High resolution orthorectified images combine the image characteristics of an aerial photograph with the geometric qualities of a map. An orthoimage is a uniform-scale image where corrections have been made for feature displacement such as building tilt and for scale variations caused by terrain relief, sensor geometry, and camera tilt. A mathematical equation based on ground control points, sensor calibration information, and a digital elevation model is applied to each pixel to rectify the image to obtain the geometric qualities of a map.

A digital orthoimage may be created from several photographs mosaicked to form the final image. The source imagery may be black-and-white, natural color, or color infrared with a pixel resolution of 1-meter or finer. With orthoimagery, the resolution refers to the distance on the ground represented by each pixel.

What is this dataset?

Nearly 10,000 km² of free high-resolution and matched low-resolution satellite imagery of unique locations which ensure stratified representation of all types of land-use across the world: from agriculture to ice caps, from forests to multiple urbanization densities.

Those locations are also enriched with typically under-represented locations in ML datasets: sites of humanitarian interest, illegal mining sites, and settlements of persons at risk.

Each high-resolution image (1.5 m/pixel) comes with multiple temporally-matched low-resolution images from the freely accessible lower-resolution Sentinel-2 satellites (10 m/pixel).

We accompany this dataset with a paper, datasheet for datasets and an open-source Python package to: rebuild or extend the WorldStrat dataset, train and infer baseline algorithms, and learn with abundant tutorials, all compatible with the popular EO-learn toolbox.

Why make this?

We hope to foster broad-spectrum applications of ML to satellite imagery, and possibly develop the same power of analysis allowed by costly private high-resolution imagery from free public low-resolution Sentinel2 imagery. We illustrate this specific point by training and releasing several highly compute-efficient baselines on the task of Multi-Frame Super-Resolution.

Licences

• The high-resolution Airbus imagery is distributed, with authorization from Airbus, under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).
• The labels, Sentinel2 imagery, and trained weights are released under Creative Commons with Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
• The source code (will be shortly released on GitHub) under 3-Clause BSD license.

This image service contains high resolution satellite imagery for selected regions throughout the Yukon. Imagery is 1m pixel resolution, or better. Imagery was supplied by the Government of Yukon, and the Canadian Department of National Defense. All the imagery in this service is licensed. If you have any questions about Yukon government satellite imagery, please contact Geomatics.Help@gov.yk.can. This service is managed by Geomatics Yukon.

Declassified satellite images provide an important worldwide record of land-surface change. With the success of the first release of classified satellite photography in 1995, images from U.S. military intelligence satellites KH-7 and KH-9 were declassified in accordance with Executive Order 12951 in 2002. The data were originally used for cartographic information and reconnaissance for U.S. intelligence agencies. Since the images could be of historical value for global change research and were no longer critical to national security, the collection was made available to the public.

Keyhole (KH) satellite systems KH-7 and KH-9 acquired photographs of the Earth’s surface with a telescopic camera system and transported the exposed film through the use of recovery capsules. The capsules or buckets were de-orbited and retrieved by aircraft while the capsules parachuted to earth. The exposed film was developed and the images were analyzed for a range of military applications.

The KH-7 surveillance system was a high resolution imaging system that was operational from July 1963 to June 1967. Approximately 18,000 black-and-white images and 230 color images are available from the 38 missions flown during this program. Key features for this program were larger area of coverage and improved ground resolution. The cameras acquired imagery in continuous lengthwise sweeps of the terrain. KH-7 images are 9 inches wide, vary in length from 4 inches to 500 feet long, and have a resolution of 2 to 4 feet.

The KH-9 mapping program was operational from March 1973 to October 1980 and was designed to support mapping requirements and exact positioning of geographical points for the military. This was accomplished by using image overlap for stereo coverage and by using a camera system with a reseau grid to correct image distortion. The KH-9 framing cameras produced 9 x 18 inch imagery at a resolution of 20-30 feet. Approximately 29,000 mapping images were acquired from 12 missions.

The original film sources are maintained by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). Duplicate film sources held in the USGS EROS Center archive are used to produce digital copies of the imagery.

The satellite image of Canada is a composite of several individual satellite images form the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometre (AVHRR) sensor on board various NOAA Satellites. The colours reflect differences in the density of vegetation cover: bright green for dense vegetation in humid southern regions; yellow for semi-arid and for mountainous regions; brown for the north where vegetation cover is very sparse; and white for snow and ice. An inset map shows a satellite image mosaic of North America with 35 land cover classes, based on data from the SPOT satellite VGT (vegetation) sensor.

QuickBird high resolution optical products are available as part of the Maxar Standard Satellite Imagery products from the QuickBird, WorldView-1/-2/-3/-4, and GeoEye-1 satellites. All details about the data provision, data access conditions and quota assignment procedure are described into the Terms of Applicability available in Resources section.

In particular, QuickBird offers archive panchromatic products up to 0.60 m GSD resolution and 4-Bands Multispectral products up to 2.4 m GSD resolution.

Band Combination Data Processing Level Resolution Panchromatic and 4-bands Standard(2A)/View Ready Standard (OR2A) 15 cm HD, 30 cm HD, 30 cm, 40 cm, 50/60 cm View Ready Stereo 30 cm, 40 cm, 50/60 cm Map-Ready (Ortho) 1:12,000 Orthorectified 15 cm HD, 30 cm HD, 30 cm, 40 cm, 50/60 cm

4-Bands being an option from:

4-Band Multispectral (BLUE, GREEN, RED, NIR1) 4-Band Pan-sharpened (BLUE, GREEN, RED, NIR1) 4-Band Bundle (PAN, BLUE, GREEN, RED, NIR1) 3-Bands Natural Colour (pan-sharpened BLUE, GREEN, RED) 3-Band Colored Infrared (pan-sharpened GREEN, RED, NIR1) Natural Colour / Coloured Infrared (3-Band pan-sharpened) Native 30 cm and 50/60 cm resolution products are processed with MAXAR HD Technology to generate respectively the 15 cm HD and 30 cm HD products: the initial special resolution (GSD) is unchanged but the HD technique intelligently increases the number of pixels and improves the visual clarity achieving aesthetically refined imagery with precise edges and well reconstructed details.

USGS Imagery Only is a tile cache base map service of orthoimagery in The National Map visible to the 1:9,028 zoom scale. Orthoimagery data is typically high resolution aerial images that combine the visual attributes of an aerial photograph with the spatial accuracy and reliability of a planimetric map. USGS digital orthoimage resolution may vary from 6 inches to 1 meter. In the former resolution, every pixel in an orthoimage covers a six inch square of the earth's surface, while in the latter resolution, one meter square is represented by each pixel. Blue Marble: Next Generation and Landsat imagery data sources are displayed at small to medium scales, however, the majority of the imagery service source is from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) for the conterminous United States. The data is 1 meter pixel resolution collected with "leaf-on" conditions. Collection of NAIP imagery is administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Farm Service Agency (FSA). In areas where NAIP data is not available, other imagery may be acquired through partnerships by the USGS. For Alaska, 10-meter resolution SPOT imagery is provided for viewing. The National Map download client allows free downloads of public domain, 1-meter resolution orthoimagery in JPEG 2000 (jp2) format for the conterminous United States. However, the 10-meter Alaska orthoimagery data will not be available for direct download from the National Map due to license restrictions. For additional information on orthoimagery, go to https://nationalmap.gov/ortho.html.

WorldView-2 high resolution optical products are available as part of the Maxar Standard Satellite Imagery products from the QuickBird, WorldView-1/-2/-3/-4, and GeoEye-1 satellites. All details about the data provision, data access conditions and quota assignment procedure are described into the Terms of Applicability available in Resources section. In particular, WorldView-2 offers archive and tasking panchromatic products up to 0.46 m GSD resolution, and 4-Bands/8-Bands Multispectral products up to 1.84 m GSD resolution. Band Combination Data Processing Level Resolution Panchromatic and 4-bands Standard (2A)/View Ready Standard (OR2A) 15 cm HD, 30 cm HD, 30 cm, 40 cm, 50/60 cm View Ready Stereo 30 cm, 40 cm, 50/60 cm Map-Ready (Ortho) 1:12.000 Orthorectified 15 cm HD, 30 cm HD, 30 cm, 40 cm, 50/60 cm 8-bands Standard(2A)/View Ready Standard (OR2A) 30 cm, 40 cm, 50/60 cm View Ready Stereo 30 cm, 40 cm, 50/60 cm Map-Ready (Ortho) 1:12.000 Orthorectified 30 cm, 40 cm, 50/60 cm 4-Bands being an optional from: 4-Band Multispectral (BLUE, GREEN, RED, NIR1) 4-Band Pan-sharpened (BLUE, GREEN, RED, NIR1) 4-Band Bundle (PAN, BLUE, GREEN, RED, NIR1) 3-Bands Natural Colour (pan-sharpened BLUE, GREEN, RED) 3-Band Colored Infrared (pan-sharpened GREEN, RED, NIR1). 8-Bands being an optional from: 8-Band Multispectral (COASTAL, BLUE, GREEN, YELLOW, RED, RED EDGE, NIR1, NIR2) 8-Band Bundle (PAN, COASTAL, BLUE, GREEN, YELLOW, RED, RED EDGE, NIR1, NIR2). Native 30 cm and 50/60 cm resolution products are processed with MAXAR HD Technology to generate respectively the 15 cm HD and 30 cm HD products: the initial special resolution (GSD) is unchanged but the HD technique increases the number of pixels, improves the visual clarity and allows to obtain an aesthetically refined imagery with precise edges and well reconstructed details. As per ESA policy, very high-resolution imagery of conflict areas cannot be provided.

This dataset provides a seamless cloud-free 10m resolution satellite imagery layer of the New Zealand mainland and offshore islands.

The imagery was captured by the European Space Agency Sentinel-2 satellites between September 2023 - April 2024.

Data comprises: • 450 ortho-rectified RGB GeoTIFF images in NZTM projection, tiled into the LINZ Standard 1:50000 tile layout. • Satellite sensors: ESA Sentinel-2A and Sentinel-2B • Acquisition dates: September 2023 - April 2024 • Spectral resolution: R, G, B • Spatial resolution: 10 meters • Radiometric resolution: 8-bits (downsampled from 12-bits)

This is a visual product only. The data has been downsampled from 12-bits to 8-bits, and the original values of the images have been modified for visualisation purposes.

If you require the 12-bit imagery (R, G, B, NIR bands), send your request to imagery@linz.govt.nz

Digital orthophotos (DOPs) are high-resolution, distortion-free aerial images that have a uniform image scale and an exact relation to the country coordinate system. They document the state of landscape at a given time and contain completely all landscape information visible from the “bird perspective” without having already been selected or structured. DOPs are photo-based, pixel-based, geocoded and true to position and are available with a soil resolution of 0.1 m (DOP10), 0.2 m (DOP20) and 0.4 m (DOP40). Through the use of image processing methods, DOP is created from the current aerial stock. Starting with the 2004 flying year, the DOPs are also available as color infrared images (CIR). Since 2013, the airfields have been included both inside and outside the certified situation. The timeliness for the country’s area is about three years. Aerial photographs or DOPs are ideal for comprehending the historical development of landscapes and settlements. This download service provides colored DOP with a ground resolution of 0.2 m via an atomic feed. The RGBI tiles are available in full color resolution and the RGB and CIR tiles are reduced to 256 colors.

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In May 2013, the Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center (GCMRC) of the U.S. Geological Survey’s (USGS) Southwest Biological Science Center (SBSC) acquired airborne multispectral high resolution data for the Colorado River in Grand Canyon in Arizona, USA. The imagery data consist of four bands (blue, green, red and near infrared) with a ground resolution of 20 centimeters (cm). These data are available to the public as 16-bit geotiff files. They are projected in the State Plane (SP) map projection using the central Arizona zone (202) and the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83). The assessed accuracy for these data is based on 91 Ground Control Points (GCPs), and is reported at 95% confidence as 0.64 meters (m) and a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.36m. The airborne data acquisition was conducted under contract by Fugro Earthdata Inc. using two fixed wing aircraft from May 25th to 30th, 2013 at altitudes between 2440 meters to 3350 meters above mean sea level. The data delivered by Fugro Earthdata Inc. were checked for smear, shadow extent and water clarity as described for previous image acquisitions in Davis (2012). We then produced a corridor-wide mosaic using the best possible tiles with the least amount of smear, the smallest shadow extent, and clearest, most glint-free water possible. During the mosaic process adjacent tiles sometimes had to be spectrally adjusted to account for differences in date, time, sun angle, weather, and environment. We used the same method as described in Davis (2012) for the spectral adjustment. A horizontal accuracy assessment was completed by Fugro Earthdata Inc. using 188 GCPs provided by GCMRC. The GCPs were marked during the image acquisition with 1m2 diagonally alternated black and white plastic panels centered on control points throughout the river corridor in the GCMRC survey control network (Hazel and others, 2008). The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) accuracy reported by Fugro Earthdata Inc. is 0.17m Easting and 0.15m Northing, or better, depending on the acquisition zone. The 16-bit image data are stored as four band images in embedded geotiff format, which can be read and used by most geographic information system (GIS) and image-processing software. The TIFF world files (tfw) are provided, however they are not needed for many software to read an embedded geotiff image. The image files are projected in the State Plane (SP) 2011, map projection using the central Arizona zone (202) and the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83). A complete detailed description of the methods can be found in the associated USGS Data Series 1027 for these data, https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ds1027.

GeoEye-1 high resolution optical products are available as part of the Maxar Standard Satellite Imagery products from the QuickBird, WorldView-1/-2/-3/-4 and GeoEye-1 satellites. All details about the data provision, data access conditions and quota assignment procedure are described into the Terms of Applicability available in Resources section.

In particular, GeoEye-1 offers archive and tasking panchromatic products up to 0.41 m GSD resolution and Multispectral products up to 1.65 m GSD resolution.

Band Combination Data Processing Level Resolutions Panchromatic and 4-bands Standard (2A) / View Ready Standard (OR2A) 15 cm HD, 30 cm HD, 30 cm, 40 cm, 50/60 cm View Ready Stereo 30 cm, 40 cm, 50/60 cm Map-Ready (Ortho) 1:12,000 Orthorectified 15 cm HD, 30 cm HD, 30 cm, 40 cm, 50/60 cm

The options for 4-Bands are the following:

4-Band Multispectral (BLUE, GREEN, RED, NIR1) 4-Band Pan-sharpened (BLUE, GREEN, RED, NIR1) 4-Band Bundle (PAN, BLUE, GREEN, RED, NIR1) 3-Bands Natural Colour (pan-sharpened BLUE, GREEN, RED) 3-Band Colored Infrared (pan-sharpened GREEN, RED, NIR1). Native 30 cm and 50/60 cm resolution products are processed with MAXAR HD Technology to generate respectively the 15 cm HD and 30 cm HD products the initial special resolution (GSD) is unchanged but the HD technique increases the number of pixels and improves the visual clarity achieving aesthetically refined imagery with precise edges and well-reconstructed details.

As per ESA policy, very high-resolution imagery of conflict areas cannot be provided.

The USGS NAIP Imagery service from The National Map consists of 4-band high resolution images that combine the visual attributes of an aerial photograph with the spatial accuracy and reliability of a map. Resolution of National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) data is most commonly 1 meter, which means that every pixel in the digital orthoimage covers a one meter square of the earth’s surface. Some states to include Wyoming and New York began collection of 0.5 meter pixel resolution NAIP in 2015. Many states contribute orthoimagery to The National Map, and USGS relies on a partnership with the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Farm Service Agency for NAIP data. The USGS NAIP Imagery service is a mosaic of natural color and color infrared (4-band) aerial imagery, containing NAIP and other imagery sources to complete the mosaic. The National Map download client allows free downloads of public domain compressed orthoimagery in JPEG 2000 (.jp2) format for the conterminous United States, with many urban areas and other locations at 1-foot (or better) resolution, also in JPEG 2000 (.jp2) format. For additional information on orthoimagery, go to https://nationalmap.gov/ortho.html. This imagery service is for viewing only, no downloading of the raster images available. NAIP/Statewide_NAIP_2017_3ft_4band_wsps_83h_img

WorldView-3 high resolution optical products are available as part of the Maxar Standard Satellite Imagery products from the QuickBird, WorldView-1/-2/-3/-4, and GeoEye-1 satellites. All details about the data provision, data access conditions and quota assignment procedure are described into the Terms of Applicability available in Resources section. In particular, WorldView-3 offers archive and tasking panchromatic products up to 0.31m GSD resolution, 4-Bands/8-Bands products up to 1.24 m GSD resolution, and SWIR products up to 3.70 m GSD resolution. Band Combination Data Processing Level Resolution High Res Optical: Panchromatic and 4-bands Standard(2A)/View Ready Standard (OR2A) 15 cm HD, 30 cm HD, 30 cm, 40 cm, 50/60 cm View Ready Stereo 30 cm, 40 cm, 50/60 cm Map Ready (Ortho) 1:12.000 Orthorectified 15 cm HD, 30 cm HD, 30 cm, 40 cm, 50/60 cm High Res Optical: 8-bands Standard(2A)/View Ready Standard (OR2A) 30 cm, 40 cm, 50/60 cm View Ready Stereo 30 cm, 40 cm, 50/60 cm Map Ready (Ortho) 1:12.000 Orthorectified 30 cm, 40 cm, 50/60 cm High Res Optical: SWIR Standard(2A)/View Ready Standard (OR2A) 3.7 m or 7.5 m (depending on the collection date) Map Ready (Ortho) 1:12.000 Orthorectified 4-Bands being an optional from: 4-Band Multispectral (BLUE, GREEN, RED, NIR1) 4-Band Pan-sharpened (BLUE, GREEN, RED, NIR1) 4-Band Bundle (PAN, BLUE, GREEN, RED, NIR1) 3-Bands Natural Colour (pan-sharpened BLUE, GREEN, RED) 3-Band Colored Infrared (pan-sharpened GREEN, RED, NIR1) 8-Bands being an optional from: 8-Band Multispectral (COASTAL, BLUE, GREEN, YELLOW, RED, RED EDGE, NIR1, NIR2) 8-Band Bundle (PAN, COASTAL, BLUE, GREEN, YELLOW, RED, RED EDGE, NIR1, NIR2) Native 30 cm and 50/60 cm resolution products are processed with MAXAR HD Technology to generate respectively the 15 cm HD and 30 cm HD products: the initial special resolution (GSD) is unchanged but the HD technique increases the number of pixels and improves the visual clarity achieving aesthetically refined imagery with precise edges and well reconstructed details. As per ESA policy, very high-resolution imagery of conflict areas cannot be provided.

The Nordics satellite imagery services market is projected to grow from $0.22 million in 2025 to $0.96 million by 2033, exhibiting a CAGR of 13.62% during the forecast period. The increasing adoption of satellite imagery for various applications, such as geospatial data acquisition and mapping, natural resource management, and surveillance and security, is driving the market growth. Moreover, the expanding construction and transportation & logistics sectors in the region are further boosting the demand for satellite imagery services. Key trends shaping the Nordics satellite imagery services market include:

Growing adoption of cloud-based platforms and services for satellite imagery processing and analysis: This trend is enabling end-users to access satellite imagery data and services without the need for significant upfront investments in infrastructure. Increasing availability of high-resolution satellite imagery: The launch of new satellites and the development of new image processing technologies are making it possible to obtain high-resolution satellite imagery, which is essential for a variety of applications, such as mapping and land use planning. Emergence of new applications for satellite imagery: Satellite imagery is increasingly being used for a variety of new applications, such as environmental monitoring, disaster management, and precision agriculture. These new applications are creating new opportunities for growth in the Nordics satellite imagery services market. Recent developments include: May 2023 - Business Finland granted EUR 30 million (USD 32.75 million) loan funding for ICEYE's product development project based on innovative new sensor and space technology that will provide real-time and reliable information to support decision-making worldwide. The project aims to create a unique information and software platform, design and develop technology for next-generation satellites, and apply the high-accuracy information from satellites globally for natural catastrophe analysis, modeling, and decision-making., March 2023 - Norway's International Climate and Forest Initiative (NICFI) announced that NICFI's satellite data program is extended until September 2023. Norway's International Climate and Forest Initiative (NICFI) grant free access to high-resolution satellite imagery of the tropics to anyone, anywhere, to monitor tropical deforestation. Through Norway's International Climate & Forests Initiative, users can access the planet's high-resolution, analysis-ready satellite images of the world's tropics to help reduce and combat climate change and reverse the loss of tropical forests.. Key drivers for this market are: Increasing Demand among Various End-user Industries, notablly in Forestry Sector, Adoption of Big Data and Imagery Analytics. Potential restraints include: High Cost of Satellite Imaging Data Acquisition and Processing. Notable trends are: Forestry and Agriculture is Analyzed to Hold Significant Market Share.

The Pléiades ESA archive is a dataset of Pléiades-1A and 1B products that ESA collected over the years. The dataset regularly grows as ESA collects new Pléiades products. Pléiades Primary and Ortho products can be available in the following modes: Panchromatic image at 0.5 m resolution Pansharpened colour image at 0.5 m resolution Multispectral image in 4 spectral bands at 2 m resolution Bundle (0.5 m panchromatic image + 2 m multispectral image) Spatial coverage: Check the spatial coverage of the collection on a map available on the Third Party Missions Dissemination Service. As per ESA policy, very high-resolution imagery of conflict areas cannot be provided.

The pan-European High Resolution (HR) Image Mosaic 2018 provides cloud-free high resolution false colour imagery for EEA39 countries. The mosaic has been produced using Sentinel-2 data in 10 meter resolution, at a Sentinel 2 tile level, and consists of 1079 Sentinel-2 tiles. The imagery for each state is acquired within a predefined window corresponding to the vegetation season in 2018.

The false colour composite consists of a three band stack and includes the following bands: Band 8 – NIR (0.842 μm) Band 4 – Red (0.665 μm) Band 3 – Green (0.560 μm)

The mosaic primarily is used as input data in the production of various Copernicus Land Monitoring Service (CLMS) datasets and services, such as land cover maps and high resolution layers on land cover characteristic and can be also useful for CLMS users for visualizations and classifications on land.

Since the pan-European High Resolution Mosaic 2018 is created exclusively from Sentinel-2 data, the imagery can be downloaded from The Copernicus Open Access Hub (mission ongoing since 2015) at https://scihub.copernicus.eu/. Global Sentinel-2 Image Mosaics Hub at https://land.copernicus.eu/imagery-in-situ/global-image-mosaics/ can be also used to automatically create mosaics over the area of interest.

The cost of acquiring a satellite data was highest for the images from the GeoEye-1 satellite at 25 U.S. dollars per square kilometer of the image. Most of the satellite data have a minimum order quantities based on the company and the cost depends mostly on the spatial resolution of the satellite image.

Most of the satellites are commercially owned and provide users with data as an end product based on the requirement. Processing smaller patches of the raw images obtained from a satellite to an end product are not profitable. Hence, there is a minimum order limit of 25 to 50 square kilometers based on the requested product.

Since its launch in September 1999, GeoEye's IKONOS satellite has provided a reliable stream of image data since January 2000, which has become the standard for commercial high-resolution satellite data products. With an altitude of 681 km and a revisit time of approximately 3 days, IKONOS produces one-meter panchromatic and four-meter multispectral imagery that can be combined to accommodate a wide range of high-resolution imagery applications.