This paper explores how Japan’s aging population impacts the politics of monetary policy. Previous research suggest that the elderly have a variety of distinct policy preferences. Given that elderly voters also have higher voting rates, the rapid greying of the population could have significant effects on distributive struggles over economic policy across much of the developed world. In Japan, aging is advancing rapidly, and the central bank has engaged in massive monetary stimulus to induce inflation, which existing work suggests the elderly should oppose. Analyzing results from three surveys, this paper has three central findings: (1) the elderly tend to have higher inflation aversion, (2) the elderly display some opposition to quantitative easing (QE), and (3) despite such policy preferences, the concentration of elderly in electoral districts has no significant effect on the preferences either of legislative incumbents or candidates. The third finding is attributable to the fact that elderly opposition to quantitative easing is moderated by their partisan identification. Elderly Liberal Democratic Party voters have systematically lower opposition to quantitative easing, likely reflecting that these voters have aligned their preferences with the LDP’s policies.

In 2024, Japan had an average inflation rate estimated at 2.74 percent, marking the highest rate of inflation in Japan in almost a decade. However, this figure was still very low compared to most other major economies, such as Japan's fellow G7 members, four of which had inflation rates around six or seven percent in 2023 due to the global inflation crisis. Why is Japan's inflation rate lower? There are a number of contributing factors to Japan's relatively low inflation rate, even during economic crises. Japan eased its Covid restrictions more slowly than most other major economies, this prevented post-pandemic consumer spending that may have driven inflation through supply chain issues caused by higher demand. As the majority of Japan's food and energy comes from overseas, and has done so for decades, the government has mechanisms in place to prevent energy and wheat prices from rising too quickly. Because of this, Japan was able to shield its private sector from many of the negative knock on effects from Russia's invasion of Ukraine, which had a significant impact on both sectors globally. Persistent deflation and national debt An additional factor that has eased the impact of inflation on Japan's economy is the fact that it experienced deflation before the pandemic. Deflation has been a persistent problem in Japan since the asset price bubble burst in 1992, and has been symptomatic of Japan's staggering national debt thereafter. For almost 30 years, a combination of quantitative easing, low interest rates (below 0.5 percent since 1995, and at -0.1% since 2016), and a lack of spending due to low wages and an aging population have combined to give Japan the highest national debt in the world in absolute terms, and second-highest debt in relation to its GDP, after Venezuela. Despite this soaring debt, Japan remains the fourth-largest economy in the world, behind the U.S., China, and Germany.

In 2023, a consensus from senior clients of consulting firms suggested that high and/or rising inflation had the most strongly negative impact on the consulting market in the United Kingdom. Conversely, ongoing international trade tensions was seen as the factor having the most positive impact on the market.

The Global Inflation Devices market was valued at USD 608.42 million in 2022 and will reach USD 892.08 million by 2030, registering a CAGR of 4.9% for the forecast period 2023-2030. Rising demand for minimally invasive procedures: The term "minimally invasive surgery" refers to surgical procedures that minimize the size of incisions required, speeding up wound healing and lowering pain and infection risks. The basic goals of minimally invasive surgery are to reduce bodily harm, reduce post-surgical discomfort, and promote speedy recovery. It is associated with a shorter hospital stay, less discomfort, and very few problems. Minimally invasive procedures can be used for both therapy and diagnostics. Demand for the tools needed to properly complete a minimally invasive surgery is expected to increase as more patients turn to these types of operations. Due to the important role that inflation devices play in minimally invasive cardiac operations, the market is expected to rise in popularity in the future.

Rising growth in the geriatric population: According to WHO 1 in 6 individuals on the globe will be 60 or older by 2030. By this point, there will be 1.4 billion people over the age of 60, up from 1 billion in 2020. The number of individuals in the world who are 60 or older will double (to 2.1 billion) by 2050. Between 2020 and 2050, the number of people 80 or older is projected to treble, reaching 426 million. Aging plays a significant role in the occurrence of urological and cardiovascular disorders. As a result, the need for management tools like angioplasty to treat such conditions grows along with the aging population. As a result, the market will develop due to the rising prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and the aging population, which will raise the need for disease management strategies.

Restraining factors: High cost and complications associated with the interventional cardiology procedure: The cost of surgical procedures for patients increases due to the high cost of surgical devices and the significant investment needed for installation. This has caused customers to switch to secondhand systems, which negatively affects their bottom lines. Complex surgeries require advanced techniques and skills, and the cost of equipment and surgeries increases due to the maintenance and power supply requirements, which limits inflation device adoption. Radiation damage, myocardial infarction, and hematoma are a few of the complications associated with using interventional cardiology instruments. Coronary perforations and embolism device issues such as coronary implant loss, notably coronary stent dislodgement, lost scaffold, guidewire loss, and balloon fracture limit the use of interventional cardiology devices. All these factors hamper the market growth of inflation devices.

Impact of COVID- 19 pandemic on the inflation devices market: The need for medical equipment has changed because of COVID-19. While the devices used to treat COVID-19 patients in critical care experienced an increase in demand, other devices suffered as a result of delayed or canceled treatments. Few people who have COVID-19 infection, however, have an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, angioplasty should be performed to treat cardiovascular disorders such as coronary artery disease, which requires inflating devices. As a result, the market is anticipated to have a favorable effect in the years after COVID-19.

An inflating device is used to inflate angioplasty devices that need to be dilated. It has a luminous analog pressure gauge, an incredibly comfortable grip, and braided high-pressure tubing with a rotating male luer fitting. The market for inflation devices is expanding because of several factors, including rising growth in the geriatric population, rising cardiovascular and urological disease prevalence, rising demand for minimally invasive procedures, and increased medical reimbursement for such procedures in developed regions.

Elderly Wearable Airbag Vest Market Outlook

The global market size for elderly wearable airbag vests was valued at approximately USD 250 million in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 1.2 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 18.7% during the forecast period. Key growth factors for this market include the increasing aging population worldwide, the rising incidence of falls among the elderly, and advancements in wearable technology aimed at enhancing personal safety.

The growing elderly population is a significant driver of the market. According to the World Health Organization, the global population aged 60 years and older is expected to reach 2 billion by 2050. This demographic shift is leading to a higher incidence of fall-related injuries, which are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among older adults. Wearable airbag vests, designed to provide immediate protection upon detecting a fall, are increasingly being adopted as a preventive measure. The efficacy and ease of use of these devices make them a popular choice among the elderly and their caregivers.

Technological advancements are also propelling the market forward. Innovations in sensor technology, artificial intelligence, and materials science are enhancing the functionality and comfort of wearable airbag vests. Modern vests are equipped with sophisticated sensors that can accurately detect the onset of a fall and deploy airbags within milliseconds to cushion the impact. These advancements not only improve the safety features but also make the devices more comfortable to wear, thereby increasing user compliance.

Government initiatives and policies aimed at elderly care and fall prevention are further bolstering the market. Many countries are implementing programs to support the health and well-being of their aging populations. For instance, various health departments and organizations are providing subsidies for the purchase of fall prevention devices, including wearable airbag vests. Such initiatives not only aid in market growth but also raise awareness about the importance of fall prevention among the elderly.

The introduction of Smart Airbag Coats represents a significant advancement in personal safety technology, particularly for the elderly. These coats are designed to integrate seamlessly into everyday wear, providing discreet yet effective protection against falls. Unlike traditional airbag vests, Smart Airbag Coats offer a stylish alternative that does not compromise on safety. They incorporate advanced sensors and algorithms to detect falls and deploy airbags swiftly, ensuring maximum protection. This innovation not only enhances the safety of elderly individuals but also addresses concerns about the aesthetics and comfort of wearable safety devices. As the market for elderly wearable airbag technology continues to grow, Smart Airbag Coats are poised to become a popular choice among consumers seeking both functionality and style.

Regionally, North America is expected to hold the largest market share during the forecast period, driven by a well-established healthcare infrastructure and high awareness levels regarding elderly care. However, the Asia Pacific region is anticipated to exhibit the highest growth rate due to its rapidly aging population and increasing healthcare expenditure. Countries like Japan, China, and India are significant contributors to this regional growth.

Product Type Analysis

In the elderly wearable airbag vest market, the product type segment is divided into automatic inflation and manual inflation vests. Automatic inflation vests are designed to deploy airbags automatically upon detecting a fall, offering a hands-free safety solution. These vests are gaining popularity due to their ease of use and reliability. They incorporate advanced sensors and algorithms to accurately detect falls and trigger inflation within milliseconds. The high adoption rate of automatic inflation vests is driven by the preference for convenience and the ability to provide immediate protection without user intervention.

Manual inflation vests, on the other hand, require the user to activate the inflation mechanism manually. While these vests are generally less expensive compared to their automatic counterparts, they are less favored due to the requirement for user action, which may not be feasible during a fall. However, manual inflation vests are still relevant in certain scenarios, such a

Inflation Rate in Pakistan decreased to 3.20 percent in June from 3.50 percent in May of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Pakistan Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

In 2023, a consensus from senior clients of consulting firms suggested that high and/or rising inflation had the most strongly negative impact on the consulting market in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Conversely, supply chain challenges were seen as the factor having the most positive impact on the market.

The global market for elderly anti-fall airbag vests is poised for significant growth, driven by an aging global population and rising concerns about fall-related injuries among the elderly. With a current market size estimated at $251 million in 2025 and a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.3%, the market is projected to reach substantial value by 2033. Key drivers include increasing awareness of fall prevention strategies, technological advancements leading to more comfortable and effective airbag vest designs, and supportive government initiatives promoting elderly care and safety. The market is segmented by application (offline retail and online channels) and type (active and passive protection airbags). Online channels are expected to witness faster growth due to increased e-commerce penetration and convenience for consumers. Passive protection airbags, offering automatic inflation upon impact, are likely to dominate the market due to their ease of use and superior fall protection compared to active protection systems requiring manual activation. Geographic regions like North America and Europe, with their aging populations and higher disposable incomes, currently represent significant market shares, though rapid growth is anticipated in Asia-Pacific regions due to rising elderly populations and increasing healthcare spending. However, high initial costs associated with the vests and a lack of awareness in certain regions represent potential restraints to market growth. Leading companies are actively investing in research and development to improve product features, enhance user comfort, and expand distribution channels. The competitive landscape features both established players like Dainese and Alpinestars, known for their expertise in protective gear, and specialized companies focused exclusively on airbag vest technology, such as Hövding and Helite. The ongoing innovation focuses on minimizing the bulk and maximizing the comfort of these vests to encourage wider adoption. Future growth will heavily rely on overcoming the price barrier through manufacturing improvements and increased economies of scale, as well as public health campaigns aimed at educating the elderly and their caregivers about the benefits of this life-saving technology. Further market segmentation based on specific fall risk factors and individual user needs will also contribute to expanding market reach and tailoring solutions for diverse elderly populations.

This statistic shows the average inflation rate in South Korea from 1987 to 2024, with projections up until 2030. In 2024, the average inflation rate in South Korea amounted to about 2.32 percent compared to the previous year. For further info, see the South Korean GDP. South Korea's low inflation High rates of inflation are undesireable, just like low rates, and South Korea is currently struggling with the latter. South Korea is actually an affluent country and currently ranks 11th on the list of the 20 countries with the largest GDP, but its inflation rate is subject to concern, as it is currently at levels below 2 percent. However, there is still hope that inflation will return to stable rates between 3 and 4.5 percent in the next few years, and there are also signs that consumer confidence is rising after two years of weak economic growth and sluggish domestic consumption and investment. The unemployment rate remains low with levels staying in the range of 3 percent - close to full employment – yet there are still obstacles including an aging population and a heavy reliance on exports. At present, South Korea is attempting to balance its reliance on exports by expanding the service industry, especially as the export market slows.

Peripheral Balloon Market Outlook

As of 2023, the global Peripheral Balloon market size is valued at approximately USD 1.5 billion, projected to grow to USD 2.6 billion by 2032, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.4%. The growth of this market is driven by the increasing prevalence of peripheral artery diseases (PAD) and venous diseases, advancements in balloon catheter technologies, and rising demand for minimally invasive procedures.

One of the primary growth factors for the Peripheral Balloon market is the global rise in the incidence of peripheral artery diseases (PAD). PAD affects millions of individuals worldwide, and it is primarily caused by the build-up of fatty deposits in the arteries, which impedes blood flow to the limbs. The aging population is particularly susceptible to PAD, leading to an increased demand for peripheral balloons used in treating these conditions. Furthermore, advancements in medical technology have led to the development of more effective and safer balloon catheters, which has further fueled market growth.

Another significant growth factor is the increasing preference for minimally invasive procedures over traditional surgical methods. Peripheral balloon angioplasty is a minimally invasive procedure that involves the insertion of a small balloon-tipped catheter into a narrowed or blocked artery. This approach offers numerous advantages, including reduced recovery times, lower risk of complications, and shorter hospital stays. As healthcare providers and patients alike seek to minimize the invasiveness of treatments, the demand for peripheral balloons continues to rise.

Moreover, the introduction of drug-coated balloons (DCBs) has revolutionized the field of peripheral interventions. These balloons are coated with antiproliferative drugs that help prevent restenosis, or the re-narrowing of blood vessels, which is a common issue following angioplasty. Clinical studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of DCBs in reducing restenosis rates, making them a preferred choice among healthcare professionals. The growing adoption of DCBs is expected to drive significant market growth in the coming years.

In the realm of minimally invasive procedures, the Balloon-Inflation Device plays a pivotal role. This device is crucial for the precise inflation of balloon catheters during angioplasty, ensuring that the balloon expands to the correct diameter to effectively dilate narrowed arteries. The accuracy and reliability of Balloon-Inflation Devices are paramount, as they directly impact the success of the procedure and patient outcomes. With advancements in technology, these devices have become more sophisticated, offering features such as pressure monitoring and automated inflation, which enhance the safety and efficacy of peripheral interventions. As the demand for minimally invasive procedures continues to rise, the importance of high-quality Balloon-Inflation Devices cannot be overstated.

From a regional perspective, North America holds a dominant position in the Peripheral Balloon market, driven by the high prevalence of peripheral artery diseases, a well-established healthcare infrastructure, and the presence of major market players. Europe follows closely, with increasing government initiatives to improve healthcare facilities and rising awareness about peripheral vascular diseases. The Asia-Pacific region is anticipated to witness the highest growth rate, attributed to the growing aging population, increasing healthcare expenditure, and improving access to advanced medical technologies.

Product Type Analysis

The Peripheral Balloon market is segmented by product type into Standard Balloons, High-Pressure Balloons, Cutting Balloons, Scoring Balloons, and Drug-Coated Balloons. Standard balloons are the most commonly used type and are primarily employed in routine angioplasty procedures. These balloons are designed to dilate narrowed or blocked blood vessels, helping to restore normal blood flow. Their widespread adoption and cost-effectiveness make them a significant segment within the market.

High-Pressure Balloons are specifically designed to withstand higher inflation pressures, making them suitable for treating more complex and calcified lesions. These balloons are particularly useful in cases where standard balloons may not be effective. The demand for high-pressure balloons is driven by the increasing prevalence of calcified vascular diseases and the need for mo

Results of GLMM.

In recent years, beauty product manufacturers have faced significant losses due to unfavorable economic conditions, including high inflation and increasing economic uncertainty. Many cosmetics and beauty products are considered discretionary, causing sales to weaken when disposable income drops. Heightened inflationary pressures in recent years pushed consumers to postpone purchases to downgrade to more affordable products, contributing to revenue losses between 2020 and 2022. Although domestic manufacturers have begun to recover, recent gains are largely driven by higher selling prices despite the smaller basket sizes. Since 2020, revenue has weakened by an estimated CAGR of 1.2% to reach $45.3 billion in 2025, including a 2.4% gain that year alone. During such times, consumers tend to opt for more affordable options, leading to a surge in imports to meet domestic demand. Imported beauty products have gained a larger share of the domestic market, especially those from countries like France, Italy and South Korea, which are perceived to offer higher quality. The growing demand for innovative, inclusive, sustainable and technical products—especially anti-aging and luxury items—creates growth opportunities for domestic manufacturers. Also, companies like Glossier, which leverages social media marketing and the heightened demand for US-made products, have successfully reached international consumers, driving an increase in exports. The ongoing economic recovery is expected to benefit domestic beauty product manufacturers. As consumer confidence and disposable income climb, spending on discretionary items like beauty products will likely increase, supporting manufacturers' performance. The anticipated decline in the world price of zinc, a key material for manufacturers, due to resolved international conflicts, will boost producers' profit. Similarly, the expected depreciation of the US dollar will enhance the performance of domestic producers both domestically and internationally. These factors are set to cause revenue to accelerate at an annualized 2.5% to $51.3 billion through the end of 2025.

Demographic trends play a major role in shaping the healthcare landscape, as economic factors and an aging population contribute to fast-rising healthcare spending. While consumers are spending more on healthcare services in the US, healthcare providers are confronting complex challenges related to labor, competition and tech advances. The COVID-19 pandemic exposed healthcare and social assistance providers to unprecedented financial and operational pressures, with the lasting impacts still shaping every corner of the sector in 2024. Providers continue to grapple with workforce shortages intensified by the pandemic, resulting in ongoing staffing and recruitment challenges that pressure wage growth and new strategies to recruit and retain. At the same time, consolidation activity is reshaping the healthcare landscape, with more patients than ever receiving care from massive, integrated health systems rather than independent ones. Meanwhile, social assistance providers are finding it difficult to meet rising demand. Despite this challenging operating environment, revenue has been expanding at a CAGR of 3.1% to an estimated $4.1 trillion over the past five years, with revenue rising an expected 3.2% in 2025. Healthcare and social assistance providers are struggling to address staffing challenges. The pandemic exacerbated existing staffing shortages, as the physical and mental toll of the pandemic pushed some to leave the sector entirely. Persistent labor shortages jeopardize healthcare and social assistance providers' ability to address demand, creating widespread staff burnout, high turnover rates and wage inflation. While the health sector labor market began stabilizing in 2024, alleviating wage pressures, an undersized workforce still leaves hundreds of thousands of jobs open. Statewide and federal initiatives have been enacted to direct investment into building a more robust workforce. Demographic trends will continue to be the driving force behind rising healthcare spending moving forward. However, increasing demand and elevated costs will pressure healthcare and social assistance providers to shift how they operate. Some regulatory measures, like the Inflation Reduction Act, could mitigate rising costs in some areas, specifically pharmaceuticals. Consolidation activity will ramp up as smaller providers join larger health groups to secure larger insurer reimbursements through negotiating power. Digital tools and telehealth will become central in healthcare delivery because of their ability to lower costs, increase capacity, bridge health inequities and improve patient outcomes. In all, sector revenue will grow at a CAGR of 2.6% to reach an estimated $4.7 trillion over the next five years.

Wages in the United States increased 4.72 percent in May of 2025 over the same month in the previous year. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States Wages and Salaries Growth - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

According to Cognitive Market Research, the sports equipment Market Size will be USD XX Million in 2024 and is set to achieve a market size of USD XX Million by the end of 2031 growing at a CAGR of XX% from 2025 to 2033

• North America held share of XX% in the year 2024 • Europe held share of XX% in the year 2024 • Asia-Pacific held share of XX% in the year 2024 • South America held share of XX% in the year 2024 • Middle East and Africa held share of XX% in the year 2024

Key Drivers for sports equipment market

Rising interest towards sports activities is positively affecting the market.

The market for sports equipment is constantly growing with increasing demand from all segments in the market and consumers increasing interest in sports is leading to growth of spots equipment. The increasing sports games and actives across regions is feeling the spending on sports equipment resulting in increasing revenue and catering to market demand. This is due to the rising consumer awareness regarding the importance of health and fitness and adaptation of actively lifestyle indulging in physical sports. The sports equipment market has very high projected year on year growth with increase in sport activates involving women, senior citizen sports and growing youth participation. The post pandemic situation is positively affecting the market growth consumer investing in their health and goo quality sports equipment’s.

The increasing interest in sports activates also have surges the brand to enter into active collaboration to expand their market shares and these partnerships are promoting sport equipment. The exclusive partnerships between sportswear and equipment brands is generating substantial amount of revenue in the retail market increasing fan base revenue and overall sales of the equipment’s.

People becoming more concerned about health and safety which leads to increasing interest in sports are actively sorting out convenient ways to stay fit and safe both these factors actively contributing to the growing market for sports equipment’s.

Key Restraints for sports equipment market

Rising prices of sport equipment is restricting market growth.

The market of sports equipment has witness tremendous growth in the recent years due to increasing interest in sports, brand collaboration and increasing safety concerns. The market growth is restricted by the rising prices of sports equipment. The rising inflation is causing a price hike in the sport equipment market and the consumer have to pay the price. Many participants of the game are pivoting away due to rising prices of the equipment. The increasing tariff and political instability is also cause prices to increase in the market. the increasing prices if affecting market negatively impacting the sale of these sports equipment. This is substantially affecting the revenue growth in the market and demand for the sport equipment market is affected due to this restraint. The increasing prices make it difficult for families to afford basic sports equipment resulting in decreasing sales in the market

This increasing prices of sports equipment is constantly hampering market demand and consumer perception resulting slowdown in the sale of sports equipment market which impacting the revenue generation and overall market demand. Introduction of the sports equipment market

The market of sports equipment is increasing rapidly with substantial rise in revenue and growing demand for sports equipment. The growing interest in the sports activities is driving the market for sports equipment market as major brand are entering partnerships with athletes and teams increasing market reach for their products. The market has seen substantial increase interest in sports actively which is consistently increasing revenue in the sport equipment market. As the market of sports equipment is growing significantly increasing revenue and demand in the market across different sports the rising prices of sports equipment is a substantial restrain that is restricting the market. The rising prices of sports equipment hamper the market growth resulting in consumer preference shift from high quality original goods. The rising inflation has a substantial effect on the market leadi...

Since 2020, benefit administration services companies have faced significant volatility driven by various economic conditions. The pandemic led to a sharp drop in business sales and employment, constraining demand for benefit administration services. However, a surge in investments in health plans helped the industry maintain stability, enabling revenue to rise markedly in 2020. The post-pandemic recovery brought increased employment and corporate profit, providing a temporary boost to revenue. Regardless, concerns about viruses waned, investment in health plans decreased and inflation pushed providers to reduce spending, driving some businesses to manage benefits in-house and ultimately slowing demand for the industry’s services in 2021 and 2022. Despite this restrained growth, high corporate profit enabled the boom of the tech and finance sectors, fueled by AI advancements, which drove strong revenue gains in 2023 and 2024 and pushed up profit’s revenue share over the past five years. Despite only modest revenue growth, the industry has experienced a major increase in establishments and enterprises, heightening internal competition. Meanwhile, technological transformation, which includes automation, AI and data analytics, has enhanced efficiency but limited employment and wage growth, positioning providers for long-term, technology-driven expansion. Overall, revenue for benefit administration services companies has expanded at a CAGR of 3.6% over the past five years, reaching $308.3 billion in 2025. This includes a 1.5% rise in revenue in that year. Moving forward, the industry faces major opportunities and challenges. The imposition of major tariffs by the Trump administration in early 2025 is expected to raise consumer prices and manufacturing costs, potentially straining household spending and risking a US recession. Reduced consumer spending and lower corporate profit may lead businesses to limit investments in benefit administration and, in some cases, bring services in-house, slowing revenue growth. However, long-term economic projections remain positive because of the US’s increasing productive capacity, suggesting revenue will gradually recover as employment and business formation rebound. Additionally, the aging US population is anticipated to boost demand for complex retirement and health benefit plans, presenting new revenue opportunities for the industry’s players. Conversely, advances in workplace safety and automation are set to reduce workers’ compensation claims, impacting a minor portion of companies’ revenue. Simultaneously, the heightened focus on mental health and holistic wellness in employee benefits will compel providers to broaden their service offerings to stay competitive. Overall, revenue for benefit administration services businesses is forecast to creep upward at a CAGR of 0.9% over the next five years, reaching $322.2 billion in 2030.

This data package includes the underlying data files to replicate the data, tables, and charts presented in Why Trump’s tariff proposals would harm working Americans, PIIE Policy Brief 24-1.

If you use the data, please cite as: Clausing, Kimberly, and Mary E. Lovely. 2024. Why Trump’s tariff proposals would harm working Americans. PIIE Policy Brief 24-1. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

The EUR/USD exchange rate rose to 1.1770 on July 4, 2025, up 0.01% from the previous session. Over the past month, the Euro US Dollar Exchange Rate - EUR/USD has strengthened 2.84%, and is up by 8.60% over the last 12 months. Euro US Dollar Exchange Rate - EUR/USD - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

As of May 2022, the unemployment rate in India was recorded at nearly ***** percent, a decrease from the previous month. While the unemployment rate had significantly declined over the course of 2021 since having peaked in **********, the breakout of new coronavirus variants coupled with recurring lockdowns resulted in a fluctuating trend of unemployment gripping the nation. The trickle-down effect Between February and April 2020, the share of households that experienced a fall in income shot up to nearly ** percent. Inflation rates on goods and services including food products and fuel were expected to rise later this year. Social distancing resulted in job losses, specifically those within Indian society’s lower economic strata. Several households terminated domestic help services – essentially an unorganized monthly-paying job. Most Indians spent a large amount of time engaging in household chores themselves, making it the most widely practiced lockdown activity. Aid from the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana The most devastating impact of the virus and the lockdown had been on the economically backward classes, with limited access to proper healthcare and other resources. As a result the government launched various programs and campaigns to help sustain such households. Under the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana, *** billion Indian rupees were accrued and provided to around 331 million beneficiaries that included women, construction workers, farmers, and senior citizens. More aid was announced in mid-May, to mainly support small businesses through the crisis.

A survey conducted in February 2025 found that the most important issue for ** percent of Americans was inflation and prices. A further ** percent of respondents were most concerned about jobs and the economy.