High resolution orthorectified images combine the image characteristics of an aerial photograph with the geometric qualities of a map. An orthoimage is a uniform-scale image where corrections have been made for feature displacement such as building tilt and for scale variations caused by terrain relief, sensor geometry, and camera tilt. A mathematical equation based on ground control points, sensor calibration information, and a digital elevation model is applied to each pixel to rectify the image to obtain the geometric qualities of a map. A digital orthoimage may be created from several photographs mosaicked to form the final image. The source imagery may be black-and-white, natural color, or color infrared with a pixel resolution of 1-meter or finer. With orthoimagery, the resolution refers to the distance on the ground represented by each pixel.

This data set contains high-resolution QuickBird imagery and geospatial data for the entire Barrow QuickBird image area (156.15° W - 157.07° W, 71.15° N - 71.41° N) and Barrow B4 Quadrangle (156.29° W - 156.89° W, 71.25° N - 71.40° N), for use in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing software. The original QuickBird data sets were acquired by DigitalGlobe from 1 to 2 August 2002, and consist of orthorectified satellite imagery. Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC)-compliant metadata for all value-added data sets are provided in text, HTML, and XML formats. Accessory layers include: 1:250,000- and 1:63,360-scale USGS Digital Raster Graphic (DRG) mosaic images (GeoTIFF format); 1:250,000- and 1:63,360-scale USGS quadrangle index maps (ESRI Shapefile format); an index map for the 62 QuickBird tiles (ESRI Shapefile format); and a simple polygon layer of the extent of the Barrow QuickBird image area and the Barrow B4 quadrangle area (ESRI Shapefile format). Unmodified QuickBird data comprise 62 data tiles in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 in GeoTIFF format. Standard release files describing the QuickBird data are included, along with the DigitalGlobe license agreement and product handbooks. The baseline geospatial data support education, outreach, and multi-disciplinary research of environmental change in Barrow, which is an area of focused scientific interest. Data are provided on four DVDs. This product is available only to investigators funded specifically from the National Science Foundation (NSF), Office of Polar Programs (OPP), Arctic Sciences Section. An NSF OPP award number must be provided when ordering this data.

Suggested use: Use tiled Map Service for large scale mapping when high resolution color imagery is needed.A web app to view tile and block metadata such as year, sensor, and cloud cover can be found here. CoverageState of AlaskaProduct TypeTile CacheImage BandsRGBSpatial Resolution50cmAccuracy5m CE90 or betterCloud Cover<10% overallOff Nadir Angle<30 degreesSun Elevation>30 degreesWMS version of this data: https://geoportal.alaska.gov/arcgis/services/ahri_2020_rgb_cache/MapServer/WMSServer?request=GetCapabilities&service=WMSWMTS version of this data:https://geoportal.alaska.gov/arcgis/rest/services/ahri_2020_rgb_cache/MapServer/WMTS/1.0.0/WMTSCapabilities.xml

Level 1 high-resolution orthorectified camera images are mosaiced and tiled into 1 km by 1 km data sets. Mosiac is output onto a fixed, uniform spatial grid using nearest-neighbor resampling; spatial resolution is at least 0.1 m.

The Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellites, operated by EUMETSAT (The European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites), provide almost continuous imagery to meteorologists and researchers in Europe and around the world. These include visible, infra-red, water vapour, High Resolution Visible (HRV) images and derived cloud top height, cloud top temperature, fog, snow detection and volcanic ash products. These images are available for a range of geographical areas.

This dataset contains high resolution visible images from MSG satellites over the UK area. Imagery available from March 2005 onwards at a frequency of 15 minutes (some are hourly) and are at least 24 hours old.

The geographic extent for images within this datasets is available via the linked documentation 'MSG satellite imagery product geographic area details'. Each MSG imagery product area can be referenced from the third and fourth character of the image product name giving in the filename. E.g. for EEAO11 the corresponding geographic details can be found under the entry for area code 'AO' (i.e West Africa).

Satellite sensor artifacts can negatively impact the interpretation of satellite data. One such artifact is linear features in imagery which can be caused by a variety of sensor issues and can present as either wide, consistent features called banding, or as narrow, inconsistent features called striping. This study used high-resolution data from DigitalGlobe's WorldView-3 satellite collected at Lake Okeechobee, Florida, on 30 August 2017. Primarily designed as a land sensor, this study investigated the impact of vertical artifacts on both at-sensor radiance and a spectral index for an aquatic target. This dataset is not publicly accessible because: NGA Nextview license agreements prohibit the distribution of original data files from WorldView due to copyright. It can be accessed through the following means: National Geospatial Intelligence Agency contract details prevent distribution of Maxar data. Questions regarding Nextvew can be sent so NGANextView_License@nga.mil. Questions regarding the NASA Commercial Data Buy can be sent to yvonne.ivey@nasa.gov. Format: high-resolution data from DigitalGlobe's WorldView-3 satellite. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Coffer, M., P. Whitman, B. Schaeffer, V. Hill, R. Zimmerman, W. Salls, M. Lebrasse, and D. Graybill. Vertical artifacts in high-resolution WorldView-2 and WorldView-3 satellite imagery of aquatic systems. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING. Taylor & Francis, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USA, 43(4): 1199-1225, (2022).

World Imagery provides one meter or better satellite and aerial imagery for most of the world’s landmass and lower resolution satellite imagery worldwide. The map is currently comprised of the following sources: Worldwide 15-m resolution TerraColor imagery at small and medium map scales.Maxar imagery basemap products around the world: Vivid Premium at 15-cm HD resolution for select metropolitan areas, Vivid Advanced 30-cm HD for more than 1,000 metropolitan areas, and Vivid Standard from 1.2-m to 0.6-cm resolution for the most of the world, with 30-cm HD across the United States and parts of Western Europe. More information on the Maxar products is included below. High-resolution aerial photography contributed by the GIS User Community. This imagery ranges from 30-cm to 3-cm resolution. You can contribute your imagery to this map and have it served by Esri via the Community Maps Program. Maxar Basemap ProductsVivid PremiumProvides committed image currency in a high-resolution, high-quality image layer over defined metropolitan and high-interest areas across the globe. The product provides 15-cm HD resolution imagery.Vivid AdvancedProvides committed image currency in a high-resolution, high-quality image layer over defined metropolitan and high-interest areas across the globe. The product includes a mix of native 30-cm and 30-cm HD resolution imagery.Vivid StandardProvides a visually consistent and continuous image layer over large areas through advanced image mosaicking techniques, including tonal balancing and seamline blending across thousands of image strips. Available from 1.2-m down to 30-cm HD. More on Maxar HD. Imagery UpdatesYou can use the Updates Mode in the World Imagery Wayback app to learn more about recent and pending updates. Accessing this information requires a user login with an ArcGIS organizational account. CitationsThis layer includes imagery provider, collection date, resolution, accuracy, and source of the imagery. With the Identify tool in ArcGIS Desktop or the ArcGIS Online Map Viewer you can see imagery citations. Citations returned apply only to the available imagery at that location and scale. You may need to zoom in to view the best available imagery. Citations can also be accessed in the World Imagery with Metadata web map.UseYou can add this layer to the ArcGIS Online Map Viewer, ArcGIS Desktop, or ArcGIS Pro. To view this layer with a useful reference overlay, open the Imagery Hybrid web map.FeedbackHave you ever seen a problem in the Esri World Imagery Map that you wanted to report? You can use the Imagery Map Feedback web map to provide comments on issues. The feedback will be reviewed by the ArcGIS Online team and considered for one of our updates.

White balanced 8 bit RGB images orthorectified and output onto a fixed, uniform spatial grid using nearest neighbor resampling to a 10 cm spatial resolution.

'High resolution orthorectified images combine the image characteristics of an aerial photograph with the geometric qualities of a map. An orthoimage is a uniform-scale image where corrections have been made for feature displacement such as building tilt and for scale variations caused by terrain relief, sensor geometry, and camera tilt. A mathematical equation based on ground control points, sensor calibration information, and a digital elevation model is applied to each pixel to rectify the image to obtain the geometric qualities of a map. A digital orthoimage may be created from several photographs mosaicked to form the final image. The source imagery may be black-and-white, natural color, color infrared, or color near infrared (4-band) with a pixel resolution of 1-meter or finer. With orthoimagery, the resolution refers to the distance on the ground represented by each pixel. '

World Imagery provides one meter or better satellite and aerial imagery in many parts of the world and lower resolution satellite imagery worldwide. The map includes 15m TerraColor imagery at small and mid-scales (~1:591M down to ~1:288k) for the world. The map features Maxar imagery at 0.3m resolution for select metropolitan areas around the world, 0.5m resolution across the United States and parts of Western Europe, and 1m resolution imagery across the rest of the world. In addition to commercial sources, the World Imagery map features high-resolution aerial photography contributed by the GIS User Community. This imagery ranges from 0.3m to 0.03m resolution (down to ~1:280 in select communities). For more information on this map, including the terms of use, visit us online at https://goto.arcgisonline.com/maps/World_Imagery

World Imagery provides one meter or better satellite and aerial imagery in many parts of the world and lower resolution satellite imagery worldwide. The map includes 15m TerraColor imagery at small and mid-scales (~1:591M down to ~1:288k) for the world. The map features Maxar imagery at 0.3m resolution for select metropolitan areas around the world, 0.5m resolution across the United States and parts of Western Europe, and 1m resolution imagery across the rest of the world. In addition to commercial sources, the World Imagery map features high-resolution aerial photography contributed by the GIS User Community. This imagery ranges from 0.3m to 0.03m resolution (down to ~1:280 in select communities). For more information on this map, including the terms of use, visit us online at http://goto.arcgisonline.com/maps/World_Imagery

Degradation of streams and associated riparian habitat across the Missouri River Headwaters Basin has motivated several stream restoration projects across the watershed. Many of these projects install a series of beaver dam analogues (BDAs) to aggrade incised streams, elevate local water tables, and create natural surface water storage by reconnecting streams with their floodplains. Satellite imagery can provide a spatially continuous mechanism to monitor the effects of these in-stream structures on stream surface area. However, remote sensing-based approaches to map narrow (e.g., <5 m wide) linear features such as streams have been under-developed relative to efforts to map other types of aquatic systems, such as wetlands or lakes. We mapped pre- and post-restoration (one to three years post-restoration) stream surface area and riparian greenness at four stream restoration sites using Worldview-2 and 3 images as well as a QuickBird-2 image. We found that panchromatic brightness and eCognition-based outputs (0.5 m resolution) provided high-accuracy maps of stream surface area (overall accuracy ranged from 91% to 99%) for streams as narrow as 1.5 m wide. Using image pairs, we were able to document increases in stream surface area immediately upstream of BDAs as well as increases in stream surface area along the restoration reach at Robb Creek, Alkali Creek and Long Creek (South). Although Long Creek (North) did not show a net increase in stream surface area along the restoration reach, we did observe an increase in riparian greenness, suggesting increased water retention adjacent to the stream. As high-resolution imagery becomes more widely collected and available, improvements in our ability to provide spatially continuous monitoring of stream systems can effectively complement more traditional field-based and gage-based datasets to inform watershed management.

Suggested use: Use this basemap for large scale mapping when high resolution color infrared imagery is needed.A web app to view tile and block metadata such as year, sensor, and cloud cover can be found here. CoverageState of AlaskaProduct TypeTile Cache Level 19Image BandsCIRSpatial Resolution50cm or betterAccuracy5m CE90 or betterCloud Cover<10% overallOff Nadir Angle<30 degreesSun Elevation>30 degreesWMS version of this data: https://geoportal.alaska.gov/arcgis/services/ahri_2020_cir_cache/MapServer/WMSServer?request=GetCapabilities&service=WMSWMTS version of this data:https://geoportal.alaska.gov/arcgis/rest/services/ahri_2020_cir_cache/MapServer/WMTS/1.0.0/WMTSCapabilities.xml

High resolution orthorectified images combine the image characteristics of an aerial photograph with the geometric qualities of a map. An orthoimage is a uniform-scale image where corrections have been made for feature displacement such as building tilt and for scale variations caused by terrain relief, sensor geometry, and camera tilt. A mathematical equation based on ground control points, sensor calibration information, and a digital elevation model is applied to each pixel to rectify the image to obtain the geometric qualities of a map. A digital orthoimage may be created from several photographs mosaicked to form the final image. The source imagery may be black-and-white, natural color, or color infrared with a pixel resolution of 1-meter or finer. With orthoimagery, the resolution refers to the distance on the ground represented by each pixel.

The imagery posted on this site is of the Atlantic coast of Florida after Hurricane Jeanne made landfall. The regions photographed range along a 100-mile stretch from Melbourne to Palm Beach, Florida. The flights to collect the Florida detailed imagery were conducted between September 26 and October 1. The images were acquired from an altitude of 7,000 feet, using an Emerge/Applanix Digital Sensor System (DSS). Over 1,200 images of the Florida coastline affected by Hurricane Jeanne are available to view online and download.

Phase 1 report on Netley-Libau Marsh on an analysis of digital wetland vegetation map coverages, produced by aerial photography and satellite imagery.

This dataset includes:

• High resolution images of Netley-Libau Marsh 1979-2013. Changes in marsh zone distribution between years.
• High resolution imagery file of animation 2-Netley-Libau Marsh 1979-2013. Changes in vegetation class distribution between years.
• Hi resolution images from Netley-Libau Marsh 1990-2013. Changes in water distribution between years.
• High-res images Netley-Libau Marsh 1990-2013. Changes in Marsh zone distribution between years.

Declassified satellite images provide an important worldwide record of land-surface change. With the success of the first release of classified satellite photography in 1995, images from U.S. military intelligence satellites KH-7 and KH-9 were declassified in accordance with Executive Order 12951 in 2002. The data were originally used for cartographic information and reconnaissance for U.S. intelligence agencies. Since the images could be of historical value for global change research and were no longer critical to national security, the collection was made available to the public.

Keyhole (KH) satellite systems KH-7 and KH-9 acquired photographs of the Earth’s surface with a telescopic camera system and transported the exposed film through the use of recovery capsules. The capsules or buckets were de-orbited and retrieved by aircraft while the capsules parachuted to earth. The exposed film was developed and the images were analyzed for a range of military applications.

The KH-7 surveillance system was a high resolution imaging system that was operational from July 1963 to June 1967. Approximately 18,000 black-and-white images and 230 color images are available from the 38 missions flown during this program. Key features for this program were larger area of coverage and improved ground resolution. The cameras acquired imagery in continuous lengthwise sweeps of the terrain. KH-7 images are 9 inches wide, vary in length from 4 inches to 500 feet long, and have a resolution of 2 to 4 feet.

The KH-9 mapping program was operational from March 1973 to October 1980 and was designed to support mapping requirements and exact positioning of geographical points for the military. This was accomplished by using image overlap for stereo coverage and by using a camera system with a reseau grid to correct image distortion. The KH-9 framing cameras produced 9 x 18 inch imagery at a resolution of 20-30 feet. Approximately 29,000 mapping images were acquired from 12 missions.

The original film sources are maintained by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). Duplicate film sources held in the USGS EROS Center archive are used to produce digital copies of the imagery.

The satellite image of Canada is a composite of several individual satellite images form the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometre (AVHRR) sensor on board various NOAA Satellites. The colours reflect differences in the density of vegetation cover: bright green for dense vegetation in humid southern regions; yellow for semi-arid and for mountainous regions; brown for the north where vegetation cover is very sparse; and white for snow and ice. An inset map shows a satellite image mosaic of North America with 35 land cover classes, based on data from the SPOT satellite VGT (vegetation) sensor.

The imagery posted on this site is of the Florida coast after Hurricane Wilma made landfall. The regions photographed range from Key West to Sixmile Bend, Florida. The aerial photograph missions were conducted by the NOAA Remote Sensing Division the day after Wilma made landfall, October 25 and concluded October 27. The images were acquired from an altitude of 7,500 feet, using an Emerge/Applanix Digital Sensor System (DSS). Over 1000 aerial images were obtained during this time period, with most available to view online and download.

Context

High-resolution satellite images can provide abundant, detailed spatial information for land cover classification, which is particularly important for studying the complicated built environment. However, due to the complex land cover patterns, the costly training sample collections, and the severe distribution shifts of satellite imageries caused by, e.g., geographical differences or acquisition conditions, few studies have applied high-resolution images to land cover mapping in detailed categories at large scale.

Content

We present a large-scale land cover dataset, Five-Billion-Pixels. It contains more than 5 billion labeled pixels of 150 high-resolution Gaofen-2 (4 m) satellite images, annotated in a 24-category system covering artificial-constructed, agricultural, and natural classes.

How I used this dataset?

Correspondence of colors (BGR) and categories:

• 0, 0, 0: unlabeled
• 200, 0, 0: industrial area
• 0, 200, 0: paddy field
• 150, 250, 0: irrigated field
• 150, 200, 150: dry cropland
• 200, 0, 200: garden land
• 150, 0, 250: arbor forest
• 150, 150, 250: shrub forest
• 200, 150, 200: park
• 250, 200, 0: natural meadow
• 200, 200, 0: artificial meadow
• 0, 0, 200: river
• 250, 0, 150: urban residential
• 0, 150, 200: lake
• 0, 200, 250: pond
• 150, 200, 250: fish pond
• 250, 250, 250: snow
• 200, 200, 200: bareland
• 200, 150, 150: rural residential
• 250, 200, 150: stadium
• 150, 150, 0: square
• 250, 150, 150: road
• 250, 150, 0: overpass
• 250, 200, 250: railway station
• 200, 150, 0: airport

Correspondence of indexes and categories:

• 0: unlabeled
• 1: industrial area
• 2: paddy field
• 3: irrigated field
• 4: dry cropland
• 5: garden land
• 6: arbor forest
• 7: shrub forest
• 8: park
• 9: natural meadow
• 10: artificial meadow
• 11: river
• 12: urban residential
• 13: lake
• 14: pond
• 15: fish pond
• 16: snow
• 17: bareland
• 18: rural residential
• 19: stadium
• 20: square
• 21: road
• 22: overpass
• 23: railway station
• 24: airport

Use the PIL library to read 8-bit data (which has been processed as normal images): image = Image.open(imgname).convert('CMYK').

Citation

@article{FBP2023,

title={Enabling country-scale land cover mapping with meter-resolution satellite imagery},

author={Tong, Xin-Yi and Xia, Gui-Song and Zhu, Xiao Xiang},

journal={ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing},

volume={196},

pages={178-196},

year={2023}

}

Contact

E-mail: xinyi.tong@tum.de

Personal page: Xin-Yi Tong