In 2020, there were about 1.04 million high school students in Myanmar. That year, there were approximately 2.85 thousand high schools and more than 45.2 thousand high school teachers in the country.

Myanmar MM: School Enrollment: Secondary: Female: % Net data was reported at 58.860 % in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 49.760 % for 2014. Myanmar MM: School Enrollment: Secondary: Female: % Net data is updated yearly, averaging 41.251 % from Dec 1999 (Median) to 2017, with 13 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 58.860 % in 2017 and a record low of 29.597 % in 1999. Myanmar MM: School Enrollment: Secondary: Female: % Net data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Myanmar – Table MM.World Bank.WDI: Education Statistics. Net enrollment rate is the ratio of children of official school age who are enrolled in school to the population of the corresponding official school age. Secondary education completes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level, and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and human development, by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers.; ; UNESCO Institute for Statistics; Weighted average; Each economy is classified based on the classification of World Bank Group's fiscal year 2018 (July 1, 2017-June 30, 2018).

In 2021, medicine was the most popular higher education study major in Myanmar, with more than nine thousand students studying this subject. With approximately 1.8 thousand students, nursing was the second most preferred study major, compared to just 118 students who were enrolled in studying community health. Brief overview of education in Myanmar In 2014, all of primary school-age population of Myanmar was enrolled in some form of education. Alternatively, with approximately a quarter of the students dropping out, the enrollment share decreased for students enrolled in higher education. In April 2016, the reforms headed by the National League for Democracy demonstrated significant improvement in the allotted budget for education sector. In 2020, the Myanmar government spent over 770 U.S. dollars per tertiary student accounting for a generous share of the GDP. Spotlight on higher education With a relatively high number of Bachelor degree holders, Myanmar registered approximately 2.77 million students enrolled in higher education in 2021. The number of students graduated in the field of medicine in 2019 stood at approximately two thousand. In comparison, the number of students who graduated in the field of medical technology amounted to only 16 that year.

Myanmar MM: School Enrollment: Secondary: Female: % Gross data was reported at 63.355 % in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 53.151 % for 2014. Myanmar MM: School Enrollment: Secondary: Female: % Gross data is updated yearly, averaging 25.163 % from Dec 1971 (Median) to 2017, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 63.355 % in 2017 and a record low of 15.794 % in 1971. Myanmar MM: School Enrollment: Secondary: Female: % Gross data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Myanmar – Table MM.World Bank.WDI: Education Statistics. Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Secondary education completes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level, and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and human development, by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers.; ; UNESCO Institute for Statistics; Weighted average; Each economy is classified based on the classification of World Bank Group's fiscal year 2018 (July 1, 2017-June 30, 2018).

Myanmar MM: School Enrollment: Secondary: % Gross data was reported at 60.508 % in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 52.481 % for 2014. Myanmar MM: School Enrollment: Secondary: % Gross data is updated yearly, averaging 24.554 % from Dec 1971 (Median) to 2017, with 37 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 60.508 % in 2017 and a record low of 20.045 % in 1990. Myanmar MM: School Enrollment: Secondary: % Gross data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Myanmar – Table MM.World Bank.WDI: Education Statistics. Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Secondary education completes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level, and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and human development, by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers.; ; UNESCO Institute for Statistics; Weighted average; Each economy is classified based on the classification of World Bank Group's fiscal year 2018 (July 1, 2017-June 30, 2018).

Abstract

The 2007 Myanmar Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) is a school based survey that uses a two stage cluster sample design to produce representative samples of students in grades associated with ages 13-15. The sampling frame includes all schools containing any of the identified grades. At the first stage, the probability of schools being selected is proportional to the number of students enrolled in the specified grades. At the second stage, classes within the selected schools are randomly selected. All students in selected classes attending school the day of the survey is administered are eligible to participate. Student participation is voluntary and anonymous using self-administered data collection procedures. The GYTS sample design produces representative estimates for Myanmar. GYTS data in the paper are limited to students aged 13-15 years old.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

13-15 years old

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

For the 2007 Myanmar GYTS, the same sampling procedure as in 2001 was followed. In 2007, altogether 50 schools were selected. At the first step, grades that capture most of 13-15 years old were identified as 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th graders. In the Myanmar Basic Education System, there are basic education primary schools, basic education middle schools and basic education high schools. Basic middle schools have grades 0 to 8, and basic high schools have either grade 0 to 10 or 5 to 10. A detailed list of all schools in the whole country with 7 to 10 grades was collected from the State and Divisional Education Departments. Name of schools, enrollment of 7, 8, 9 and 10 students and their addresses were compiled and entered into Spreadsheets.

A total of (20,184) schools was eligible for the study. All schools containing seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth grades that contained 40 or more students were included in the sampling frame. The list of the schools was sent to CDC, Office on Smoking and Health. A two-stage cluster sample design was used to produce representative sample of students in eight, ninth and tenth grades for all of Myanmar. The first-stage sampling frame consisted of all schools containing seventh, eight, ninth and tenth grades. A total of 50 schools were chosen proportional to enrollment size. The second sampling stage consisted of systematic equal probability sampling (with a random start) of classes from each school that participated in the survey. All classes in the selected schools were included in the sampling frame. All students in selected classes were eligible for participation.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The Myanmar GYTS questionnaires were self-administered in classrooms. School, class, and student anonymity was maintained throughout the GYTS process. The Myanmar country-specific questionnaires included data on prevalence of cigarette smoking, and use of other tobacco products both smoking and smokeless (eg. cheroots, cigars, pipes, chewing betel with tobacco, chewing raw tobacco etc)), perceptions and attitudes about tobacco, access to and availability of tobacco products, exposure to secondhand smoke, school curricula and anti-tobacco media messages, media and advertising, and smoking cessation. The final questionnaire was translated into local language Myanmar for administration.

Cleaning operations

SUDAAN, a software package for statistical analysis correlated data, was used to compute standard errors of the estimates and produced 95% confidence intervals which are shown as lower and upper bounds. Difference in proportions were considered statistically significant at the p<0.05 level.

Response rate

A total of 3,118 students completed the 2007 GYTS. The school response rate was 100%, while the student response rate was 95.23%, and the overall response rate (i.e., the school rate multiplied by the student rate) was 95.23%.

BackgroundThe world population is aging very rapidly and the impact is more severe in developing countries because of insufficient resources and low awareness of the challenges faced by older people. This study aimed to explore multimorbidity of older people in Myanmar and their health seeking behaviours.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in both urban and rural areas of Bago Region and Mon State during October 2016. A multistage sampling method was used to select 4,859 people aged 60 years and older. Participants were interviewed face-to-face using a questionnaire. Multinominal logistic regression was used to analyse data.ResultsMore than half of the study participants (57.9%) reported at least one chronic condition in the last year and 33.2% reported two or more conditions (multimorbidity). The common conditions were hypertension (67.3%), arthritis (24.7%), arrhythmia (14.7%), coronary heart disease (13.8%) and diabetes (13.7%). A majority (61.7%) of participants with a chronic condition took western medicine. Older people usually saw a doctor (60.2%) or health assistant (21.9%) at a nearby clinic or rural health center; 1.6% reported seeing uncredentialed medical persons. Factors associated with multimorbidity were being female (adjusted Prevalence Ratio (aPR) = 2.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.63–2.82) and having fair (aPR = 2.20, 95% CI 1.59–3.04) or poor self-reported health (aPR = 3.93, 95% CI 2.79–5.52). Those with less than middle school education (aPR = 0.50, 95% CI 0.25–0.99) and those living in rural areas (aPR = 0.78, 95% CI 0.62–0.98) were less likely to have multimorbidity. Older people in rural areas had less access to health care than their urban counterparts.ConclusionChronic conditions are common among older people in Myanmar, with higher prevalence in women and in urban areas. The lower prevalence of chronic conditions in those who live in rural areas may be related to living a more traditional lifestyle.

Abstract

The Myanmar Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) 2004 aims to describe the prevalence of cigarette and other tobacco use as well as information on five determinants of tobacco use of 8th, 9th and 10th students in Myanmar: access/availability and price, environmental tobacco smoke exposure (ETS), cessation, media and advertising, and school curriculum. These determinants are components of the comprehensive tobacco control programme of Myanmar. The report also describes the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour regarding to tobacco use, the extent to which they receive anti-tobacco information in schools and from media and the extent they were exposed to pro-tobacco messages.

GYTS is a school-based tobacco specific survey which focuses on adolescents age 13 to 15. It assesses students’ attitudes, knowledge and behaviours related to tobacco use and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure, as well as youth exposure to prevention curriculum in school, community programmes, and media messages aimed at preventing and education youth tobacco use. The GYTS also contains information on where tobacco products are obtained and used, and information related to the effectiveness of enforcement measures.

In 1998, the World Health Organization (WHO) Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI) and the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Office on Smoking and Health (OSH) began work on the development and implementation of a Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), as part of the WHO/ UNICEF supported project on youth and tobacco.

GYTS is a project for international surveillance and comparisons of tobacco use, which is intended to enhance the capacity of countries to monitor tobacco use among youth, and to guide the implementation and evaluation of tobacco prevention and control programmes.

Geographic coverage

Not specified

Analysis unit

Adolescents age 13 to 15

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The GYTS survey sample design is a 2-stage design. For the first stage of sampling, schools were selected randomly within the grade range specified with a probability proportional to enrollment size. At the second stage, classes were randomly selected from within the selected schools and all the students within a class were surveyed. The sampling frame usually consists of 3 or 4 grades/ forms that capture most of students ages 13-15 years old.

At the first step, grades that capture most of 13-15 years old were identified as 8th, 9th and 10th graders. In the Myanmar Basic Education System, there are basic education primary schools, basic education middle schools and basic education high schools. Basic middle schools have grades 0 to 8, and basic high schools have either grade 0 to 10 or 5 to 10. A detailed list of all schools in the whole country with 8 to 10 grades was collected from the State and Divisional Education Departments. Name of schools, enrollment of 8, 9 and 10 students and their addresses were compiled and entered into Spreadsheets.

A total of ( 3810 ) schools was eligible for the study. All schools containing eight, ninth and tenth grade that contained 40 or more students were included in the sampling frame. The list of the schools was sent to CDC, Office on Smoking and Health. A two-stage cluster sample design was used to produce representative sample of students in eight, ninth and tenth grade for all of Myanmar.

School Level: The first-stage sampling frame consisted of all schools containing eight, ninth and tenth grade. A total of 100 schools were chosen proportional to enrollment size.

Class level: The second sampling stage consisted of systematic equal probability sampling (with a random start) of classes from each school that participated in the survey. All classes in the selected schools were included in the sampling frame. All students in selected classes were eligible for participation.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

CDC provided a set of 56 tobacco-specific questions or “core” questionnaire which would provide essential data for comparisons between countries and regions. Based on the CDC core questionnaire, a modified questionnaire was produced to according to the nature of tobacco use in Myanmar.

This questionnaire was pre-tested at a group of students at a peri-urban school in Yangon. A few modifications were made and copies of the questionnaires were duplicated to be used at the 100 schools chosen. The eligible students from the selected schools were provided with the machine readable answer sheets which were also sent from CDC. They were asked to fill in the answer sheets in response to anonymous and confidential self -administered questionnaire. They were provided with 2B pencils to fill in the circles of the answer sheets. Student anonymity and school confidentiality was ensured. Prior to each survey, the survey administrator ensured that no one will know who they are or who their school is and that their grade or CPR will not be affected because they take the survey and that the results of the survey will never be reported by name, class (section) or school.

Survey procedures were designed to protect the students’ privacy by allowing for anonymous and voluntary participation. The students completed the self-administered questionnaire in their classrooms, recording their responses directly on a machine readable answer sheet.

The answer sheets, school level forms and class level forms were sent to Office of Smoking and Health, CDC by DHL. The code books and preferred tables were sent back from CDC to the coordinator, TFI Project of Department of Health.

Response rate

Schools: 100.00%, 100 of the 100 sampled schools participated. Students: 93.5%, 6,100 of the 6,524 sampled students completed usable questionnaires. Overall response rate: 100.00% * 93.5% = 93.5%