Areas.Source.U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 Economic Census of Island Areas, Core Statistics.Release Date.2024-12-19.Release Schedule.The Economic Census occurs every five years, in years ending in 2 and 7.2022 Economic Census of Island Areas tables are released on a flow basis from June through December 2024.For more information about economic census planned data product releases, see 2022 Economic Census Release Schedule..Dataset Universe. The dataset universe consists of all establishments that are in operation for at least some part of 2022, are located in Puerto Rico, have paid employees, and are classified in one of eighteen in-scope sectors defined by the 2022 NAICS..Sponsor.U.S. Department of Commerce.Methodology.Data Items and Other Identifying Records.Number of establishmentsSales, value of shipments, or revenue ($1,000)Sales, value of shipments, or revenue of largest establishments as percent of total sales, value of shipments, or revenue (%)Herfindahl-Hirschman index for the 50 largest establishmentsRange indicating percent of total sales, value of shipments, or revenue imputedEach record includes a CONCENES code, which represents a specific concentration ratio category for establishments.The data are shown for concentration ratio ranges.Definitions can be found by clicking on the column header in the table or by accessing the Economic Census Glossary..Unit(s) of Observation.The reporting units for the Economic Census of Island Areas are employer establishments. An establishment is generally a single physical location where business is conducted or where services or industrial operations are performed..Geography Coverage.The data are shown for employer establishments and firms that vary by industry:At the Territory level for Puerto RicoFor information about economic census geographies, including changes for 2022, see Geographies..Industry Coverage.The data are shown at the 2- through 4-digit 2022 NAICS code levels for selected economic census sectors and geographies.For information about NAICS, see Economic Census Code Lists..Sampling.The Economic Census of Island Areas is a complete enumeration of establishments located in the islands (i.e., all establishments on the sampling frame are included in the sample). Therefore, the accuracy of tabulations is not affected by sampling error..Confidentiality.The Census Bureau has reviewed this data product to ensure appropriate access, use, and disclosure avoidance protection of the confidential source data (Project No. 7504609, Disclosure Review Board (DRB) approval number: CBDRB-FY24-0044).The primary method of disclosure avoidance protection is noise infusion. Under this method, the quantitative data values such as sales or payroll for each establishment are perturbed prior to tabulation by applying a random noise multiplier (i.e., factor). Each establishment is assigned a single noise factor, which is applied to all its quantitative data value. Using this method, most published cell totals are perturbed by at most a few percentage points.To comply with disclosure avoidance guidelines, data rows with fewer than three contributing establishments are not presented. For more information on disclosure avoidance, see Methodology for the 2022 Economic Census- Island Areas..Technical Documentation/Methodology.For detailed information about the methods used to collect data and produce statistics, see Methodology for the 2022 Economic Census- Island Areas.For more information about survey questionnaires, Primary Business Activity/NAICS codes, and NAPCS codes, see Economic Census Technical Documentation..Weights.Because the Economic Census of Island Areas is a complete enumeration, there is no sample weighting..Table Information.FTP Download.https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/economic-census/data/2022/sector00.API Information.Economic census data are housed in the Census Bureau Application Programming Interface (API)..Symbols.D - Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual companies; data are included in higher level totalsN - Not available or not comparableS - Estimate does not meet publication standards because of high sampling variability, poor response quality, or other concerns about the estimate quality. Unpublished estimates derived from this table by subtraction are subject to these same limitations and should not be attributed to the U.S. Census Bureau. For a description of publication standards and the total quantity response rate, see link to program methodology page.X - Not applicableA - Relative standard error of 100% or morer - Reviseds - Relative standard error exceeds 40%For a complete list of symbols, see Economic Census Data ...

Notes: BREF = Banking reform and interest rate liberalization indicator; KOPEN = Financial Openness Index; ASSB = Asset share of state-owned banks; ASFB = Asset share of foreign-owned banks; CR3 = The percentage share of the three largest banks; NB = Numbers of banks; HHI = Herfindahl-Hirschmann index; Z_SCORE = Z-Score index; ROA = Return on Assets; LLR_GL = Ratio of loan-loss provisions to total loans; LA_TD = Ratio of liquid assets to total deposits and borrowing funds; TA = Total assets; GDP_G = GDP growth rate; IR = Inflation rate; FIN_INT = Level of financial intermediation; IRS = Interest rate spread; ROL = Rule of law; RQ = Regulatory quality.

ObjectivesOptimizing the pharmaceutical industrial structure is the key mission of China’s healthcare reform. From the industrial structure perspective, this study empirically evaluated the impact of China’s national volume-based procurement (NVBP) policy on market concentration in the hospital-end drug market.MethodsThis study used drug procurement data of China’s public medical institutions which obtained from the national database. A quasi-natural experiment was designed involving eleven pairs of matched treatment-control region combinations, with NVBP policy as the intervention measure. The market was defined by drug name (molecular boundary) and city/province (geographical boundary). Market changes were measured from three dimensions: the number of enterprises and products, market share, and Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI). Dual comparison approach and difference-in-difference (DID) method with fixed effect model were applied to quantify policy impacts.ResultsThe number of enterprises and products decreased by 18 and 83 in pilot regions after NVBP policy, far more than the decreases in control regions (6 and 21). The accumulative market share of 15 bid-winning enterprises increased by 53.67% in volume and 18.79% in value, among which the increment of enterprises with low baseline market share was more prominent (66.64% and 36.40%). Among three enterprise types, the market share of generic consistency evaluation (GCE) certificated generics significantly increased, GCE uncertificated generics significantly decreased, and originators slightly decreased. DID models indicated significantly positive impact of NVBP policy on market concentration, with HHI-volume and HHI-value increasing by 49.33% (β = 0.401, p < 0.01) and 21.05% (β = 0.191, p < 0.01).ConclusionThe implementation of NVBP promoted the intensive drug circulation and supply of Chinese public hospitals, intensifying the exit of GCE uncertificated generics from the hospital-end market. NVBP combined with GCE standards significantly improved market concentration, which brought a positive signal of pharmaceutical industrial structure optimization in China. In the future context of normalized and institutionalized NVBP, the balance should be further sought between low drug prices and reliable hospital drug supply, sustainable industry development.

Key Table Information.Table Title.Selected Sectors: Concentration of Largest Firms for the U.S.: 2022.Table ID.ECNSIZE2022.EC2200SIZECONCEN.Survey/Program.Economic Census.Year.2022.Dataset.ECN Core Statistics Economic Census: Establishment and Firm Size Statistics for the U.S..Source.U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 Economic Census, Core Statistics.Release Date.2025-04-24.Release Schedule.The Economic Census occurs every five years, in years ending in 2 and 7.The data in this file come from the 2022 Economic Census data files released on a flow basis starting in January 2024 with First Look Statistics. Preliminary U.S. totals released in January 2024 are superseded with final data shown in the releases of later economic census statistics through March 2026.For more information about economic census planned data product releases, see 2022 Economic Census Release Schedule..Dataset Universe.The dataset universe consists of all establishments that are in operation for at least some part of 2022, are located in one of the 50 U.S. states, associated offshore areas, or the District of Columbia, have paid employees, and are classified in one of nineteen in-scope sectors defined by the 2022 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)..Methodology.Data Items and Other Identifying Records.Number of firmsNumber of establishmentsSales, value of shipments, or revenue ($1,000)Annual payroll ($1,000)First-quarter payroll ($1,000)Number of employeesSales, value of shipments, or revenue of largest firms as percent of total sales, value of shipments, or revenue(%)Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (based on sales, value of shipments, or revenue)(%)Range indicating imputed percentage of total sales, value of shipments, or revenueRange indicating imputed percentage of total annual payrollRange indicating imputed percentage of total employeesDefinitions can be found by clicking on the column header in the table or by accessing the Economic Census Glossary..Unit(s) of Observation.The reporting units for the economic census are employer establishments. An establishment is generally a single physical location where business is conducted or where services or industrial operations are performed. A company or firm is comprised of one or more in-scope establishments that operate under the ownership or control of a single organization. For some industries, the reporting units are instead groups of all establishments in the same industry belonging to the same firm..Geography Coverage.The data are shown for the U.S. levels only. For information about economic census geographies, including changes for 2022, see Geographies..Industry Coverage.The data are shown at the 2- through 6-digit 2022 NAICS code levels for all economic census sectors except Agriculture (11) and Management of Companies and Enterprises (55). For information about NAICS, see Economic Census Code Lists..Sampling.The 2022 Economic Census sample includes all active operating establishments of multi-establishment firms and approximately 1.7 million single-establishment firms, stratified by industry and state. Establishments selected to the sample receive a questionnaire. For all data on this table, establishments not selected into the sample are represented with administrative data. For more information about the sample design, see 2022 Economic Census Methodology..Confidentiality.The Census Bureau has reviewed this data product to ensure appropriate access, use, and disclosure avoidance protection of the confidential source data (Project No. 7504609, Disclosure Review Board (DRB) approval number: CBDRB-FY23-099).To protect confidentiality, the U.S. Census Bureau suppresses cell values to minimize the risk of identifying a particular business’ data or identity.To comply with disclosure avoidance guidelines, data rows with fewer than three contributing firms or three contributing establishments are not presented. Additionally, establishment counts are suppressed when other select statistics in the same row are suppressed. More information on disclosure avoidance is available in the 2022 Economic Census Methodology..Technical Documentation/Methodology.For detailed information about the methods used to collect data and produce statistics, survey questionnaires, Primary Business Activity/NAICS codes, NAPCS codes, and more, see Economic Census Technical Documentation..Weights.No weighting applied as establishments not sampled are represented with administrative data..Table Information.FTP Download.https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/economic-census/data/2022/sector00/.API Information.Economic census data are housed in the Census Bureau Application Programming Interface (API)..Symbols.D - Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual companies; data are included in higher level totalsN - Not available or not comparableS - Estimate does not meet publication standards because of high sampling variability, poor response quality, or other concerns about the estimate quality. Unp...

Release Date: 2020-12-03.Release Schedule:.The data in this file are based on the 2017 Economic Census. For more information about economic census planned data product releases, see Economic Census: About: 2017 Release Schedules...Key Table Information:.Includes only establishments and firms with payroll..Data may be subject to employment- and/or sales-size minimums that vary by industry...Data Items and Other Identifying Records:.Number of firms.Number of establishments.Sales, value of shipments, or revenue ($1,000).Annual payroll ($1,000).First-quarter payroll ($1,000).Number of employees.Sales, value of shipments, or revenue of largest firms as percent of total sales, value of shipments, or revenue (%).Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (%).Range indicating percent of total sales, value of shipments, or revenue imputed.Range indicating percent of total annual payroll imputed.Range indicating percent of total employees imputed..Each record includes a code which represents the concentration of sales, value of shipments, or revenue by largest firm size ranges...For Wholesale Trade (42), data are published by Type of Operation (All establishments)...Geography Coverage:.The data are shown for employer establishments and firms at the U.S. level only. For information about economic census geographies, including changes for 2017, see Economic Census: Economic Geographies...Industry Coverage:.The data are shown at the 2- through 6-digit 2017 NAICS code levels for all economic census sectors (except Management of Companies and Enterprises (55)). For information about NAICS, see Economic Census: Technical Documentation: Economic Census Code Lists...Footnotes:.Transportation and Warehousing (48-49): footnote 106- Railroad transportation and U.S. Postal Service are out of scope...FTP Download:.Download the entire table at: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/economic-census/data/2017/sector00/EC1700SIZECONCEN.zip..API Information:.Economic census data are housed in the Census Bureau API. For more information, see Explore Data: Developers: Available APIs: Economic Census..Methodology:.To maintain confidentiality, the U.S. Census Bureau suppresses data to protect the identity of any business or individual. The census results in this file contain sampling and/or nonsampling error. Data users who create their own estimates using data from this file should cite the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data only...To comply with disclosure avoidance guidelines, data rows with fewer than three contributing establishments are not presented. Additionally, establishment counts are suppressed when other select statistics in the same row are suppressed. For detailed information about the methods used to collect and produce statistics, including sampling, eligibility, questions, data collection and processing, data quality, review, weighting, estimation, coding operations, confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and more, see Economic Census: Technical Documentation: Methodology...Symbols:.D - Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual companies; data are included in higher level totals.N - Not available or not comparable.S - Estimate does not meet publication standards because of high sampling variability, poor response quality, or other concerns about the estimate quality. Unpublished estimates derived from this table by subtraction are subject to these same limitations and should not be attributed to the U.S. Census Bureau. For a description of publication standards and the total quantity response rate, see link to program methodology page..X - Not applicable.A - Relative standard error of 100% or more.r - Revised.s - Relative standard error exceeds 40%.For a complete list of symbols, see Economic Census: Technical Documentation: Data Dictionary.. .Source:.U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 Economic Census.For information about the economic census, see Business and Economy: Economic Census...Contact Information:.U.S. Census Bureau.For general inquiries:. (800) 242-2184/ (301) 763-5154. ewd.outreach@census.gov.For specific data questions:. (800) 541-8345.For additional contacts, see Economic Census: About: Contact Us.

Global interest rate (gross - gross), for options, total (all currencies), total (all currencies), total (all maturities), non-reporters, All countries (total), All countries (total), total (all ratings), total (all sectors), total (all methods), herfindahl index

Global foreign exchange (gross - gross), for options, total (all currencies), total (all currencies), total (all maturities), reporting dealers, All countries (total), All countries (total), total (all ratings), total (all sectors), total (all methods), herfindahl index

Global interest rate (gross - gross), for forward rate agreements, total (all currencies), swiss franc, total (all maturities), total (all counterparties), All countries (total), All countries (total), total (all ratings), total (all sectors), total (all methods), herfindahl index

Global interest rate (gross - gross), for forward rate agreements, total (all currencies), total (all currencies), total (all maturities), non-reporters, All countries (total), All countries (total), total (all ratings), total (all sectors), total (all methods), herfindahl index

Global foreign exchange (gross - gross), for forwards and swaps, total (all currencies), total (all currencies), total (all maturities), total (all counterparties), All countries (total), All countries (total), total (all ratings), total (all sectors), total (all methods), herfindahl index