High resolution orthorectified images combine the image characteristics of an aerial photograph with the geometric qualities of a map. An orthoimage is a uniform-scale image where corrections have been made for feature displacement such as building tilt and for scale variations caused by terrain relief, sensor geometry, and camera tilt. A mathematical equation based on ground control points, sensor calibration information, and a digital elevation model is applied to each pixel to rectify the image to obtain the geometric qualities of a map.

A digital orthoimage may be created from several photographs mosaicked to form the final image. The source imagery may be black-and-white, natural color, or color infrared with a pixel resolution of 1-meter or finer. With orthoimagery, the resolution refers to the distance on the ground represented by each pixel.

Aerial photographs were acquired for the Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands Benthic Mapping Project in 1999 by NOAA Aircraft Operation Centers aircraft and National Geodetic Survey cameras and personnel. Approximately 600, color, 9 by 9 inch photos were taken of the coastal waters of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands at 1:48000 scale. Specific sun angle and maximum percent cloud cover restrictions were adhered to when possible during photography missions to ensure collection of high quality imagery for the purpose of benthic mapping.Prints and diapositives were created from the original negatives. Diapositives were then scanned at a resolution of 500 dpi using a metric scanner, yielding 2.4 by 2.4 meter pixels for the 1:48000 scale photography. All scans were saved in TIF format for the purposes of orthorectification and photointerpretation. Original TIF's were also converted to *.jpg format to reduce file size and facilitate web-based image distribution. Images are currently available in jpeg format for download at 72, 150, and 500 dpi resolution. Historical images are available for some locations.

This aerial imagery dataset consists of high resolution (1 inch up to 1 meter) true color, infrared, 4-band, black and white, and hyperspectral ortho-rectified mosaic tiles collected in coastal areas to support shoreline and coastal mapping efforts. This data is created as a product from the NOAA Office for Coastal Management (OCM) from data collected by the NOAA National Geodetic Survey (NGS), the NOAA Office for Coastal Management (OCM) and the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). The source imagery was acquired from airplane flights from across the United States since 1944 and is an ongoing project. Ortho-rectified mosaic tiles are an ancillary product supporting the Interagency Working Group - Ocean and Coastal Mapping with a goal of increasing support for multiple uses of the data. Most of the data was collected through NOAA NGS's Coastal Mapping Program (CMP) and typically has a ground sample distance (GSD) for each pixel of 0.50 m, though more recent data may have a 0.35 m or 0.25 m GSD. Data collected by the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is typically higher resolution with 0.05 m GSD. The rest of the data was acquired by OCM. OCM has an agreement with NGS and the USACE to archive the imagery that is delivered to OCM. The data set includes Geotiff (.tif) or ERDAS Imagine .img format images with associated GIS tile index shapefiles and a manifest file.

Vertical aerial photography is an airborne mapping technique, which uses a high-resolution camera mounted vertically underneath the aircraft to capture reflected light in the red, green, blue and for some datasets, near infra-red spectrum. Images of the ground are captured at resolutions between 10cm and 50cm, and ortho-rectified using simultaneous LIDAR and GPS to a high spatial accuracy.

The Environment Agency has been capturing vertical aerial photography data regularly since 2006 on a project by project basis each ranging in coverage from a few square kilometers to hundreds of square kilometers. The data is available as a raster dataset in ECW (enhanced compressed wavelet) format as either a true colour (RGB), near infra-red (NIR) or a 4-band (RGBN) raster. Where imagery has been captured under incident response conditions and the lighting conditions may be sub-optimal this is defined by the prefix IR. The data are presented as tiles in British National Grid OSGB 1936 projections. Data is available in 5km download zip files for each year of survey. Within each zip file are ECW files aligned to the Ordinance Survey grid. The size of each tile is dependent upon the spatial resolution of the data.

Please refer to the metadata index catalgoues for the survey date captured, type of survey and spatial resolution of the imagery.

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Aerial Photography data set includes over 2.5 million film transparencies. Beginning in 1937, photographs were acquired for mapping purposes at different altitudes using various focal lengths and film types. The resultant black-and-white photographs contain less than 5 percent cloud cover and were acquired under rigid quality control and project specifications (e.g., stereo coverage, continuous area coverage of map or administrative units). Prior to the initiation of the National High Altitude Photography (NHAP) program in 1980, the USGS photography collection was one of the major sources of aerial photographs used for mapping the United States. Since 1980, the USGS has acquired photographs over project areas that require photographs at a larger scale than the photographs in the NHAP and National Aerial Photography Program collections.

World Imagery provides one meter or better satellite and aerial imagery for most of the world’s landmass and lower resolution satellite imagery worldwide. The map is currently comprised of the following sources:Worldwide 15-m resolution TerraColor imagery at small and medium map scales.Maxar imagery basemap products around the world: Vivid Premium at 15-cm HD resolution for select metropolitan areas, Vivid Advanced 30-cm HD for more than 1,000 metropolitan areas, and Vivid Standard from 1.2-m to 0.6-cm resolution for the most of the world, with 30-cm HD across the United States and parts of Western Europe. More information on the Maxar products is included below. High-resolution aerial photography contributed by the GIS User Community. This imagery ranges from 30-cm to 3-cm resolution. You can contribute your imagery to this map and have it served by Esri via the Community Maps Program. Maxar Basemap ProductsVivid PremiumProvides committed image currency in a high-resolution, high-quality image layer over defined metropolitan and high-interest areas across the globe. The product provides 15-cm HD resolution imagery.Vivid AdvancedProvides committed image currency in a high-resolution, high-quality image layer over defined metropolitan and high-interest areas across the globe. The product includes a mix of native 30-cm and 30-cm HD resolution imagery.Vivid StandardProvides a visually consistent and continuous image layer over large areas through advanced image mosaicking techniques, including tonal balancing and seamline blending across thousands of image strips. Available from 1.2-m down to 30-cm HD. More on Maxar HD. Imagery UpdatesYou can use the Updates Mode in the World Imagery Wayback app to learn more about recent and pending updates. Accessing this information requires a user login with an ArcGIS organizational account. CitationsThis layer includes imagery provider, collection date, resolution, accuracy, and source of the imagery. With the Identify tool in ArcGIS Desktop or the ArcGIS Online Map Viewer you can see imagery citations. Citations returned apply only to the available imagery at that location and scale. You may need to zoom in to view the best available imagery. Citations can also be accessed in the World Imagery with Metadata web map. UseYou can add this layer to the ArcGIS Online Map Viewer, ArcGIS Desktop, or ArcGIS Pro. To view this layer with a useful reference overlay, open the Imagery Hybrid web map. FeedbackHave you ever seen a problem in the Esri World Imagery Map that you wanted to report? You can use the Imagery Map Feedback web map to provide comments on issues. The feedback will be reviewed by the ArcGIS Online team and considered for one of our updates.

validation

This data set includes aerial photography of Barrow, Alaska, which has been geocorrected to a 2002 QuickBird satellite image or Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IFSAR) imagery. Photography included in the set is from these specific dates, from 1948 to 1997: 4 August 1948, 29 July 1949, 12-14 August 1955, 12-24 August 1962, 14 July 1964, 15 July 1979, 31 August 1984, and 16 July 1997.

Data are in GeoTIFF and ESRI Shapefile formats with FGDC compliant metadata. Data on DVD are available for ordering. Note: The data for 14 July 1964 span both DVDs.

This dataset consists of annotated high-resolution aerial imagery of roof materials in Bonn, Germany, in the Ultralytics YOLO instance segmentation dataset format. Aerial imagery was sourced from OpenAerialMap, specifically from the Maxar Open Data Program. Roof material labels and building outlines were sourced from OpenStreetMap. Images and labels are split into training, validation, and test sets, meant for future machine learning models to be trained upon, for both building segmentation and roof type classification.The dataset is intended for applications such as informing studies on thermal efficiency, roof durability, heritage conservation, or socioeconomic analyses. There are six roof material types: roof tiles, tar paper, metal, concrete, gravel, and glass.Note: The data is in a .zip due to file upload limits. Please find a more detailed dataset description in the README.md

Aerial photographs were acquired for the Main Eight Hawaiian Islands Benthic Mapping Project in 2000 by NOAA Aircraft Operation Centers aircraft and National Geodetic Survey cameras and personnel. Approximately 1,500, color, 9 by 9 inch photos were taken of the coastal waters of the Main Eight Hawaiian Island at 1:24,000 scale. Specific sun angle and maximum percent cloud cover were adhered to when possible during photography missions to ensure high quality imagery for the purpose of benthic mapping. Prints and diapositives were created from the original negatives. Diapositives were then scanned at a resolution of 500 dpi using a metric scanner, yielding 1.0 by 1.0 meter pixels for the 1:24,000 scale photography. All scans were saved in TIFF format for the purposes of orthorectification and photointerpretation. Original TIFFs were also converted to jpg format to reduce the file size and facilitate web based distribution. Images are currently available in jpeg format for download at 72, 150 and 500 dpi resolution.

This data set contains high-resolution QuickBird imagery and geospatial data for the entire Barrow QuickBird image area (156.15° W - 157.07° W, 71.15° N - 71.41° N) and Barrow B4 Quadrangle (156.29° W - 156.89° W, 71.25° N - 71.40° N), for use in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing software. The original QuickBird data sets were acquired by DigitalGlobe from 1 to 2 August 2002, and consist of orthorectified satellite imagery. Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC)-compliant metadata for all value-added data sets are provided in text, HTML, and XML formats.

Accessory layers include: 1:250,000- and 1:63,360-scale USGS Digital Raster Graphic (DRG) mosaic images (GeoTIFF format); 1:250,000- and 1:63,360-scale USGS quadrangle index maps (ESRI Shapefile format); an index map for the 62 QuickBird tiles (ESRI Shapefile format); and a simple polygon layer of the extent of the Barrow QuickBird image area and the Barrow B4 quadrangle area (ESRI Shapefile format).

Unmodified QuickBird data comprise 62 data tiles in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 in GeoTIFF format. Standard release files describing the QuickBird data are included, along with the DigitalGlobe license agreement and product handbooks.

The baseline geospatial data support education, outreach, and multi-disciplinary research of environmental change in Barrow, which is an area of focused scientific interest. Data are provided on four DVDs. This product is available only to investigators funded specifically from the National Science Foundation (NSF), Office of Polar Programs (OPP), Arctic Sciences Section. An NSF OPP award number must be provided when ordering this data. Contact NSIDC User Services at nsidc@nsidc.org to order the data, and include an NSF OPP award number in the email.

World Imagery provides one meter or better satellite and aerial imagery in many parts of the world and lower resolution satellite imagery worldwide. The map includes 15m TerraColor imagery at small and mid-scales (~1:591M down to ~1:288k) for the world. The map features Maxar imagery at 0.3m resolution for select metropolitan areas around the world, 0.5m resolution across the United States and parts of Western Europe, and 1m resolution imagery across the rest of the world. In addition to commercial sources, the World Imagery map features high-resolution aerial photography contributed by the GIS User Community. This imagery ranges from 0.3m to 0.03m resolution (down to ~1:280 in select communities). For more information on this map, including the terms of use, visit us online at http://goto.arcgisonline.com/maps/World_Imagery

The imagery posted on this site is of the Gulf Coast of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama after Hurricane Katrina made landfall. The regions photographed range from Grand Isle, Louisiana to Gulf Shores, Alabama. The aerial photograph missions were conducted by the NOAA Remote Sensing Division the day after Katrina made landfall, August 30 and concluded September 9. The images were acquired fro...

This dataset consists of unprocessed images and orthomosaic imagery of a barley field in Bozeman, Montana, collected throughout the growing season from emergence to maturity. The orthomosaics were used to develop an open-source workflow for extracting quantitative values from individual plots for downstream analysis of plant traits. This field exemplifies a challenge for plot extraction, as plots were planted with no border rows or alleys. Methods

UAV Imagery Collection:

Data was collected using a Mavic 2 Pro drone with the integrated Hasselblad L1D-20C RGB camera at an altitude of 90 feet (27.4 m). Flights were conducted over a barley field located west of Bozeman Montana (45.676415, -111.149092). DJI GS Pro software was used on an iPad mini to create an automated flight path for imagery capture.  Images were collected while hovering to minimize blurring and captured with 70% overlap along the flight path and 70% overlap between flight passes. Weather permitting, flights were timed as close to 10:00 am or 2:00 pm as possible.

Date Number of Images Time of Flight Notes

June 16 37 10.38

June 21 49 11:27 Increased number of passes for better stitching of edge plots.

June 24 49 10:45

July 01 49 10:16

July 12 59 09:51

One-the-fly flight plan due to hardware issues.

July 15 49 9:09

July 19 48 11:20

July 25 49 14:04

July 27 49 14:07

August 5 48 10:20

August 8 48 14:44

OpenDroneMap was used to stitch images together and create an orthomosaic of each flight. Parameters were default except for the following arguments:

min-num-features: 4000, max-concurrency: 6, skip-3dmodel: TRUE, fast-orthophoto: TRUE, crop: 0, texturing-outlier-removal-type: gauss_damping, orthophoto-resolution: 0.125, orthophoto-compression: NONE

The minimum number of features defines the number of tie points needed to stitch each pair of images. ‘min-num-features’ was lowered from the default 8000 to 4000 to ease processing time and memory load. ‘max-concurrency’ allocates CPU cores to the stitching project. ‘skip-3Dmodel’ and ‘fast-orthophoto’ keep the stitching procedure from creating undesired files like a 3D model and digital elevation model (DEM). ‘crop’ and ‘orthophoto-compression’ maintain the imagery quality, so nothing was cropped or down sampled. ‘texturing-outlier-removal’ defines how moving objects are processed and the option ‘gauss-damping’ was chosen because it is a less aggressive approach that prioritizes images that do not include the moving object. In this image set, there were no moving objects. ‘orthophoto- resolution’ defines the final resolution of the image. A value of 0.125 was selected for this dataset as a conservative estimate of the true resolution collected by the sensor.

Field Operations:

The field was planted on April 26th, 2022, with spring barley from the S2MET population. Aggregated by Neyhart et. al. 2019, the S2MET barley population provides a representation of high-performance barley from around the United States, selected to be grown across many environments to study genotype-by-environment interactions. Lines were planted in an augmented block design including 12 blocks and four control varieties planted across all blocks. These control varieties were selected as common high-performing barley lines in the Montana region: Odyssey, Lavina, Merit 57, and Hockett. All other lines were planted once. Planting was conducted with a 6-row planter, planting two 3-row plots simultaneously in a North-South orientation. In total, 23-24 plots were planted per block, for a total of 282 plots. After emergence alleys were cut East-West to distinguish plots more easily. 

Data Processing:

This dataset was used to develop an analysis workflow using QGIS and R. After stitching, imagery was loaded into QGIS. First, each image was georeferenced to the flight on June 16th using the 6 ground control points laid out over the extent of the field. Further, each band was calibrated relative to the June 16th flight image using the reflectance calibration pad (Micasense, panel serial number RP02-1622081-SC).

Once georeferenced and calibrated, plants were extracted from each image using the excess greenness index threshold (2 * Green) – Red – Blue). Next, plots were defined through a user-defined line grid overlay that was then translated into a polygon shapefile. This overlay was used to extract digital number statistics in each band, for every plot, on each flight date.

References:

Neyhart, J.L., Sweeney, D., Sorrells, M., Kapp, C., Kephart, K.D., Sherman, J., Stockinger, E.J., Fisk, S., Hayes, P., Daba, S., Mohammadi, M., Hughes, N., Lukens, L., Barrios, P.G., Gutiérrez, L. and Smith, K.P. (2019), Registration of the S2MET Barley Mapping Population for Multi-Environment Genomewide Selection. Journal of Plant Registrations, 13: 270-280. https://doi.org/10.3198/jpr2018.06.0037crmp

World Imagery provides one meter or better satellite and aerial imagery in many parts of the world and lower resolution satellite imagery worldwide. The map includes 15m TerraColor imagery at small and mid-scales (~1:591M down to ~1:72k) and 2.5m SPOT Imagery (~1:288k to ~1:72k) for the world. The map features 0.5m resolution imagery in the continental United States and parts of Western Europe from DigitalGlobe. Additional DigitalGlobe sub-meter imagery is featured in many parts of the world. In the United States, 1 meter or better resolution NAIP imagery is available in some areas. In other parts of the world, imagery at different resolutions has been contributed by the GIS User Community. In select communities, very high resolution imagery (down to 0.03m) is available down to ~1:280 scale. You can contribute your imagery to this map and have it served by Esri via the Community Maps Program. View the list of Contributors for the World Imagery Map.CoverageView the links below to learn more about recent updates and map coverage:What's new in World ImageryWorld coverage mapCitationsThis layer includes imagery provider, collection date, resolution, accuracy, and source of the imagery. With the Identify tool in ArcGIS Desktop or the ArcGIS Online Map Viewer you can see imagery citations. Citations returned apply only to the available imagery at that location and scale. You may need to zoom in to view the best available imagery. Citations can also be accessed in the World Imagery with Metadata web map.UseYou can add this layer to the ArcGIS Online Map Viewer, ArcGIS Desktop, or ArcGIS Pro. To view this layer with a useful reference overlay, open the Imagery Hybrid web map. A similar raster web map, Imagery with Labels, is also available.FeedbackHave you ever seen a problem in the Esri World Imagery Map that you wanted to report? You can use the Imagery Map Feedback web map to provide comments on issues. The feedback will be reviewed by the ArcGIS Online team and considered for one of our updates.

The imagery posted on this site is of the Florida coast after Hurricane Wilma made landfall. The regions photographed range from Key West to Sixmile Bend, Florida. The aerial photograph missions were conducted by the NOAA Remote Sensing Division the day after Wilma made landfall, October 25 and concluded October 27. The images were acquired from an altitude of 7,500 feet, using an Emerge/Applanix Digital Sensor System (DSS). Over 1000 aerial images were obtained during this time period, with most available to view online and download.

The imagery posted on this site is of the Atlantic coast of Florida after Hurricane Jeanne made landfall. The regions photographed range along a 100-mile stretch from Melbourne to Palm Beach, Florida. The flights to collect the Florida detailed imagery were conducted between September 26 and October 1. The images were acquired from an altitude of 7,000 feet, using an Emerge/Applanix Digital Sensor System (DSS). Over 1,200 images of the Florida coastline affected by Hurricane Jeanne are available to view online and download.

World Imagery provides one meter or better satellite and aerial imagery for most of the world’s landmass and lower resolution satellite imagery worldwide. The map is currently comprised of the following sources: Worldwide 15-m resolution TerraColor imagery at small and medium map scales.Maxar imagery basemap products around the world: Vivid Premium at 15-cm HD resolution for select metropolitan areas, Vivid Advanced 30-cm HD for more than 1,000 metropolitan areas, and Vivid Standard from 1.2-m to 0.6-cm resolution for the most of the world, with 30-cm HD across the United States and parts of Western Europe. More information on the Maxar products is included below. High-resolution aerial photography contributed by the GIS User Community. This imagery ranges from 30-cm to 3-cm resolution. You can contribute your imagery to this map and have it served by Esri via the Community Maps Program. Maxar Basemap ProductsVivid PremiumProvides committed image currency in a high-resolution, high-quality image layer over defined metropolitan and high-interest areas across the globe. The product provides 15-cm HD resolution imagery.Vivid AdvancedProvides committed image currency in a high-resolution, high-quality image layer over defined metropolitan and high-interest areas across the globe. The product includes a mix of native 30-cm and 30-cm HD resolution imagery.Vivid StandardProvides a visually consistent and continuous image layer over large areas through advanced image mosaicking techniques, including tonal balancing and seamline blending across thousands of image strips. Available from 1.2-m down to 30-cm HD. More on Maxar HD. Imagery UpdatesYou can use the Updates Mode in the World Imagery Wayback app to learn more about recent and pending updates. Accessing this information requires a user login with an ArcGIS organizational account. CitationsThis layer includes imagery provider, collection date, resolution, accuracy, and source of the imagery. With the Identify tool in ArcGIS Desktop or the ArcGIS Online Map Viewer you can see imagery citations. Citations returned apply only to the available imagery at that location and scale. You may need to zoom in to view the best available imagery. Citations can also be accessed in the World Imagery with Metadata web map.UseYou can add this layer to the ArcGIS Online Map Viewer, ArcGIS Desktop, or ArcGIS Pro. To view this layer with a useful reference overlay, open the Imagery Hybrid web map.FeedbackHave you ever seen a problem in the Esri World Imagery Map that you wanted to report? You can use the Imagery Map Feedback web map to provide comments on issues. The feedback will be reviewed by the ArcGIS Online team and considered for one of our updates.

Cotton root rot is a century-old cotton disease that now can be effectively controlled with Topguard Terra fungicide. Because this disease tends to occur in the same general areas within fields in recurring years, site-specific application of the fungicide only to infested areas can be as effective as and considerably more economical than uniform application. The overall objective of this research was to demonstrate how site-specific fungicide application could be implemented based on historical remote sensing imagery and using variable-rate technology. Procedures were developed for creating binary prescription maps from historical airborne and high-resolution satellite imagery. Two different variable-rate liquid control systems were adapted to two existing cotton planters, respectively, for site-specific fungicide application at planting. One system was used for site-specific application on multiple fields in 2015 and 2016 near Edroy, Texas, and the other system was used on multiple fields in both years near San Angelo, Texas. Airborne multispectral imagery taken during the two growing seasons was used to monitor the performance of the site-specific treatments. Results based on prescription maps derived from historical airborne and satellite imagery of two fields in 2015 and one field in 2016 are reported in this article. Two years of field experiments showed that the prescription maps and the variable-rate systems performed well and that site-specific fungicide treatments effectively controlled cotton root rot. Reduction in fungicide use was 41%, 43%, and 63% for the three fields, respectively. The methodologies and results of this research will provide cotton growers, crop consultants, and agricultural dealers with practical guidelines for implementing site-specific fungicide application using historical imagery and variable-rate technology for effective management of cotton root rot. Resources in this dataset: Resource Title: A ground picture of cotton root rot File Name: IMG_0124.JPG Resource Description: A cotton root rot-infested area in a cotton field near Edroy, TX. Resource Title: An aerial image of a cotton field File Name: Color-infrared image of a field.jpg Resource Description: Aerial color-infrared (CIR) image of a cotton field infested with cotton root rot. Resource Title: As-applied fungicide application data File Name: Jim Ermis-Farm 1-Field 11 Fungicide Application.csv Resource Description: As-applied fungicide application rates for variable rate application of Topguard to a cotton field infested with cotton rot

The Aerial Photography Single Frame Records collection is a large and diverse group of imagery acquired by Federal organizations from 1937 to the present. Over 6.4 million frames of photographic images are available for download as medium and high resolution digital products. The high resolution data provide access to photogrammetric quality scans of aerial photographs with sufficient resolution to reveal landscape detail and to facilitate the interpretability of landscape features. Coverage is predominantly over the United States and includes portions of Central America and Puerto Rico. Individual photographs vary in scale, size, film type, quality, and coverage.